Urban Heat(城市热)研究综述
Urban Heat 城市热 - Energy geostructures can be used in urban Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system to save energy and reduce emissions. [1]能源地质结构可用于城市暖通空调 (HVAC) 系统，以节省能源和减少排放。 [1]
land surface temperature 地表温度
The Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification scheme, initially designed to distinguish between standard built (urban) and non-built (land cover) types in terms of screen-level air temperature relevant for urban heat island (UHI) studies, has been widely used for land surface temperature (LST) and surface urban heat island (SUHI) studies. [1] Accurate estimations of daily mean land surface temperature (LST) are important for investigating the urban heat island effect, land-atmosphere energy exchanges, and global climate change. [2] Landsat remote sensing images are widely used in fields such as land surface temperature retrieval, urban expansion, and urban heat islands, due to their high spatial resolution and the availability of long time series data. [3] This study aims to simulate the future form of Land Surface Temperature (LST) distribution and Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) evaluation based on the impervious surface area. [4] Environmental factors such as urban landscape patterns, local climate, topography, and socioeconomic conditions have significant impacts on land surface temperature (LST), especially through the urban heat island effect. [5] The canopy layer urban heat island (CLUHI) and surface urban heat island (SUHI) refer to higher canopy layer and land surface temperatures in urban areas than in rural areas, respectively. [6] Land surface temperature (LST) predictors, such as impervious and vegetated surfaces, strongly influence the urban landscape mosaic, also changing microclimate conditions and exacerbating the surface urban heat island (SUHI) phenomenon. [7] Thermal remote sensing has become widely used to monitor and study Urban Heat Island (UHI) by the use of satellite Land Surface Temperature (LST) data, and the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) scheme has established itself as the standard for assessing Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII). [8] Nowadays urban climate is a global problem and many studies focused on understanding the relation between urban climate the built-up space using radiometric observations of the land surface temperature to estimate and monitor the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHIs). [9] Land surface temperature (LST) is one of critical element in urban climatology study, especially on urban heat island (UHI) mitigation and water balance. [10] Land surface temperature (LST) is an important environmental parameter in climate change, urban heat islands, drought, public health, and other fields. [11] As a result, there has been an increase in the land surface temperature (LST) causing the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, particularly in large cities. [12] This trend of Land Surface Temperature indicates, Urban Heat Island is building up within Rajshahi city. [13] Mounting human population and fast urban expansion has driven the ecosystem degradation within the past 3 decades by reducing permeable cultivable land surface for the construction and thus increasing land surface temperature (LST) and creating urban heat islands (UHI). [14] Here we use 1000-m satellite land surface temperature anomaly measurements to explore the distribution of the United States' urban heating burden, both at high resolution (within cities or counties) and at scale (across the whole contiguous United States). [15] The study utilizes the satellite land surface temperature (LST) data to compute the district-wise urban heat island intensity (UHII) in Delhi. [16] Land surface temperature (LST) and air temperature (Tair) have been commonly used to analyze urban heat island (UHI) effects throughout the world, with noted variations based on vegetation distribution. [17] The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate the changes of the Land Cover (LC) and Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) in Yerevan and analyze relations between them, (ii) study the relationships between land surface temperature (LST) and environmental factors/parameters, (iii) explore the accuracy of satellite derived LST. [18] While previous studies revealed that urban form optimization could alleviate the urban heat island (UHI) effect, empirical studies have often documented paradoxical conclusions on the impacts of urban form on land surface temperature (LST). [19] Spatial patterns of land surface temperature (LST), surface urban heat island (SUHI), surface urban cold island (SUCI), and their seasonal variations during January (winter) and September (summer) were analyzed over the three cities of Indian Punjab (Balachaur, Ludhiana and Bathinda) using Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite data of the years 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2018. [20] The present study intends to understand the variability in land surface temperature and urban heat island over Ahmedabad city, Gujarat, from 2003 to 2018 using MODIS thermal data. [21] It has been suggested that the loss of vegetation cover increases the land surface temperature (LST) due to modifications in biogeochemical patterns, generating a phenomenon known as “urban heat island” (UHI). [22] Urban land surface temperature (ULST) is a key surface feature parameter in urban heat island studies. [23] An analysis of Landsat land surface temperature data was conductedin this study to better understandthe geography and demographics of extreme urban heat events in Santa Clara County and the city of San Jose, California. [24] This paper, based on the DMSP/OLS nighttime light data and the MODIS land surface temperature data during the years 2000, 2005, and 2013, discussed the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban sprawl, urban heat island intensity in China, and their relationship, respectively. [25] Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in global climate change, vegetation growth, and urban heat island (UHI). [26] Rapid urbanization has led to increased land surface temperature (LST) and severe urban heat islands (UHIs). [27]局部气候区 (LCZ) 分类方案最初旨在根据与城市热岛 (UHI) 研究相关的屏幕级气温来区分标准建筑（城市）和非建筑（土地覆盖）类型，已被广泛使用。