Transboundary Air(跨境航空)研究综述
Transboundary Air 跨境航空 - Despite the critical effect of a typhoon on air pollution, contributions of vertical wind profile and cloud movement during transboundary air pollution (TAP) on surface PM and O3 concentration have yet to be fully understood. [1] Our findings provide scientific evidence that transboundary air pollution were closely associated with different weather conditions and mixed aerosol sources, particularly for various PBL heights. [2] 5, and PM10) at eight sites in southwestern China were investigated to understand the situation and analyze the impacts of transboundary air pollutants in this region. [3] We survey 174 published atmospheric science studies and use scientometric methods to show that researchers based in both Japan and South Korea focus significantly more on China as the source of transboundary air pollution. [4] We chose the Northeast Asia region because of the important transboundary air pollution issues requiring a sound understanding of source-receptor relationships in the region. [5] 5 µm in diameter) simulations over Northeast Asia for the base year of 2013 under the framework of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project. [6] European emissions data have been reported during the last 40 years under the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), launched by the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). [7] It is substantiated that special international acts in the field of environmental protection began to be adopted in the 70s of the last century (including: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Discharges and Other Materials, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution distance, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted, the European Charter on Environment and Public Health, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazard-ous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, etc. [8] This research finding provides lower-bound estimates of not only negative spillovers manifested in fetal health but also the impact of pollution on the health of the Chinese population and calls for a need to tackle transboundary air pollution via international cooperation. [9] Lumbini is a world heritage site located in the southern plains region of Nepal, and is regarded as a potential site for evaluating transboundary air pollution due to its proximity to the border with India. [10] To stay as close as possible to the emissions as officially reported and used in policy assessment, the inventory uses where possible the officially reported emission data by European countries to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution as the basis. [11] ) are the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), and within the European Union the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive). [12] The paper concludes with policy suggestions on how to mitigate the negative externality of transboundary air pollution through collaborative cross-boundary urban governance. [13] We assessed the contribution of transboundary air pollutants (TAPs) transported from China to Tokyo using the Pb(0. [14] The programme supports international environmental and climate agreements and improves our understanding of climate change and long-range transboundary air pollution through its work on greenhouse gases, aerosols, reactive gases, atmospheric deposition, stratospheric ozone, and ultraviolet radiation. [15] Since the 1980s, Japan has been