Urban System(城市系统)研究综述
Urban System 城市系统 - However, it is difficult to reconcile this view with the emergence of urban systems, which require substantial increases in labor productivity to support a growing non-farming population. [1] This paper explores the differences between two different types of potential accessibility models applied to the urban system of Romania, using demographic data from 2015. [2] To move today’s agricultural and urban systems towards tomorrow’s circular economy and respond to climate change, it is imperative to turn organic residues and wastewater into resourceful assets. [3] Due to the huge energy demand and the influences from the technology, cost, production, and consumption structures, urban system has become a hot topic for the assessment of the energy security of energy systems. [4] Elder Environmental Science & Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA; Urban Systems Lab, The New School, New York, NY, USA; School of Geography, Development, & Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. [5] It explores the concept of urban informality from a perspective of urban system, law, norms, and practice, in cities in the Global South, especially in the Middle East. [6] It, at that point, clarifies critical speculation of the Urban Systems Collaborative that the expanding openness of data can empower us to create Urban Systems models that are equipped for aiding residents, business visionaries, city associations and governments to see all the more profoundly into how their urban areas work, how individuals utilize the city, how they feel about it, where the city faces issues, and what sorts of remediation can be applied. [7] These issues create separate data silos associated with an urban system. [8] And the stage damage of flood resilience is strongly linked with the recovery of urban system to floods. [9] Our conclusions discuss the implications of this extensive analysis for improved understanding of the evolution of Great Britain’s urban system. [10] Genetic differentiation of bird populations may be enhanced by habitat variation, especially in urban-non-urban systems. [11] Urban land use efficiency directly reflects the coupling between urban systems and land use systems. [12] I also provide a framework for understanding networks at different scales in space and time from neighborhoods, to cities and to urban systems. [13] Despite being identified in the literature, there has been little recognition of interstitial spaces as part of the environmental sustainability of urban systems, and how they support cities in improving their resilience and adaptation capacities. [14] The space-time structure of urban systems in China is examined as the case study. [15] The method proposed in this paper provides guidance for the integration of multi-resource systems, allowing the decision-makers to estimate the economic and exergy performance of the proposed Circular Economy solutions, aiding in improving the sustainability contributions of industrial and urban systems. [16] Spatial governance pertains to the planning and management of activities in space, with the primary purpose of ensuring that the activities and development support and improves the sustainability of the urban system. [17] Given the complexity of urban systems in combination with the acceleration of climate and social change, it is challenging to measure the success of resilience-rising activities. [18] The study aims to propose a novel fuzzy multi-criteria method based on the fuzzy linear programming method and sequential interactive model for urban systems method (SIMUS), named fuzzy SIMUS. [19] Here, we study the socio-physical