用于地表温度 (LST) 和地表城市热岛 (SUHI) 研究。 [1] 准确估算每日平均地表温度 (LST) 对于研究城市热岛效应、陆气能量交换和全球气候变化具有重要意义。 [2] nan [3] 本研究旨在模拟基于不透水面面积的地表温度（LST）分布和地表城市热岛（SUHI）评估的未来形式。 [4] nan [5] 冠层城市热岛（CLUHI）和地表城市热岛（SUHI）分别是指城市地区的冠层和地表温度高于农村地区。 [6] nan [7] 通过使用卫星地表温度（LST）数据，热遥感已被广泛用于监测和研究城市热岛（UHI），当地气候区（LCZ）方案已成为评估城市热岛的标准强度 (UHII)。 [8] nan [9] nan [10] nan [11] nan [12] nan [13] 在过去的 3 年里，不断增加的人口和快速的城市扩张通过减少用于建设的可渗透耕地表面，从而提高地表温度 (LST) 并形成城市热岛 (UHI)，从而推动了生态系统的退化。 [14] nan [15] nan [16] 地表温度 (LST) 和气温 (Tair) 已普遍用于分析世界各地的城市热岛 (UHI) 效应，并根据植被分布而显着变化。 [17] nan [18] nan [19] nan [20] nan [21] nan [22] nan [23] nan [24] nan [25] nan [26] nan [27]
urban thermal environment 城市热环境
Urban form studies on urban heat island (UHI) are mostly from the microscale perspective of thermodynamics or fluid mechanics, lacking of consideration of the impact of urban form on traffic behavior or air pollution, which is also proved to be influential on nighttime urban thermal environment. [1] An understanding of the driving factors of urban heat islands could improve the urban thermal environment and provide planning strategies for sustainable urban/regional development. [2] High-rise and high-density buildings are increasing with the rapid urban development, which leads to many urban thermal environment problems represented by the urban heat island. [3] Although numerous studies have revealed the relationship between landscape patterns and the urban thermal environment, there is limited effort to quantify the contributions of landscape patterns and anthropogenic heat to urban heat islands (UHI) under the seasonal and daily dynamics. [4] Here, the seasonal characteristics of Maribor’s urban thermal environment were studied from the perspectives of surface urban heat island (SUHI) and urban heat island (UHI) A remote sensing thermal imagery time series and in-situ measurements (stationary and mobile) were combined with select geospatial predictor variables to model this atmospheric phenomenon in its most intensive season (summer). [5] The urban heat island (UHI) effect is a widespread phenomenon because of increased urbanization, making the urban thermal environment less comfortable. [6] Understanding the urban thermal environment is vital for improving urban planning and strategy development when mitigating urban heat islands. [7] Improving our understanding of the spatial pattern of the urban heat island (UHI) effect is an important aspect of current studies on the urban thermal environment. [8] An urban microclimate model integrated with the mesoscale, local scale, microscale and building scale models is presented for the urban thermal environment and urban heat island (UHI) mitigation study. [9]城市热岛（UHI）的城市形态研究多从热力学或流体力学的微观角度出发，缺乏考虑城市形态对交通行为或空气污染的影响，也被证明对夜间城市热环境有影响. [1] 了解城市热岛的驱动因素可以改善城市热环境并为可持续城市/区域发展提供规划策略。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] nan [5] nan [6] nan [7] nan [8] nan [9]
land use land 土地使用土地
The intensity and formation of urban heat island (UHI) phenomena are closely related to land use/land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST) change. [1] Spatio-temporal changes in land use land cover (LULC) have been relevant factors in causing the changes in Urban Heat Island (UHI) pattern across rural and urban areas all over the world. [2] The aims of this study were to determine surface urban heat island (SUHI) effects and to analyze the land use/land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST) changes for 11 time periods from the years 2002 to 2020 using Landsat time series images. [3] A cost which the urban dwellers are paying in terms of environmental and urban hazards like—urban subsidence, land use/land cover change, urban heat island development, urban flooding and increased air and water pollution. [4] Spatiotemporal changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC) have been relevant factors in causing the changes in Urban Heat Intensity (UHI) pattern across rural and urban areas of cities all over the world. [5] Numerous studies on urban heat island (UHI) effects have examined relationships between land use/land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST), while impacts of environmental temperatures on these relationships have received little attention. [6]城市热岛（UHI）现象的强度和形成与土地利用/土地覆盖（LULC）和地表温度（LST）变化密切相关。 [1] 土地利用土地覆被（LULC）的时空变化是导致城市热力变化的相关因素 岛屿 (UHI) 模式横跨世界各地的农村和城市地区。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] nan [5] nan [6]
outdoor thermal comfort 户外热舒适
An increase in urban vegetation is an often proposed mitigation strategy to reduce urban heat and improve outdoor thermal comfort (OTC). [1] We illustrate and provide a first evaluation of the method in Singapore, a tropical city experiencing strong Urban Heat Island effect (UHI) and seeking to enhance the outdoor thermal comfort. [2] To address the urban overheating problems, this study concentrates on the analysis of local-scale urban ventilation and its impacts of urban heat islands and outdoor thermal comfort, in order to support wind-sensitive urban planning and design. [3] Adaptation to prepare for adverse climate change impacts in the context of urban heat islands and outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) is receiving growing concern. [4] Nevertheless, the concept of the LCZ has proven appropriate and valuable to the provision of metadata for urban stations, (surface) urban heat island analysis, and the assessment of outdoor thermal comfort and heat risk. [5]增加城市植被是减少城市热量和提高室外热舒适度 (OTC) 的常用缓解策略。 [1] 我们在新加坡说明并提供了对该方法的首次评估，新加坡是一个经历强烈城市热岛效应 (UHI) 并寻求提高室外热舒适度的热带城市。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] nan [5]