affected by transboundary air pollution from the Asian continent due to northwesterly seasonal winds in the winter. [16] We devise a reconstruction method based on Reynolds decomposition and adhere to recommendations by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) convention. [17] 5 fractions in urban areas in Nagasaki prefecture, Japan, where the air pollution level is relatively low but influenced by transboundary air pollution. [18] To that end, it is necessary, inter alia, to: ratify the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and its protocols in each of the WB economies; to implement air quality strategies; and to strengthen air quality monitoring systems (and network accreditation). [19] Transboundary air pollution (TAP) and local air pollution (LAP) influence the air quality of urban areas. [20] This chapter focuses on effects of transboundary air pollution and urbanization on regional air quality under climate change, using the Greater Bay Area of China as an example due to the nature of its air quality, which is significantly affected by transboundary air pollution and by rapid urbanization. [21] The incentive for and the dynamic trajectory, core measures, and outcomes of cooperative pollution abatement policies to address transboundary air pollution were studied using incrementalism analysis. [22] Our findings reveal that the intensity and position of the SH can be utilized to identify spring transboundary air pollutants in northeast Asia. [23] 5 fractions in urban areas in Nagasaki prefecture, Japan, where the air pollution level is relatively low but influenced by transboundary air pollution. [24] The study highlighted the phenomenon of transboundary air pollution over Southern Africa cities and brought to foe the need to adopt a uniform Southern Africa policy and guidelines on air quality management. [25] The academies note that existing international agreements, including the Montreal Protocol, the UN Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and the World Health Assembly Resolution on Air Pollution address different aspects of air pol lution, but none includes a comprehensive plan for air pollution control. [26] Finally, we discuss the impact exogenous shocks have had on three different environmental management regimes: the impact of the ozone hole on the ozone regime, the impact of Black Forest death (‘Waldsterben’) on the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and the impact on Regional Fisheries Management Organizations of the creation of Exclusive Economic Zones under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. [27] Objectives In recent years, transboundary air pollution from mainland East Asia has led to growing concerns about air pollution in Japan. [28] ) are the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), and within the European Union the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive). [29] This paper considers a model of agreements for the problem of transboundary air pollution by industrial emissions. [30] Transboundary air pollution is one of the main sources of air pollution in island cities. [31] Besides, as it follows from the results of Convention LRTAP expert groups modeling, the significant contribution may be brought by Transboundary Air Pollution. [32] Previous studies have investigated the impacts of transboundary air pollution (TAP) in East Asia, albeit primarily through analyses of episodic events. [33] Comparative analysis of ecological situation applying the state