序章

半減期 (記号 t1/2) は、(物質の) 量がその初期値の半分に減少するのに必要な時間です。この用語は、核物理学で、不安定な原子がどれくらいの速さで放射性崩壊を起こすか、または安定した原子がどのくらい長く生き残るかを表すために一般的に使用されます。この用語は、あらゆる種類の指数関数的 (または、まれに非指数関数的) 減衰を特徴付けるために、より一般的にも使用されます。たとえば、医学では、人体内における薬物やその他の化学物質の生物学的半減期を指します。半減期の逆数 (指数関数的成長の場合) は、時間を 2 倍にします。 半減期という本来の用語は、1907 年にアーネスト ラザフォードが原理を発見したことに遡りますが、1950 年代初頭には半減期に短縮されました。ラザフォードは、ラジウムの鉛206への崩壊時間を測定することにより、放射性元素の半減期の原理を岩石年代測定の研究に応用しました。 半減期は、指数関数的に減衰する量の寿命全体にわたって一定であり、指数減衰方程式の特徴的な単位です。添付の表は、経過した半減期の数の関数として量の減少を示しています。

学術論文

In search of the grail: A race for acid suppression.

...Technological development is directed at improving proton pump inhibitor performance through increasing the half life, maximum concentration, and area under the curve of the plasma concentrations through galenic formulation, as well as creating safer and more tolerable drugs.....

Formulation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Maintenance Dose Loaded Niosomes of Anti-Hypertensive Drug

...The present study was aimed to formulate, comparatively evaluate and optimize multiple lipid drug carriers of valsartan for oral controlled release to overcome the problems associated with the drug such as bioavailability, to reduce the dosage regimen, half life and to determine the appropriateness of niosomal formulation as a drug carrier.....

Measurement of helium in ICF pellet with external RBS system in Fudan University

...The obtained RBS spectrum was analyzed with SIMNRA and the helium amount and the half life of gas reservation of the pellet was calculated.....

$$^{163}$$163Ho Distillation and Implantation for HOLMES Experiment

...8 keV), the proximity of the end-point to resonance M1 and its half life (4570 year).....

Controlling Noisy Expression Through Auto Regulation of Burst Frequency and Protein Stability

...Protein levels can be controlled by regulating protein synthesis or half life.....

Protective effect of dexmedetomidine on kidney injury of parturients with preeclampsia undergoing cesarean section: a randomized controlled study

...The results of HPLC showed that the half life of dexmedetomidine was about 20 min and it is speculated that the drug can be quickly metabolized within 24 h.....

Monitoring of Clotrimazole Degradation Pathway in Presence of its Co-formulated Drug.

...Kinetics of acid degradation process of clotrimazole are investigated by the proposed HPLC method and the order rate constant, half life and shelf life are computed.....

Porphyrinic Silver Cluster Assembled Material for Simultaneous Capture and Photocatalysis of Mustard-Gas Simulant.

...Ag12TPyP showed superior sulfur mustard simulant (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, CEES) degradation efficiency and achieved a half lifetime (t1/2) of 1.....

A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge

...Examples given to illustrate the possible uses of K include: the knowledge value of proving Fermat’s last theorem; the accuracy of measurements of the mass of the electron; the half life of predictions of solar eclipses; the usefulness of evolutionary models of reproductive skew; the significance of gender differences in personality; the sources of irreproducibility in psychology; the impact of scientific misconduct and questionable research practices; the knowledge value of astrology.....

Nano-Co-Delivery of Berberine and Anticancer Drug Using PLGA Nanoparticles: Exploration of Better Anticancer Activity and In Vivo Kinetics

...In vivo studies in Sprague Dawley rats revealed almost 14-fold increase in half life and a significant increase in plasma drug concentration.....

Recombinant l-Asparaginase II from Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei ATCC 393 and Its Anticancer Activity

...The half life of recombinant l-asparaginase II in human serum was 44 h and trypsin was for 15 min.....

Synthesis, physical and electrochemical characterizations of organically templated cobalt-aluminophosphate. Application to oxygen evolution

...The as-synthesized material also showed adsorption capacity of 90% of the methyl violet dye in aqueous solution with a half life of 43 min.....

Concise review: Therapeutic potential of flupirtine maleate

...The half life of flupirtine following intravenous administration was 1.....

Relationship between tocopherols depletion and polymerised triacylglycerols formation during heating of vegetable oils

...Consequently, no tocopherols were present in olive, peanut and palm oil at their half lifespan (i.....

A simple method to determine the elimination half-life of drugs displaying noncumulative toxicity

...To calculate the half life, TOXHL only relies on the survival outcomes of three experiments performed on an animal model: an acute toxicity experiment, a cumulative toxicity experiment, and a multi-dose experiment at different dosing intervals.....

