Sloping Land(坡地)研究综述
Sloping Land 坡地 - Severe soil erosion occurs in southwestern China owing to the large expanses of human disturbance and sloping land. [1] The purpose of the study is to substantiate the design scheme and parameters of the working bodies of a combined machine for tillage and sowing grain on sloping lands. [2] Another factor like the high intensity of rainfall, the wrong use of sloping land and geology structure. [3] One set analyzed the variation within a small (60 ha) catchment while the other examined 32 benchmark soils selected to cover the full range of arable soils on sloping land in temperate humid areas. [4] The farming systems practiced by various ethnic groups in the northwest mainly occur on sloping land, which extends over 70% of the land area in the region. [5] Thus, on sloping land, the maize and cowpea strip-intercropping system decreases surface runoff, soil, and nutrient loss, and increases yield and income of the farmers as compared to a sole maize crop. [6] Even though it is within the threshold, this must be controlled considering the importance of the upstream Garang watershed, whose land cover has begun to change its function to agriculture and plantations on sloping land. [7] Soil is considered as a non-renewable resource, which may be lost in sloping land more rapidly than it is formed thus leading to loss of fertility and ecosystem deterioration. [8] Its performance was better in Terai due to flat lands and less variations in soil types, compared to sloping lands and varied soils of mid-hills. [9] The data on the susceptibility of water erosion to sloping lands is presented. [10] However, few studies are currently available on the control mechanism of soil CO2 emission after artificial vegetation restoration, particularly on sloping land. [11] In this study, we determined the spatiotemporal variability of SOC content using the data collected in 1993, 2002, 2005, and 2012 and measured in 2018 and identified its driving factors for different topographic (tableland, sloping land, and gully) and land use types in the Wangdonggou watershed on the Loess Plateau. [12] In recent years, in the Russian Federation, there has been an annual increase in the area for gardens, including on sloping lands, gross harvest and good yield. [13] Mountainous and sloping lands occupy one third of the territory of our country, more than 50% in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, and are a huge reserve for increasing agricultural production. [14] Various studies have been conducted on the pattern of moisture distribution in sloping lands, but few studies have been carried out or not reported on the pattern of moisture redistribution in these lands. [15] : This research is based on landslide that happened in Bojong Kondang village, Cimanggung sub-district, Sumedang regency; due to reckless development in sloping land. [16] Maize cultivation in sloping land and farmers with large landholdings tend to be the key drivers in the provision of farm advisory services and the exertion of soil erosion control techniques. [17] The lowest soil nutrient content was detected in the upper slope position and sloping land, while the highest exists at the footslope and terraces. [18] The aim of the article is to define hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) ‘Markiz’ cultivar capacity parameters aimed at recultivating degraded soils, alkali soils, sloping lands, local landscaping of technologically polluted areas, which will promote improvement of anthropogenically transformed ecosystems. [19] Implementation of soil and water management techniques, combined with fertilization, are important to prevent soil degradation and nutrient stress on sloping land. [20] The degraded lands on sloping lands can be rehabilitated by