antipollution hygienic and ecological standards (critical loads) which are calculated on the basis of Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LTRAP) with regards to lead’s soil loads on natural reserves of Crimean peninsula presented herein. [34] The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTP) and the European Union National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) sets limits for national NH3 emissions and require the reporting of annual emission inventories to demonstrate compliance. [35] The visualizations we have created allow a user to conceive the transboundary air pollution scheme from either the polluters’ or pollutees’ perspective. [36] In lakes where Hg originated from long-range transboundary air pollution (LRTAP), consistent Hg declines (3-7‰ per year) were found for perch and pike in both boreal and subarctic Fennoscandia, suggesting common environmental controls. [37] In addition to local pollution sources, transboundary air pollution affects Taiwan. [38] Transboundary air pollution (TAP), which is strongly affected by weather and climate, is a primary contributor to air pollution. [39] Under article 16, International Environment Law mentions the polluter-pay principle without any legitimate power to mitigate the transboundary air pollution risks. [40] Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions could affect human health and destroy vegetation through acid deposition and cause transboundary air pollution. [41] I find that the effect of transboundary air pollutants from China accounts for 19 percent of the weekly average PM10 concentrations, varying 12–30 percent by season. [42] Through these actions, in particular those under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, air emissions were substantially reduced, and ecosystem impacts decreased. [43]尽管台风对空气污染产生了关键影响，但跨界空气污染 (TAP) 期间垂直风廓线和云运动对地表 PM 和 O3 浓度的贡献尚未得到充分了解。 [1] 我们的研究结果提供了科学证据，表明跨界空气污染与不同的天气条件和混合气溶胶源密切相关，特别是对于不同的 PBL 高度。 [2] 对西南地区 8 个站点的 5 和 PM10）进行了调查，了解情况并分析了该地区跨界空气污染物的影响。 [3] 我们调查了 174 项已发表的大气科学研究并使用科学计量方法表明，日本和韩国的研究人员更加关注中国作为跨境空气污染的来源。 [4] 我们选择东北亚地区是因为重要的跨界空气污染问题需要对该地区的源-受体关系有充分的了解。 [5] 在东北亚远程跨界空气污染物 (LTP) 项目的框架下，以 2013 年为基准年对东北亚进行 5 µm 直径模拟。 [6] 在过去 40 年中，根据欧洲经委会远距离越境空气污染公约 (CLRTAP) 发起的欧洲空气污染物远距离传播监测和评估合作计划 (EMEP) 报告了欧洲排放数据。 [7] 经证实，上世纪70年代开始通过环境保护领域的特殊国际法案（包括：防止排放物和其他物质污染海洋公约、国际防止船舶造成污染公约、通过了《越境空气污染距离公约》、《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》、《欧洲环境与公共卫生宪章》、《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》、《公约》跨界环境影响评估等 [8] 该研究结果不仅对胎儿健康方面的负面溢出效应提供了下限估计，而且还对污染对中国人口健康的影响提供了下限估计，并呼吁需要通过国际合作解决跨境空气污染问题。 [9] 蓝毗尼是位于尼泊尔南部平原地区的世界遗产，由于靠近印度边境，被认为是评估跨界空气污染的潜在地点。 [10] 为了尽可能接近官方报告和政策评估中使用的排放量，清单尽可能使用欧洲国家向《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《远距离越境空气污染公约》正式报告的排放数据作为基础。 [11] ) 是联合国气候变化框架公约 (UNFCCC)、联合国欧洲经济委员会远程跨界空气污染公约 (CLRTAP)，以及在欧盟范围内的欧洲议会和理事会关于某些大气污染物国家排放上限的指令（NEC 指令）。 [12] 论文最后就如何通过跨界城市协同治理减轻跨界空气污染的负外部性提出了政策建议。 [13] 我们使用 Pb(0. [14] 该计划支持国际环境和气候协议，并通过其在温室气体、气溶胶、活性气体、大气沉降、平流层臭氧和紫外线辐射方面的工作，提高我们对气候变化和长期跨界空气污染的理解。 [15] 自 1980 年代以来，由于冬季的西北季节性风，日本一直受到来自亚洲大陆的跨界空气污染的影响。 [16] 我们设计了一种基于雷诺分解的重建方法，并遵守联合国欧洲经济委员会 (UNECE) 远程跨界空气污染 (LRTAP) 公约的建议。 [17] 日本长崎县市区的5个分数，那里的空气污染水平相对较低，但受到跨界空气污染的影响。 [18] 为此，除其他外，有必要： 在每个世界银行经济体批准《远距离越境空气污染公约》及其议定书；实施空气质量战略；并加强空气质量监测系统（和网络认证）。 [19] 跨界空气污染（TAP）和局部空气污染（LAP）影响城市地区的空气质量。 [20] 本章重点关注气候变化下跨界空气污染和城市化对区域空气质量的影响，以中国大湾区为例，由于其空气质量的性质，受跨界空气污染和快速城市化的影响显着. [21] 使用渐进主义分析研究了合作减排政策解决跨界空气污染的动机和动态轨迹、核心措施和结果。 [22] 我们的研究结果表明，SH 的强度和位置可用于识别东北亚春季跨界空气污染物。 [23] 日本长崎县市区的5个分数，那里的空气污染水平相对较低，但受到跨界空气污染的影响。 [24] 该研究强调了南部非洲城市的跨界空气污染现象，并提出了采取统一的南部非洲空气质量管理政策和指导方针的必要性。 [25] 学术界指出，现有的国际协议，包括《蒙特利尔议定书》、《联合国远距离越境空气污染公约》和世界卫生大会关于空气污染的决议，都涉及空气污染的不同方面，但没有一个包括全面的空气污染计划控制。 [26] 最后，我们讨论了外源性冲击对三种不同环境管理制度的影响：臭氧洞对臭氧制度的影响、黑森林死亡（“Waldsterben”）对《远距离越境空气污染公约》的影响，以及根据《联合国海洋法公约》设立专属经济区对区域渔业管理组织的影响。 [27] 目标 近年来，来自东亚大陆的跨界空气污染引起了日本对空气污染的日益关注。 [28] ) 是联合国气候变化框架公约 (UNFCCC)、联合国欧洲经济委员会远程跨界空气污染公约 (CLRTAP)，以及在欧盟范围内的欧洲议会和理事会关于某些大气污染物国家排放上限的指令（NEC 指令）。 [29] 本文考虑了一个针对工业排放造成的跨界空气污染问题的协议模型。 [30] 跨界空气污染是海岛城市空气污染的主要来源之一。 [31] 此外，从公约 LRTAP 专家组建模的结果可以看出，跨界空气污染可能会带来显着的贡献。 [32] 以前的研究调查了 东亚的跨界空气污染（TAP），尽管主要通过 情节事件的分析。 [33] 应用根据《远距离越境空气污染公约》（LTRAP）计算的国家抗污染卫生和生态标准（临界负荷）对克里米亚半岛自然保护区铅土壤负荷的生态状况比较分析。 [34] 远距离越境空气污染公约 (CLRTP) 和欧盟国家排放上限指令 (NECD) 规定了国家 NH3 排放限制，并要求报告年度排放清单以证明合规。 [35] 我们创建的可视化允许用户从污染者或被污染者的角度设想跨界空气污染方案。 [36] 在汞源自远程跨界空气污染 (LRTAP) 的湖泊中，在北方和亚北极 Fennoscandia 中发现鲈鱼和梭子鱼的汞含量持续下降（每年 3-7‰），这表明存在共同的环境控制。 [37] 除了本地污染源，跨界空气污染也影响台湾。 [38] 受天气和气候强烈影响的跨境空气污染 (TAP) 是造成空气污染的主要原因。 [39] 《国际环境法》第 16 条提及污染者付费原则，但没有任何合法权力减轻跨界空气污染风险。 [40] 二氧化硫 (SO2) 和氮氧化物 (NOx) 的排放可能会影响人类健康，并通过酸沉降破坏植被并造成跨界空气污染。 [41] 我发现来自中国的跨界空气污染物的影响占每周平均 PM10 浓度的 19%，随季节变化 12-30%。 [42] 通过这些行动，特别是根据《联合国欧洲经济委员会远距离越境空气污染公约》采取的行动，空气排放量大大减少，生态系统影响也减少了。 [43]
Range Transboundary Air 范围跨境航空
5 µm in diameter) simulations over Northeast Asia for the base year of 2013 under the framework of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project. [1] European emissions data have been reported during the last 40 years under the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), launched by the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). [2] To stay as close as possible to the emissions as officially reported and used in policy assessment, the inventory uses where possible the officially reported emission data by European countries to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution as the basis. [3] ) are the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), and within the European Union the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive). [4] The programme supports international environmental and climate agreements and improves our understanding of climate change and long-range transboundary air pollution through its work on greenhouse gases, aerosols, reactive gases, atmospheric deposition, stratospheric ozone, and ultraviolet radiation. [5] We devise a reconstruction method based on Reynolds decomposition and adhere to recommendations by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) convention. [6] To that end, it is necessary, inter alia, to: ratify the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and its protocols in each of the WB economies; to implement air quality strategies; and to strengthen air quality monitoring systems (and network accreditation). [7] The academies note that existing international agreements, including the Montreal Protocol, the UN Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and the World Health Assembly Resolution on Air Pollution address different aspects of air pol lution, but none includes a comprehensive plan for air pollution control. [8] Finally, we discuss the impact exogenous shocks have had on three different environmental management regimes: the impact of the ozone hole on the ozone regime, the impact of Black Forest death (‘Waldsterben’) on the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and the impact on Regional Fisheries Management Organizations of the creation of Exclusive Economic Zones under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. [9] ) are