interdependencies in urban systems and their effects on disaster recovery and resilience, using large-scale mobility data collected from Puerto Rico during Hurricane Maria. [20] In the context of global warming and rising sea levels, as urbanization continues to increase, the risk situation of urban systems facing floods has become more severe. [21] At the institutional level, there are central government organizations that provide the parameters of urban policy on a country scale, city politicians and managers responsible for managing all urban systems and the citizens themselves. [22] This paper attempts to point out some of the many pitfalls in UHI studies, beginning with a proper correction of longwave emission data, the consideration of the source area of a thermal signal in an urban system—which is predominantly at the roof level—demonstrating the physics and interactions of radiation and heat fluxes, especially in relation to the importance of urban storage heat flux, and ending with an examination of examples from the Basel study area in Switzerland. [23] Urban systems, because of their concentration of people and infrastructure, create risks to disturbances from climate change or other challenges. [24] Through adequate governance of green infrastructure in cities, urban systems can benefit through the improvement of citizens health, wellbeing, conservation of biodiversity, supply of ecosystem services, and strength of urban capacity for resilience and adaptation. [25] 1Institute of Geography, RuhrUniversity Bochum, Bochum, Germany 2Urban Systems Lab, The New School, New York, NY, USA. [26] Storm events and soil erosion can adversely impact flood control, soil conservation, water quality, the recreation economy, and ecosystem biodiversity in urban systems. [27] The order of urban systems in regions correlates with the local average annual temperatures. [28] The urban system is gradually becoming a multi-level and multipolar network under the rapid development of information and communication technology. [29] Driven by population growth, migration, economic decline in rural areas, political instabilities, and even more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic, urban systems and spaces are changing to accommodate moving people and new functions. [30] Urban systems are characterized by complexity and dynamicity. [31] The models have been made available as an open-source software package to encourage adoption by users working in urban systems. [32]然而，这种观点很难与城市系统的出现相协调，城市系统需要大幅提高劳动生产率来支持不断增长的非农业人口。 [1] 本文使用 2015 年的人口数据，探讨了应用于罗马尼亚城市系统的两种不同类型的潜在可达性模型之间的差异。 [2] 要将今天的农业和城市系统推向明天的循环经济并应对气候变化，必须将有机残留物和废水转化为资源性资产。 [3] 由于巨大的能源需求以及技术、成本、生产和消费结构的影响，城市系统已成为能源系统能源安全评估的热门话题。 [4] 美国马里兰大学马里兰大学埃尔德环境科学与技术学院；卡里生态系统研究所，美国纽约州米尔布鲁克；城市系统实验室，新学校，纽约，纽约，美国；美国亚利桑那州图森市亚利桑那大学地理、发展与环境学院。 [5] 它从城市系统、法律、规范和实践的角度探讨了全球南方城市，特别是中东城市的城市非正规性概念。 [6] 在那一点上，它澄清了城市系统协作组织的批判性猜测，即数据的不断扩大的开放性可以使我们能够创建城市系统模型，这些模型能够帮助居民、商业远见者、城市协会和政府更深入地了解如何他们的城市地区如何运作，个人如何利用城市，他们对城市的感受，城市面临的问题，以及可以应用什么样的补救措施。 [7] 这些问题创建了与城市系统相关的单独数据孤岛。 [8] 抗洪能力的阶段性破坏与城市系统对洪水的恢复密切相关。 [9] 我们的结论讨论了这种广泛分析对增进对英国城市系统演变的理解的意义。 [10] 栖息地的变化可能会增强鸟类种群的遗传分化，特别是在城市-非城市系统中。 [11] 城市土地利用效率直接反映了城市系统与土地利用系统之间的耦合。 [12] 我还提供了一个框架，用于理解从社区到城市和城市系统的不同空间和时间尺度的网络。 [13] 尽管在文献中被确定，但几乎没有认识到间隙空间是城市系统环境可持续性的一部分，以及它们如何支持城市提高其复原力和适应能力。 [14] 以中国城市系统的时空结构为例进行研究。 [15] 本文提出的方法为多资源系统的整合提供了指导，使决策者能够估计所提出的循环经济解决方案的经济和火用性能，有助于提高工业和城市系统的可持续性贡献。 [16] 空间治理涉及空间活动的规划和管理，其主要目的是确保活动和发展支持并提高城市系统的可持续性。 [17] 鉴于城市系统的复杂性以及气候和社会变化的加速，衡量提高复原力活动的成功与否具有挑战性。 [18] 本研究旨在提出一种基于模糊线性规划方法和城市系统序列交互模型（SIMUS）的新型模糊多准则方法，称为模糊SIMUS。 [19] 在这里，我们使用飓风玛丽亚期间从波多黎各收集的大规模流动数据，研究城市系统中的社会物理相互依存关系及其对灾难恢复和复原力的影响。 [20] 在全球变暖和海平面上升的背景下，随着城市化进程的不断加快，城市系统面临洪水的风险形势更加严峻。 [21] 在制度层面，有中央政府组织提供国家范围内的城市政策参数，有城市政治家和负责管理所有城市系统的管理者和公民本身。 [22] 本文试图指出 UHI 研究中的一些陷阱，首先是对长波发射数据进行适当校正，考虑城市系统中热信号的源区域（主要在屋顶水平），证明辐射和热通量的物理和相互作用，特别是与城市储存热通量的重要性有关，最后以对瑞士巴塞尔研究区的例子进行检查。 [23] 城市系统由于人口和基础设施的集中，对气候变化或其他挑战造成的干扰产生了风险。 [24] 通过对城市绿色基础设施的充分治理，城市系统可以通过改善公民健康、福祉、保护生物多样性、提供生态系统服务以及增强城市复原力和适应能力而受益。 [25] 1 波鸿鲁尔大学地理研究所，德国波鸿 2 新学院城市系统实验室，纽约，纽约，美国。 [26] 风暴事件和水土流失会对城市系统的防洪、土壤保护、水质、休闲经济和生态系统生物多样性产生不利影响。 [27] 区域内城市系统的排序与当地年平均气温相关。 [28] 在信息通信技术的飞速发展下，城市系统正逐渐形成多层次、多极的网络。 [29] 在人口增长、移民、农村地区经济衰退、政治不稳定，甚至最近的 Covid-19 大流行的推动下，城市系统和空间正在发生变化，以适应流动的人员和新的功能。 [30] 城市系统的特点是复杂性和动态性。 [31] 这些模型已作为开源软件包提供，以鼓励在城市系统中工作的用户采用。 [32]
Complex Urban System 复杂的城市系统
We describe an "Urban Observatory" facility designed for the study of complex urban systems via persistent, synoptic, and granular imaging of dynamical processes in cities. [1] Methods: This article describes the development of a programme theory for Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH), a four-year Wellcome-funded research collaboration which aims to improve capacity to guide transformational health and environmental changes in cities. [2] Methods: This article describes the development of a programme theory for Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH), a four-year Wellcome-funded research collaboration which aims to improve capacity to guide transformational health and environmental changes in cities. [3] Examples for the Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) partner cities of London, Rennes, Kisumu, Nairobi, Beijing and Ningbo illustrate how cities could potentially make use of more detailed models and projections to develop and evaluate policies and practices targeted at their specific environmental and health priorities. [4] Utility networks comprise a fundamental part of our complex urban systems and the integration of digital representations of these networks across multiple spatial scales can be used to help address priority challenges. [5] Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of complex urban systems by considering environmental justice and nexus synergies. [6] The Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) project is a global research programme on the complex systemic connections between urban development and health. [7] The interrelation among very different fields of knowledge and science, together with the growing awareness about the networking among all the elements composing the complex urban system, require defining common syntactical rules and laws. [8] Based on a policy-relevant research project, Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH), this project aims to support the transformation of cities to meet environmental imperatives and to improve health with a quantitative health impact assessment. [9] In this perspective, we explore the potential of a traits framework for understanding social-ecological patterns, dynamics, interactions, and tipping points in complex urban systems. [10] This research supports the need for cell-based forward-looking modeling to better understand complex urban systems and strategically establish a resilient built environment. [11] Diverse participants were selected aiming to incorporate multiple perspectives relevant to understanding complex urban systems linked to food and transportation. [12] The CIB method can play a novel role in augmenting understandings of complex urban systems by enabling insights into future scenarios that can be used alongside other approaches to guide urban health policy planning and action. [13] We position this research as a starting point to a new perspective on developing complex urban systems in the future. [14] Urban areas also have tended to more vulnerable to the drought events since it consists of complex urban systems and high urban population. [15] This new model maps out the socio-economic arena of a complex urban system according to the above cascade system. [16]我们描述了一个“城市天文台”设施，旨在通过对城市动态过程的持久、天气和颗粒成像来研究复杂的城市系统。 [1] 方法：本文描述了可持续发展与健康复杂城市系统 (CUSSH) 项目理论的发展，这是一项由威康资助的为期四年的研究合作，旨在提高指导城市转型健康和环境变化的能力。 [2] 方法：本文描述了可持续发展与健康复杂城市系统 (CUSSH) 项目理论的发展，这是一项由威康资助的为期四年的研究合作，旨在提高指导城市转型健康和环境变化的能力。 [3] nan [4] nan [5] nan [6] nan [7] nan [8] nan [9] nan [10] nan [11] nan [12] nan [13] nan [14] nan [15] nan [16]