implementing the two agroforestry systems of Falcataria moluccana (sengon)–Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) and Anthocephalus cadamba (jabon)–Glycine max (soybean). [21] The traditional soil conservation strategy, referred as certain height of lynchets on the edge of the terracing hedgerows of the sloping lands, plays an effective part in soil and water conservation. [22] On pastures of sloping lands that have steep slopes, vegetation is better preserved, thanks to the corrals located around the camp or across the slope. [23] Our results highlight the dominant role of natural restoration in reducing erosion and nutrient loss in sloping land. [24] TCMV and TCMA were confirmed to be viable intercropping systems for significantly reducing nutrient losses, improving soil quality, and changing soil nutrient distributions to maintain optimum crop yields on sloping lands. [25] This impact is especially important on sloping lands in the tropics that are highly susceptible to erosion. [26] However, whether these effects vary with slope aspect, vegetation type and time of season were not understood in previous studies, precluding our ability to understand how vegetation affects soil N cycling in sloping land. [27] This experiment used nested-randomized block design with the first factor was the slope of land with 2 levels (flat and sloping lands) and the second factor was the types of mulch with 5 levels (without mulch without weeding, without mulch with weeding, plastic mulch, straw mulch and A. [28] The samurai used the sloping land of the plateau in characteristic ways. [29] The removal of soil N and P nutrients from sloping land by water erosion can cause land degradation and surface water pollution if not prevented. [30] Assessing the effects of dam construction on nutrient deposition in small catchments is important to our understanding of the influence of dam interception on downstream nutrient transport as well as of the link between nutrient loss from sloping land and the eutrophic status of large rivers. [31] It enhances the risk of water erosion because the occurrence of sloping lands in the Czech Republic is high. [32] Its cultivation, which once covered a number of flat lands, is currently limited to hills, sloping land and housing. [33] This tool is useful as a measure of the amount of movement, especially on sloping land. [34] Crops are highly susceptible to drought in sloping land. [35] In addition, rose plants can be used as conservation plants, if planted on a bench terrace on sloping land. [36] The earthquake can be even more lethal on sloping land. [37] In this study, the litter and soil under four typical land use patterns of primary forest, shrub, grassland, and sloping land in Huajiang Karst Gorge in Guanling, Guizhou Province, were used to study the effects of land use change on the carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P) stoichiometry characteristics of karst plant litter and soil as well as the effects on soil enzyme activities and their driving mechanism in Southwest China. [38] Therefore, special attention should be paid to sloping lands that have greater slope gradients or altitudes to prevent and control the rocky desertification in a karst mountainous basin as the Houzhai River Basin. [39] Our results indicated that mulching can be used as a useful management practice to control soil erosion rates due to the immediate effect on high soil detachment rate and runoff initiation reduction in conventional clementine orchards on sloping land, by slowing down runoff initiation and by reducing runoff generation and, especially, sediment losses. [40] One of the ways to solve this problem is to engage in agricultural circulation and, in particular, for fruit plantations, sloping lands. [41] A three-year field