the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), and within the European Union the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive). [10] Comparative analysis of ecological situation applying the state antipollution hygienic and ecological standards (critical loads) which are calculated on the basis of Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LTRAP) with regards to lead’s soil loads on natural reserves of Crimean peninsula presented herein. [11] The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTP) and the European Union National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) sets limits for national NH3 emissions and require the reporting of annual emission inventories to demonstrate compliance. [12] In lakes where Hg originated from long-range transboundary air pollution (LRTAP), consistent Hg declines (3-7‰ per year) were found for perch and pike in both boreal and subarctic Fennoscandia, suggesting common environmental controls. [13] Through these actions, in particular those under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, air emissions were substantially reduced, and ecosystem impacts decreased. [14]在东北亚远程跨界空气污染物 (LTP) 项目的框架下，以 2013 年为基准年对东北亚进行 5 µm 直径模拟。 [1] 在过去 40 年中，根据欧洲经委会远距离越境空气污染公约 (CLRTAP) 发起的欧洲空气污染物远距离传播监测和评估合作计划 (EMEP) 报告了欧洲排放数据。 [2] 为了尽可能接近官方报告和政策评估中使用的排放量，清单尽可能使用欧洲国家向《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《远距离越境空气污染公约》正式报告的排放数据作为基础。 [3] ) 是联合国气候变化框架公约 (UNFCCC)、联合国欧洲经济委员会远程跨界空气污染公约 (CLRTAP)，以及在欧盟范围内的欧洲议会和理事会关于某些大气污染物国家排放上限的指令（NEC 指令）。 [4] 该计划支持国际环境和气候协议，并通过其在温室气体、气溶胶、活性气体、大气沉降、平流层臭氧和紫外线辐射方面的工作，提高我们对气候变化和长期跨界空气污染的理解。 [5] 我们设计了一种基于雷诺分解的重建方法，并遵守联合国欧洲经济委员会 (UNECE) 远程跨界空气污染 (LRTAP) 公约的建议。 [6] 为此，除其他外，有必要： 在每个世界银行经济体批准《远距离越境空气污染公约》及其议定书；实施空气质量战略；并加强空气质量监测系统（和网络认证）。 [7] 学术界指出，现有的国际协议，包括《蒙特利尔议定书》、《联合国远距离越境空气污染公约》和世界卫生大会关于空气污染的决议，都涉及空气污染的不同方面，但没有一个包括全面的空气污染计划控制。 [8] 最后，我们讨论了外源性冲击对三种不同环境管理制度的影响：臭氧洞对臭氧制度的影响、黑森林死亡（“Waldsterben”）对《远距离越境空气污染公约》的影响，以及根据《联合国海洋法公约》设立专属经济区对区域渔业管理组织的影响。 [9] ) 是联合国气候变化框架公约 (UNFCCC)、联合国欧洲经济委员会远程跨界空气污染公约 (CLRTAP)，以及在欧盟范围内的欧洲议会和理事会关于某些大气污染物国家排放上限的指令（NEC 指令）。 [10] 应用根据《远距离越境空气污染公约》（LTRAP）计算的国家抗污染卫生和生态标准（临界负荷）对克里米亚半岛自然保护区铅土壤负荷的生态状况比较分析。 [11] 远距离越境空气污染公约 (CLRTP) 和欧盟国家排放上限指令 (NECD) 规定了国家 NH3 排放限制，并要求报告年度排放清单以证明合规。 [12] 在汞源自远程跨界空气污染 (LRTAP) 的湖泊中，在北方和亚北极 Fennoscandia 中发现鲈鱼和梭子鱼的汞含量持续下降（每年 3-7‰），这表明存在共同的环境控制。 [13] 通过这些行动，特别是根据《联合国欧洲经济委员会远距离越境空气污染公约》采取的行动，空气排放量大大减少，生态系统影响也减少了。 [14]
transboundary air pollution 跨界空气污染
Despite the critical effect of a typhoon on air pollution, contributions of vertical wind profile and cloud movement during transboundary air pollution (TAP) on surface PM and O3 concentration have yet to be fully understood. [1] Our findings provide scientific evidence that transboundary air pollution were closely associated with different weather conditions and mixed aerosol sources, particularly for various PBL heights. [2] We survey 174 published atmospheric science studies and use scientometric methods to show that researchers based in both Japan and South Korea focus significantly more on China as the source of transboundary air pollution. [3] We chose the Northeast Asia region because of the important transboundary air pollution issues requiring a sound understanding of source-receptor relationships in the region. [4] European emissions data have been reported during the last 40 years under the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), launched by the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). [5] It is substantiated that special international acts in the field of environmental