Transboundary Aquifers(跨界含水层)研究综述
Transboundary Aquifers 跨界含水层 - As part of the analysis pertaining to the problem of legal regulation of groundwater extraction from transboundary aquifers and complexes, it is proposed to consider this aspect on the example of Russia. [1] Apart from some notable exceptions, the sound governance of transboundary aquifers (coupled or uncoupled to rivers) is seriously lacking in most regions of the world, despite a highly successful 20-year ISARM initiative The distinction between regions of water abundance (as in the Haute Savoie–Geneva aquifers) and those of water scarcity (<1000 m3/an/capita), as in the Rum-Saq aquifer, ought to be a driver for the urgency in adopting sound governance In the latter regions, however, such an urgent response faces too many hurdles (institutional, financial, and weak capacity) Climate change, one of the global megatrends (among demography, economic shift, resources stress, urbanization, and novel viruses such as COVID-19), will exacerbate the problem in the coming decade and beyond This chapter provides an critical perspective on the status of this subsurface asset in 570 or so, domestic and transboundary aquifers of the world (self-identified by country experts), while taking full account of their interconnections, or not, with surface waters This critical perspective will be grounded in two important factors, first the hiatus in adoption by countries of the evolving international water law and guidance on transboundary aquifers (the Draft Articles, which provide legal pathways for collaboration or eventually dispute resolution), and second the framework of the sustainable development goals (SDG) 6 (clean water and sanitation), which countries have committed themselves to with reference to transboundary waters The critical perspective finds that despite the lack of momentum in adopting formal global norms, sporadic cooperation and collaboration is continuing and is well received, when delivered methodically through the support of international agencies The findings of the critical perspective are that even if water-related SDGs will have been achieved across the world, it would contribute precious little to meaningful enhancement of governance of transboundary aquifers, unless they have been explicitly addressed in terms that are tangible to decision makers, such as the impact of disregarding them on the current or future national GDP The onset of a “new socioeconomic normal” in the aftermath of COVID-19 could further defer meaningful progress, taking the example of Latin America, where a 5% decline has been forecast for 2020 With such declines in the finances of governments, attention to shared aquifer resources may well decline even further Urgent wise reaction to this possibility must be a priority for the professional science-policy community. [2] Transboundary aquifers (TBAs) or internationally shared aquifers have performed a decisive part in efficiently utilizing water supply especially for drinking and irrigation. [3] International law has formulated several legal instruments to govern the shared transboundary resources, laws on transboundary aquifers being one. [4] The assessment of transboundary aquifers is essential for the development of groundwater management strategies and the sustainable use of groundwater resources. [5] Management of transboundary aquifers is a vexing water resources challenge, especially when the aquifers are overexploited. [6] 1 The number of transboundary aquifers that have been mapped so far and the people living in the respective recharge areas is even higher. [7] Application of the FREEWAT platform to real-world case studies is presented for targeting management of coastal aquifers, ground- and surface-water interaction, climate change impacts, management of transboundary aquifers, rural water management and protection of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. [8] The author recommends the UN Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers (2008) as a basis for such an agreement. [9] This text deals with water resources existing in transboundary aquifers. [10]作为与跨界含水层和复合体抽取地下水的法律监管问题相关的分析的一部分，建议以俄罗斯为例考虑这一方面。 [1] 除了一些值得注意的例外，尽管 20 年的 ISARM 倡议非常成功，但世界大多数地区严重缺乏对跨界含水层（与河流耦合或不耦合）的健全治理。 Savoie-Geneva 含水层）和水资源短缺（<1000 m3/an/capita）的含水层，如 Rum-Saq 含水层，应该是推动采取健全治理的紧迫性，然而，在后者地区，如此紧迫的应对措施面临太多障碍（体制、金融和能力薄弱） 气候变化是全球大趋势之一（在人口结构、经济转变、资源压力、城市化和 COVID-19 等新型病毒中），将加剧未来十年及以后 本章提供了关于这种地下资产在大约 570 个世界国内和跨界含水层（由国家专家自行确定）中的状况的批判性观点，同时充分考虑与地表水是否相互联系 这一批判性观点将基于两个重要因素，首先是各国在通过不断演变的国际水法和跨界含水层指南（条款草案，为合作提供法律途径或最终解决争端），其次是可持续发展目标 (SDG) 6（清洁水和卫生设施）的框架，各国已承诺参考跨界水域全球规范、零星的合作和协作在国际机构的支持下有条不紊地实施，并受到好评 批判性观点的调查结果是，即使与水有关的可持续发展目标将在世界范围内实现，它的贡献也微乎其微有意义地加强跨界含水层的治理，除非它们已经以对决策者来说切实可行的方式得到明确解决，例如无视它们对当前或未来国家 GDP 的影响 COVID-19 之后“新的社会经济常态”的出现可能会进一步推迟有意义的进展，以拉丁美洲为例，预计 2020 年将下降 5% 随着政府财政的这种下降，对共享含水层资源的关注很可能会进一步下降 对这种可能性的紧急明智反应必须成为优先事项专业的科学政策社区。 [2] 跨界含水层 (TBA) 或国际共享含水层在有效利用供水方面发挥了决定性作用，尤其是用于饮用和灌溉。 [3] 国际法制定了若干法律文书来管理共享的跨界资源，跨界含水层法就是其中之一。 [4] 跨界含水层的评估对于制定地下水管理战略和可持续利用地下水资源至关重要。 [5] 跨界含水层的管理是一项令人头疼的水资源挑战，尤其是在含水层被过度开发的情况下。 [6] 1 迄今为止绘制的跨界含水层数量和居住在相应补给区的人口数量甚至更高。 [7] 介绍了将 FREEWAT 平台应用于实际案例研究，以针对沿海含水层的管理、地下水和地表水的相互作用、气候变化影响、跨界含水层的管理、农村水资源管理和依赖地下水的生态系统的保护。 [8] 作者建议将联合国跨界含水层法条款草案（2008 年）作为此类协议的基础。 [9] 本文涉及跨界含水层中存在的水资源。 [10]