Sustainable Urban System 可持续城市系统
The increasing frequency and intensity of disasters has made resilient and sustainable urban systems a primary goal for cities around the world. [1] A smart city is a dynamic and sustainable urban system that provides a great quality of service to its residents by optimally managing its resources. [2] The modelled scenarios propose new clean energy transition roadmaps towards a sustainable urban system through the implementation of circular economy strategies. [3] Improving our understanding of influence dynamics on online social media could provide policy makers with insights on how to disseminate information on social media more effectively for better disaster response and recovery, which may contribute towards building sustainable urban systems. [4]灾害的频率和强度不断增加，使具有复原力和可持续发展的城市系统成为世界各地城市的主要目标。 [1] 智慧城市是一个动态且可持续的城市系统，通过优化资源管理为居民提供优质服务。 [2] nan [3] nan [4]
Variou Urban System 多样的城市系统
COVID-19 has caused shocks to various urban systems, and the tourism industry is no exception. [1] Among the various urban systems, transportation services were among those that suffered the most significant impacts, particularly severe in the case of highways. [2] As new information technologies and large amounts of data from a wide range of sources become available to government agencies and the public, urban researchers have started to investigate how these data can be used to enhance the planning and management of various urban systems. [3] Therefore, UUS development needs better concerted guidelines to coordinate various urban systems and the multiple components of the underground world. [4]COVID-19 对各种城市系统造成了冲击，旅游业也不例外。 [1] 在各种城市系统中，交通服务受到的影响最为严重，尤其是高速公路。 [2] nan [3] nan [4]
Within Urban System 城市系统内
To prevent this, we argue that hosting policies must lead to the temporary integration of refugees within urban systems and public institutions. [1] Among the most pressing issues are the rational use of territorial resources and environmental security within urban systems. [2] However, it has been unclear how emission and economic change within urban systems evolve with social development in a long period. [3]为了防止这种情况，我们认为收容政策必须导致难民暂时融入城市系统和公共机构。 [1] 其中最紧迫的问题是在城市系统内合理利用领土资源和环境安全。 [2] nan [3]
National Urban System 全国城市系统
Estimation methods with these data show that increased adoption of ICT has resulted in national urban systems that are less uniform in terms of city sizes and are characterized by higher population concentrations in larger cities, when concentration is proxied the Pareto (Zipf) coefficient for national city size distributions. [1] The main objective is to study the participation and changes of cultural activities in the economic structure of the 384 cities of the National Urban System (NUS) between 2004 and 2014. [2] As argued above, the Chinese government continues to implement the national urban system policy of “strictly control the scale of large cities, rationally develop medium and small cities” in the post-reform period. [3]使用这些数据的估计方法表明，ICT 应用的增加导致国家城市系统在城市规模方面不太统一，并且在以国家城市的帕累托 (Zipf) 系数作为代表时，大城市的人口集中度更高尺寸分布。 [1] 主要目的是研究 2004 年至 2014 年间文化活动在国家城市系统（NUS）的 384 个城市的经济结构中的参与和变化。 [2] nan [3]