protection began to be adopted in the 70s of the last century (including: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Discharges and Other Materials, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution distance, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted, the European Charter on Environment and Public Health, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazard-ous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, etc. [6] This research finding provides lower-bound estimates of not only negative spillovers manifested in fetal health but also the impact of pollution on the health of the Chinese population and calls for a need to tackle transboundary air pollution via international cooperation. [7] Lumbini is a world heritage site located in the southern plains region of Nepal, and is regarded as a potential site for evaluating transboundary air pollution due to its proximity to the border with India. [8] To stay as close as possible to the emissions as officially reported and used in policy assessment, the inventory uses where possible the officially reported emission data by European countries to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution as the basis. [9] ) are the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), and within the European Union the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive). [10] The paper concludes with policy suggestions on how to mitigate the negative externality of transboundary air pollution through collaborative cross-boundary urban governance. [11] The programme supports international environmental and climate agreements and improves our understanding of climate change and long-range transboundary air pollution through its work on greenhouse gases, aerosols, reactive gases, atmospheric deposition, stratospheric ozone, and ultraviolet radiation. [12] Since the 1980s, Japan has been affected by transboundary air pollution from the Asian continent due to northwesterly seasonal winds in the winter. [13] We devise a reconstruction method based on Reynolds decomposition and adhere to recommendations by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) convention. [14] 5 fractions in urban areas in Nagasaki prefecture, Japan, where the air pollution level is relatively low but influenced by transboundary air pollution. [15] To that end, it is necessary, inter alia, to: ratify the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and its protocols in each of the WB economies; to implement air quality strategies; and to strengthen air quality monitoring systems (and network accreditation). [16] Transboundary air pollution (TAP) and local air pollution (LAP) influence the air quality of urban areas. [17] This chapter focuses on effects of transboundary air pollution and urbanization on regional air quality under climate change, using the Greater Bay Area of China as an example due to the nature of its air quality, which is significantly affected by transboundary air pollution and by rapid urbanization. [18] The incentive for and the dynamic trajectory, core measures, and outcomes of cooperative pollution abatement policies to address transboundary air pollution were studied using incrementalism analysis. [19] 5 fractions in urban areas in Nagasaki prefecture, Japan, where the air pollution level is relatively low but influenced by transboundary air pollution. [20] The study highlighted the phenomenon of transboundary air pollution over Southern Africa cities and brought to foe the need to adopt