Modelling intestinal glucose absorption in premature infants using continuous glucose monitoring data

...The first compartment describes glucose in the stomach, and the half life of gastric emptying is estimated as 20 min from literature.....

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pleuromutilin derivatives possessing acetamine phenyl linker.

...The half life (t1/2), clearance rate (Cl) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0→∞) of compound 27 were 6.....

MapB Protein is the Essential Methionine Aminopeptidase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

...The MetAPs contribute to the cotranslational control of proteins as they determine their half life (N-terminal end rule) and facilitate further modifications such as acetylation and others.....

Neutrinoless double beta decay search with KamLAND-Zen

...KamLAND-Zen 400 project was already terminated and its latest limit for half life of 0νββ is T1/2 > 1.....

Controlling noisy expression through auto regulation of burst frequency and protein stability

...Protein levels can be controlled by regulating protein synthesis or half life.....

THYROID SURGERY, IONM AND SUGAMMADEX SODIUM RELATIONSHIPS: BENEFITS IN SUGAMMADEX SODIUM USE FOR IONM.

...But, the half life of neuromuscular blocking agents used has a reverse correlation with reliability and effectiveness of IONM.....

STUDY OF BAICALIN HYDROLYSIS KINETICS IN THE PROCESS OF ITS EXTRACTION FROM SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS GEORGI ROOTS

...Half lifetime for baicalin has been calculated: for ethanol with the concentration of 43% v/v it is 4.....

Development and Validation of a Rapid Solid-Phase Extraction: Ultrafast Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Estimation of Azithromycin and Its Major Related Substances in Human Plasma and Dosage Forms Using a Novel Polyfunctional Silyl Reagent-Bonded Core–Shell Column

...Finally, the study demonstrates that the impurities of azithromycin have strong binding affinities with the plasma proteins compared to that of azithromycin and half life of these impurities may be higher than azithromycin which can cause major health risk on repeated doses of azithromycin.....

Characterization of recombinant endo-1,4-β-xylanase of Bacillus halodurans C-125 and rational identification of hot spot amino acid residues responsible for enhancing thermostability by an in-silico approach

...In different protein engineering strategies, rational approach has emerged as the most efficient method utilizing bioinformatics tools to produce enzymes with desired reaction kinetics; physiochemical (temperature, pH, half life, etc) and biological (selectivity, specificity, etc.....

確率的な性質

半減期は、多くの場合、放射性原子などの個別の実体の崩壊を表します。その場合、「半減期は実体のちょうど半分が崩壊するのに必要な時間である」という定義を使用することは機能しません。たとえば、放射性原子が 1 つだけあり、その半減期が 1 秒の場合、1 秒後には「原子の半分」が残らなくなります。 代わりに、半減期は確率の観点から定義されます。 「半減期とは、平均して実体のちょうど半分が崩壊するのに必要な時間です。」言い換えれば、放射性原子が半減期以内に崩壊する確率は 50% です。たとえば、右側の画像は、放射性崩壊を受ける多数の同一原子のシミュレーションです。プロセスにおけるランダムな変動により、半減期後に原子の正確に半分が残るわけではなく、おおよその量だけが残ることに注意してください。それにもかかわらず、多くの同一の原子が崩壊している場合 (右のボックス)、大数の法則は、半減期後に原子の半分が残ると言う非常に良い近似になります。ということを示唆している たとえば、コインを投げたり、統計的なコンピューター プログラムを実行したりするなど、さまざまな単純な演習で確率的減衰を実証できます。

指数関数的減衰における半減期の公式

指数関数的減衰は、次の 4 つの等価式のいずれかで説明できます:: 109–112 どこ N0 は、崩壊する物質の初期量です (この量は、グラム、モル、原子数などで測定できます)。 N(t) は、時間 t 後にまだ残っており、まだ減衰していない量です。 t1/2 は減衰半減期です。 τ は、崩壊の期待寿命と呼ばれる正の数です。 λは減衰量の減衰定数と呼ばれる正の数です。 3 つのパラメーター t1/2、τ、および λ は次のように直接関係しています。 ここで、ln(2) は 2 の自然対数 (約 0.693) です。 :112

= 半減期と反応順序 =

化学反応速度論では、半減期の値は反応順序に依存します。

= 複数のプロセスによる減衰 =

いくつかの量は、2 つの指数関数的減衰プロセスによって同時に減衰します。この場合、実際の半減期 T1/2 は、各減衰プロセスが独立して作用するときの量の半減期 t1 および t2 に関連付けることができます。 3 つ以上のプロセスの場合、同様の式は次のようになります。 これらの公式の証明については、指数関数的減衰 § 2 つ以上のプロセスによる減衰を参照してください。