Large Urban System 大城市系统
With few exceptions, accounts of postwar schooling in the United States have focused almost exclusively on the “rise and fall” of large urban systems. [1] These risk management programs apply to all water supplies in all countries, including small community supplies and large urban systems in both developed and developing settings. [2] However, modelling of sewer exfiltration and its associated impacts on groundwater are still constrained and not fully understood in large urban systems. [3]除了少数例外，对战后美国学校教育的描述几乎完全集中在大型城市系统的“兴衰”上。 [1] 这些风险管理计划适用于所有国家的所有供水，包括发达和发展中环境中的小型社区供水和大型城市系统。 [2] nan [3]
Circular Urban System 循环城市系统
CE, urban metabolism (UM) and industrial symbiosis (IS) offer a new more holistic approach based on material and energy flow analysis and materials recovery from waste by creating IS networks to support a new circular urban system (CUM) which contrast to the traditional linear extract-produce-use-dispose model of economic systems. [1] The concept of circular economy (CE) offers an innovative and systematical approach to address a number of urban sustainability issues, via exploring symbiotic ways to design circular urban systems and optimizing the materials and energy metabolism of cities, so as to mitigate environmental footprints. [2]CE、城市新陈代谢 (UM) 和工业共生 (IS) 通过创建 IS 网络来支持新的循环城市系统 (CUM)，从而提供了一种基于物质和能量流分析以及从废物中回收的更全面的新方法，这与传统的循环城市系统 (CUM) 形成鲜明对比。经济系统的线性提取-生产-使用-处置模型。 [1] 循环经济 (CE) 的概念提供了一种创新和系统的方法来解决许多城市可持续性问题，通过探索共生方式设计循环城市系统和优化城市的材料和能量代谢，从而减轻环境足迹。 [2]
Contemporary Urban System 当代城市系统
The peoples of southern Mesoamerica, including the Classic period Maya, are often claimed to exhibit a distinct type of spatial organization relative to contemporary urban systems. [1] Another important aspect of the approach to contemporary urban systems is the ‘circular economy’. [2]中美洲南部的人民，包括古典时期的玛雅人，通常被认为表现出与当代城市系统相关的独特类型的空间组织。 [1] 当代城市系统方法的另一个重要方面是“循环经济”。 [2]
Larger Urban System 更大的城市系统
Studies of a region’s growth can only be conducted thoroughly considering its position in a larger urban system. [1] The growth of a region cannot be released from its position in a larger urban system. [2]只有考虑到它在更大的城市系统中的位置，才能对一个地区的增长进行彻底的研究。 [1] 一个地区的发展不能脱离其在更大城市系统中的地位。 [2]
Improve Urban System 完善城市体系
The main aim of the green smart city is to improve the quality of the resident’s life, improve urban system functionalities, and enhance various industries and businesses with the help of modern technology for the efficient performance, overall cost minimization, and to reduce resource deterioration. [1] Despite the wide range of applications aiming to improve urban systems and city governance, urban planning processes are rarely informed by online platforms and data generated by them lack comprehensive data visualization approaches. [2]绿色智慧城市的主要目标是提高居民的生活质量，改善城市系统功能，并借助现代技术提升各行各业的效率，降低总体成本，减少资源恶化。 [1] 尽管有广泛的应用旨在改善城市系统和城市治理，但在线平台很少为城市规划过程提供信息，并且它们生成的数据缺乏全面的数据可视化方法。 [2]
Town Urban System 城镇系统
After analysing the site-forming processes, the most important features of new-town urban systems are compared. [1] After analysing the site-forming processes, the most important features of new-town urban systems are compared. [2]在分析了场地形成过程之后，比较了新城镇城市系统的最重要特征。 [1] 在分析了场地形成过程之后，比较了新城镇城市系统的最重要特征。 [2]
Modern Urban System 现代城市系统
Fossil energy enabled and underwrote Anthropocene origins and fueled the dramatic expansion of modern urban systems. [1] The purpose of this chapter is to help the reader understand the complexities of modern urban systems before diving deeper and exploring these concepts in more detail in the subsequent chapters. [2]化石能源促成并支持了人类世的起源，并推动了现代城市系统的急剧扩张。 [1] 本章的目的是帮助读者理解现代城市系统的复杂性，然后再深入研究并在后续章节中更详细地探索这些概念。 [2]