a uniform Southern Africa policy and guidelines on air quality management. [21] The academies note that existing international agreements, including the Montreal Protocol, the UN Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and the World Health Assembly Resolution on Air Pollution address different aspects of air pol lution, but none includes a comprehensive plan for air pollution control. [22] Finally, we discuss the impact exogenous shocks have had on three different environmental management regimes: the impact of the ozone hole on the ozone regime, the impact of Black Forest death (‘Waldsterben’) on the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and the impact on Regional Fisheries Management Organizations of the creation of Exclusive Economic Zones under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. [23] Objectives In recent years, transboundary air pollution from mainland East Asia has led to growing concerns about air pollution in Japan. [24] ) are the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), and within the European Union the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive). [25] This paper considers a model of agreements for the problem of transboundary air pollution by industrial emissions. [26] Transboundary air pollution is one of the main sources of air pollution in island cities. [27] Besides, as it follows from the results of Convention LRTAP expert groups modeling, the significant contribution may be brought by Transboundary Air Pollution. [28] Previous studies have investigated the impacts of transboundary air pollution (TAP) in East Asia, albeit primarily through analyses of episodic events. [29] Comparative analysis of ecological situation applying the state antipollution hygienic and ecological standards (critical loads) which are calculated on the basis of Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LTRAP) with regards to lead’s soil loads on natural reserves of Crimean peninsula presented herein. [30] The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTP) and the European Union National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) sets limits for national NH3 emissions and require the reporting of annual emission inventories to demonstrate compliance. [31] The visualizations we have created allow a user to conceive the transboundary air pollution scheme from either the polluters’ or pollutees’ perspective. [32] In lakes where Hg originated from long-range transboundary air pollution (LRTAP), consistent Hg declines (3-7‰ per year) were found for perch and pike in both boreal and subarctic Fennoscandia, suggesting common environmental controls. [33] In addition to local pollution sources, transboundary air pollution affects Taiwan. [34] Transboundary air pollution (TAP), which is strongly affected by weather and climate, is a primary contributor to air pollution. [35] Under article 16, International Environment Law mentions the polluter-pay principle without any legitimate power to mitigate the transboundary air pollution risks. [36] Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions could affect human health and destroy vegetation through acid deposition and cause transboundary air pollution. [37] Through these actions, in particular those under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, air emissions were substantially reduced, and ecosystem impacts decreased. [38]尽管台风对空气污染产生了关键影响，但跨界空气污染 (TAP) 期间垂直风廓线和云运动对地表 PM 和 O3 浓度的贡献尚未得到充分了解。 [1] 我们的研究结果提供了科学证据，表明跨界空气污染与不同的天气条件和混合气溶胶源密切相关，特别是对于不同的 PBL 高度。 [2] 我们调查了 174 项已发表的大气科学研究并使用科学计量方法表明，日本和韩国的研究人员更加关注中国作为跨境空气污染的来源。 [3] 我们选择东北亚地区是因为重要的跨界空气污染问题需要对该地区的源-受体关系有充分的了解。 [4] 在过去 40 年中，根据欧洲经委会远距离越境空气污染公约 (CLRTAP) 发起的欧洲空气污染物远距离传播监测和评估合作计划 (EMEP) 报告了欧洲排放数据。 [5] 经证实，上世纪70年代开始通过环境保护领域的特殊国际法案（包括：防止排放物和其他物质污染海洋公约、国际防止船舶造成污染公约、通过了《越境空气污染距离公约》、《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》、《欧洲环境与公共卫生宪章》、《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》、《公约》跨界环境影响评估等 [6] 该研究结果不仅对胎儿健康方面的负面溢出效应提供了下限估计，而且还对污染对中国人口健康的影响提供了下限估计，并呼吁需要通过国际合作解决跨境空气污染问题。 [7] 蓝毗尼是位于尼泊尔南部平原地区的世界遗产，由于靠近印度边境，被认为是评估跨界空气污染的潜在地点。 [8] 为了尽可能接近官方报告和政策评估中使用的排放量，清单尽可能使用欧洲国家向《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《远距离越境空气污染公约》正式报告的排放数据作为基础。 [9] ) 是联合国气候变化框架公约 (UNFCCC)、联合国欧洲经济委员会远程跨界空气污染公约 (CLRTAP)，以及在欧盟范围内的欧洲议会和理事会关于某些大气污染物国家排放上限的指令（NEC 指令）。 [10] 论文最后就如何通过跨界城市协同治理减轻跨界空气污染的负外部性提出了政策建议。 [11] 该计划支持国际环境和气候协议，并通过其在温室气体、气溶胶、活性气体、大气沉降、平流层臭氧和紫外线辐射方面的工作，提高我们对气候变化和长期跨界空气污染的理解。 [12] 自 1980 年代以来，由于冬季的西北季节性风，日本一直受到来自亚洲大陆的跨界空气污染的影响。 [13] 我们设计了一种基于雷诺分解的重建方法，并遵守联合国欧洲经济委员会 (UNECE) 远程跨界空气污染 (LRTAP) 公约的建议。 [14] 日本长崎县市区的5个分数，那里的空气污染水平相对较低，但受到跨界空气污染的影响。 [15] 为此，除其他外，有必要： 在每个世界银行经济体批准《远距离越境空气污染公约》及其议定书；实施空气质量战略；并加强空气质量监测系统（和网络认证）。 [16] 跨界空气污染（TAP）和局部空气污染（LAP）影响城市地区的空气质量。 [17] 本章重点关注气候变化下跨界空气污染和城市化对区域空气质量的影响，以中国大湾区为例，由于其空气质量的性质，受跨界空气污染和快速城市化的影响显着. [18] 使用渐进主义分析研究了合作减排政策解决跨界空气污染的动机和动态轨迹、核心措施和结果。 [19] 日本长崎县市区的5个分数，那里的空气污染水平相对较低，但受到跨界空气污染的影响。 [20] 该研究强调了南部非洲城市的跨界空气污染现象，并提出了采取统一的南部非洲空气质量管理政策和指导方针的必要性。 [21] 学术界指出，现有的国际协议，包括《蒙特利尔议定书》、《联合国远距离越境空气污染公约》和世界卫生大会关于空气污染的决议，都涉及空气污染的不同方面，但没有一个包括全面的空气污染计划控制。 [22] 最后，我们讨论了外源性冲击对三种不同环境管理制度的影响：臭氧洞对臭氧制度的影响、黑森林死亡（“Waldsterben”）对《远距离越境空气污染公约》的影响，以及根据《联合国海洋法公约》设立专属经济区对区域渔业管理组织的影响。 [23] 目标 近年来，来自东亚大陆的跨界空气污染引起了日本对空气污染的日益关注。 [24] ) 是联合国气候变化框架公约 (UNFCCC)、联合国欧洲经济委员会远程跨界空气污染公约 (CLRTAP)，以及在欧盟范围内的欧洲议会和理事会关于某些大气污染物国家排放上限的指令（NEC 指令）。 [25] 本文考虑了一个针对工业排放造成的跨界空气污染问题的协议模型。 [26] 跨界空气污染是海岛城市空气污染的主要来源之一。 [27] 此外，从公约 LRTAP 专家组建模的结果可以看出，跨界空气污染可能会带来显着的贡献。 [28] 以前的研究调查了 东亚的跨界空气污染（TAP），尽管主要通过 情节事件的分析。 [29] 应用根据《远距离越境空气污染公约》（LTRAP）计算的国家抗污染卫生和生态标准（临界负荷）对克里米亚半岛自然保护区铅土壤负荷的生态状况比较分析。 [30] 远距离越境空气污染公约 (CLRTP) 和欧盟国家排放上限指令 (NECD) 规定了国家 NH3 排放限制，并要求报告年度排放清单以证明合规。 [31] 我们创建的可视化允许用户从污染者或被污染者的角度设想跨界空气污染方案。 [32] 在汞源自远程跨界空气污染 (LRTAP) 的湖泊中，在北方和亚北极 Fennoscandia 中发现鲈鱼和梭子鱼的汞含量持续下降（每年 3-7‰），这表明存在共同的环境控制。 [33] 除了本地污染源，跨界空气污染也影响台湾。 [34] 受天气和气候强烈影响的跨境空气污染 (TAP) 是造成空气污染的主要原因。 [35] 《国际环境法》第 16 条提及污染者付费原则，但没有任何合法权力减轻跨界空气污染风险。 [36] 二氧化硫 (SO2) 和氮氧化物 (NOx) 的排放可能会影响人类健康，并通过酸沉降破坏植被并造成跨界空气污染。 [37] 通过这些行动，特别是根据《联合国欧洲经济委员会远距离越境空气污染公约》采取的行动，空气排放量大大减少，生态系统影响也减少了。 [38]
transboundary air pollutant 跨界空气污染物
5, and PM10) at eight sites in southwestern China were investigated to understand the situation and analyze the impacts of transboundary air pollutants in this region. [1] 5 µm in diameter) simulations over Northeast Asia for the base year of 2013 under the framework of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project. [2] We assessed the contribution of transboundary air pollutants (TAPs) transported from China to Tokyo using the Pb(0. [3] Our findings reveal that the intensity and position of the SH can be utilized to identify spring transboundary air pollutants in northeast Asia. [4] I find that the effect of transboundary air pollutants from China accounts for 19 percent of the weekly average PM10 concentrations, varying 12–30 percent by season. [5]对西南地区 8 个站点的 5 和 PM10）进行了调查，了解情况并分析了该地区跨界空气污染物的影响。 [1] 在东北亚远程跨界空气污染物 (LTP) 项目的框架下，以 2013 年为基准年对东北亚进行 5 µm 直径模拟。 [2] 我们使用 Pb(0. [3] 我们的研究结果表明，SH 的强度和位置可用于识别东北亚春季跨界空气污染物。 [4] 我发现来自中国的跨界空气污染物的影响占每周平均 PM10 浓度的 19%，随季节变化 12-30%。 [5]<