= 例 =

あらゆる指数関数的減衰プロセスを表す半減期があります。例えば: 上で述べたように、放射性崩壊の半減期は、原子が 50% の確率で核崩壊を起こすまでにかかる時間です。これは原子の種類と同位体に依存し、通常は実験的に決定されます。核種のリストを参照してください。 RC 回路または RL 回路を流れる電流は、それぞれ ln(2)RC または ln(2)L/R の半減期で減衰します。この例では、「半減期」ではなく「半減期」という用語が使用される傾向がありますが、これらは同じ意味です。 化学反応において、種の半減期は、その物質の濃度が初期値の半分に低下するまでにかかる時間です。一次反応の場合、反応物の半減期は ln(2)/λ です。ここで、λ (k とも書く) は反応速度定数です。

非指数関数的減衰の場合

「半減期」という用語は、指数関数に近い減衰プロセス (放射性減衰や上記の他の例など) または指数関数に近い減衰プロセス (以下に説明する生物学的半減期など) に対してのみ使用されます。指数関数にさえ近くない減衰プロセスでは、減衰が発生している間に半減期が劇的に変化します。この文脈では、そもそも半減期について話すことは一般的ではありませんが、時々人々はその減衰を「前半の半減期」、「後半の半減期」などの用語で説明します。 - 寿命は、初期値から 50% までの減衰、2 番目の半減期が 50% から 25% までなどに必要な時間として定義されます。

生物学と薬理学では

生物学的半減期または排出半減期は、物質 (薬物、放射性核種など) の薬理学的、生理学的、または放射線学的活性の半分が失われるまでにかかる時間です。医学的な文脈では、半減期は、血漿中の物質の濃度が定常状態の値 (「血漿半減期」) の 2 分の 1 に達するまでにかかる時間を表すこともあります。 物質の生物学的半減期と血漿半減期の関係は、組織蓄積、活性代謝物、受容体相互作用などの要因によって複雑になる場合があります。一方、放射性同位体は、いわゆる「一次反応速度論」に従ってほぼ完全に崩壊します。速度定数は固定された数値であり、生体からの物質の除去は通常、より複雑な化学反応速度論に従います。 たとえば、人間における水の生物学的半減期は約 9 ~ 10 日ですが、これは行動やその他の条件によって異なります。人間におけるセシウムの生物学的半減期は 1 ~ 4 か月です。 半減期の概念は植物農薬にも利用されており、農薬のリスクと影響評価モデルは植物からの散逸を説明する情報に依存しており、その情報に敏感であると主張する著者もいます。請求。疫学における半減期の概念は次のことを指します。特に流行のダイナミクスを指数関数的にモデル化できる場合、流行の症例数が半減するまでの時間が短縮されます。

こちらも参照

ハーフタイム(物理的) 半減期別の放射性核種リスト 平均寿命 致死量中央値

外部リンク

https://www.calculator.net/half-life-calculator.html 包括的な半減期計算ツール wiki: Decay Engine、Nucleonica.net (2016 年アーカイブ) システムダイナミクス – 時定数、Bucknell.edu 研究者ニケフとUvAが史上最も遅い放射性崩壊を測定:Xe-124は180億年かかる https://academo.org/demos/radioactive-decay-simulator/ 半減期と崩壊速度の関係を示すインタラクティブな放射性崩壊シミュレーター

所要時間 %

学術論文

Formulation development and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets for newer anticonvulsant agent

...Abbreviations: ODT, oral disintegrating tablet; RPM, revolutions per minute; Kg, kilo gram; CP, crospovidone; CCS, croscaramellose sodium; mg, milligram; mL, milliliter; %CDR, percentage cumulative drug release; BCS, biopharmaceutical classification; UR, un released; Min, minute; oC, degree centigrade; mm, millimeter; t1/2, half life; t10%, time taken to release 10% drug from dosage form; t50%, time taken to release 50% drug from dosage form; t75%, time taken to release 75% drug from dosage form, t90%, time taken to release 90% drug from dosage form; WT, wetting time; DT, disintegration time.....

排除の半減期

学術論文

Disposition Kinetics of lincomycin following intravenous administration in hypothyroid goats

...The elimination half life, AUC and total body clearance were 3.....

Pharmacokinetics of the recombinant ovine interferon-tau in lambs.

...43 h, respectively, together with an elimination half life(T1/2β) of 9.....

Correlation of Serum and Urine Midazolam Levels with Consciousness Tests after Discontinuation of Sedation in the Intensive Care Unit

...It is a short-acting water-soluble benzodiazepine drug with an elimination half life of 2.....

Structure determination and in vitro/vivo study on carbamazepine-naringenin (1:1) cocrystal

...6 ng/mL) of CBZ-NRG cocrystal decreases with longer elimination half life (t1/2 = 8.....

Pharmacokinetics of Active Ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Carthamus tinctorius in Compatibility in Normal and Cerebral Ischemia Rats: A Comparative Study

...Furthermore, there were significant differences between normal and cerebral ischemia rats in the distribution phase-elimination half life for DSS, SAA, and HSYA, as well as in the apparent volume of distribution for the central compartment for DSS and HSYA (P < 0.....

生物学的半減期

学術論文

Fabrication and evaluation of selegiline HCl embedded transdermal film for management of Parkinson’s disease

...It shows extensive hepatic first pass metabolism and low biological half life of 1.....

Targeting study of HepG2 hepatoma cells in vitro by drug-loaded pectin-based nanoparticles

...The biodegradable and biodegradable natural polysaccharide has always been used as a drug delivery system, and has the following advantages: It can prolong the biological half life of the drug and reduce the side effects of the drug.....

Formulation, Characterization and Stability Study of Encapsulated Anticancer drug in multilayered PEGylated Tumor targeting stealth Liposomes

...Capecitabine loaded stealth liposomes have proved extended drug release and increased biological half life.....

Novel Floating Insitu gel of Antihyperlipidemic agent

...It has very short biological half life and it undergoes extensive first pass metabolism.....

短い半減期

学術論文

Comparative evaluation of eight different in vitro pharmacodynamic models of infection. Activity of moxifloxacin against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae as an exemplary example.

...It is discussed if this procedure would result in a washout of bacteria, in particular if profiles with a short half life were simulated.....

Engineering Nanoparticles for Optimized Photodynamic Therapy.

...Different from traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, some additional issues will further decrease the photodynamic therapeutic efficacy including the oxygen concentration and the short half life of reactive oxygen species.....

長い半減期

学術論文

MON-336 Ovaries Reveal Their Inner Testes

...Our case emphasizes the need for careful evaluation with a high index of suspicion for this uncommon condition and highlights the limitation of ovarian venous sampling for androgen measurement given the long half life of testosterone.....

A simple room temperature-static bioreactor for effective synthesis of hexyl acetate

...And also the bioreactor is very stable in catalysis for that it has an extra long half life t1/2 = 636 h, calculated from the decrease degree of molar conversions in six times of 6-hour transesterifications.....

Study the relationship between hs-CRP level and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) levels

...CRP has a long half life, affordability of estimation and stability of its levels with no circadian variation and therefore is one of the best markers of vascular inflammation.....

血漿半減期

学術論文

Contemporary Updates on the Physiology of Glucagon like Peptide-1 and Its Agonist to Treat Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

...However, GLP-1 holding infinitesimal plasma half life limits its therapeutic effects.....

UJI DIFUSI MIKROEMULSI NITROGLISERIN MENGGUNAKAN TWEEN 80 SEBAGAI SURFAKTAN

...Nitroglycerine has low dose, short time of plasma half life and liver metabolizing.....

より長い半減期

学術論文

Formulation of normal tissue irradiation volumes in Co-60 and Ir-192 HDR ICBT of Ca cervix using Total Reference Air Kerma (TRAK).

...The C0-60 can also be used for brachytherapy because of its longer half life and comparable OAR doses to Ir-192.....

More advantages in detecting bone and soft tissue metastases from prostate cancer using 18F-PSMA PET/CT.

...Compared to 68 Ga, 18 F has many advantages such as it is produced in larger amounts, it has a longer half life and a higher physical spatial resolution.....

半減期

学術論文

Ternary photocatalyst based on conducting polymer doped functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes decorated with nanorods of metal oxide

...The evaluated value of rate constant, half life time period and the degradation efficiency sustenance the competence of the photocatalyst for the photodegradation of MO at the optimum pH value of 3.....

Comparative study in kinetics and thermodynamic characteristics of immobilized caseinase on novel support from basalt by physical adsorption and covalent binding

...Compared to PA caseinase, CB caseinase showed the higher activation energy (Ea), half life time (t1/2), decimal reduction time (D-value), activation energy for denaturation (Ed) and Michaelis constant (Km).....

Антибіотики в агроекосистемах: мікробіом і резистом ґрунту

...Despite these degradation mechanisms, environmental half life time of enrofloxacin is very long.....

半減期

学術論文

Kinetic study of the biodegradation of glyphosate by indigenous soil bacterial isolates in presence of humic acid, Fe(III) and Cu(II) ions

...In thirty days experiment, three strains were utilized 85-90% (with half life periods from 8.....

科学ニュース

画像

辞書

定義と意味

Half

名詞

  • 何かが初期値の半分に低下するのに必要な時間 (特に、放射性物質内の原子の半分が崩壊するのにかかる時間)
  • クイズ

    関連トピック

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