experiment was conducted on a 10 o sloping land to know how VGH can reduce the discharge of runoff nutrients to surface water bodies and maintain optimum crop yields, and to understand the relationships between changing soil properties and reduction of sediments N and P due to the adoption of VGH. [42] The main problem faced by sloping lands in the humid tropic includes land degradation influencing natural ecosystem damage broadly. [43] To reach that stage, however, it would face some challenges such as high rainfall intensity, sloping land, and high erodibility of soil. [44] In sloping landscapes, soil organic carbon tends to accumulate in lower slopes, but our previous soil respiration study suggested that soil carbon stock distribution along the slope position in seasonally dry tropical forests is atypical. [45] The research was carried out on the sloping land at the Agricultural Research Station of Podu-Iloaiei (41°18′52″ N latitude, 27°25′45″ E longitude) and the Experimental Farm of the Agricultural University of Iasi (47°12′62″ N latitude, 27°51′52″ E longitude) on a cambic chernozem (The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB, 2006) and The Romanian Soil Taxonomy System (SRTS-2012). [46] Maize cultivation in sloping land and farmers with large land holdings tend to be the key drivers in the provision of farm advisory services and the exertion of soil erosion control techniques. [47] The reclamation of sloping land, construction of settlements and roads, and possible smallholder clearing contributed more to forest loss, while ecological projects and related government policies play an important role on afforestation and reforestation. [48]<p>由于大面积的人为干扰和坡地，中国西南地区发生了严重的水土流失。 [1] 本研究的目的是验证坡地耕种播粮联合机工作机构的设计方案和参数。 [2] 另一个因素是降雨强度大、坡地使用不当和地质结构。 [3] 一组分析了一个小型（60 公顷）流域内的变化，而另一组则检查了 32 种基准土壤，这些土壤被选择用于覆盖温带潮湿地区坡地上的全部耕地土壤。 [4] 西北各民族的耕作制度主要发生在坡地上，坡地面积占全区土地面积的70%以上。 [5] 因此，在坡地上，与单一玉米作物相比，玉米和豇豆带状间作系统减少了地表径流、土壤和养分流失，并增加了农民的产量和收入。 [6] 即使在阈值之内，考虑到上游加朗流域的重要性，也必须控制这一点，其土地覆盖已经开始将其功能转变为农业和坡地上的种植园。 [7] 土壤被认为是一种不可再生资源，在坡地上流失的速度可能比形成的速度更快，从而导致肥力丧失和生态系统恶化。 [8] 与坡地和中山的不同土壤相比，由于平坦的土地和土壤类型的变化较小，其在 Terai 的表现更好。 [9] 提供了有关坡地水侵蚀敏感性的数据。 [10] 然而，目前关于人工植被恢复后土壤CO2排放控制机制的研究较少，尤其是坡地。 [11] 在本研究中，我们利用 1993 年、2002 年、2005 年和 2012 年收集并于 2018 年测量的数据确定了 SOC 含量的时空变异性，并确定了不同地形（台地、坡地和沟壑）和土地利用类型的驱动因素在黄土高原的王洞沟流域。 [12] 近年来，在俄罗斯联邦，包括坡地、总收成和丰产在内的花园面积逐年增加。 [13] 山地和坡地占我国国土面积的三分之一，在北奥塞梯-阿拉尼亚共和国占50%以上，是增加农业生产的巨大储备。 [14] 对坡地水分分布规律进行了各种研究，但关于这些土地水分再分布规律的研究很少或没有报道。 [15] ：这项研究是基于发生在苏美当县 Cimanggung 街道 Bojong Kondang 村的山体滑坡；由于对坡地的鲁莽开发。 [16] 坡地玉米种植和拥有大量土地的农民往往是提供农场咨询服务和实施土壤侵蚀控制技术的关键驱动力。 [17] 上坡位和坡地土壤养分含量最低，而坡脚和梯田土壤养分含量最高。 [18] 本文的目的是确定牛膝草 (Hyssopus officinalis) 'Markiz' 栽培品种容量参数，旨在恢复退化土壤、碱土、坡地、技术污染地区的局部景观，这将促进人为改造的生态系统的改善。 [19] 实施水土管理技术与施肥相结合，对于防止坡地土壤退化和养分压力非常重要。 [20] 坡地退化的土地可以通过实施Falcataria moluccana（sengon）-Arachis hypogaea（花生）和Anthocephalus cadamba（jabon）-Glycine max（大豆）两个农林业系统来恢复。 [21] 传统的水土保持策略，即在坡地梯田树篱边缘设置一定高度的山药，在水土保持中发挥了有效的作用。 [22] 在具有陡坡的坡地牧场上，由于位于营地周围或坡对面的畜栏，植被得以更好地保存。 [23] 我们的研究结果强调了自然恢复在减少坡地侵蚀和养分流失方面的主导作用。 [24] TCMV 和 TCMA 被证实是可行的间作系统，可显着减少养分流失、改善土壤质量和改变土壤养分分布，从而在坡地上保持最佳作物产量。 [25] 这种影响对于热带地区极易受到侵蚀的坡地尤为重要。 [26] 然而，这些影响是否随坡向、植被类型和季节时间而变化在以前的研究中尚不清楚，这使我们无法了解植被如何影响坡地土壤氮循环。 [27] 本试验采用嵌套随机区组设计，第一个因素是 2 个水平的土地坡度（平地和坡地），第二个因素是 5 个水平的覆盖物类型（不覆盖不除草，不覆盖除草，塑料覆盖物、秸秆覆盖物和 A. [28] 武士以独特的方式使用高原的坡地。 [29] 如果不加以预防，水侵蚀导致坡地土壤 N 和 P 养分流失会导致土地退化和地表水污染。 [30] 评估大坝建设对小流域养分沉积的影响对于我们了解大坝截流对下游养分输送的影响以及坡地养分流失与大河流富营养化状况之间的联系非常重要。 [31] 它增加了水蚀的风险，因为捷克共和国坡地的发生率很高。 [32] 它的种植曾经覆盖了许多平坦的土地，目前仅限于丘陵、坡地和房屋。 [33] 该工具可用于衡量移动量，尤其是在坡地上。 [34] 农作物在坡地上极易受到干旱的影响。 [35] 此外，如果将玫瑰植物种植在坡地的长凳露台上，则可以用作保护植物。 [36] 地震在斜坡上的杀伤力可能更大。 [37] 本研究以贵州省关岭市花江喀斯特峡谷原始林、灌丛、草地和坡地四种典型土地利用模式下的凋落物和土壤为研究对象，研究土地利用变化对碳（C )、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征及其对西南地区喀斯特植物凋落物和土壤的影响及其驱动机制。 [38] 因此，应特别注意后寨河流域等喀斯特山区流域的石漠化防治，尤其要注意坡度或海拔较大的坡地。 [39] 我们的研究结果表明，覆盖可以作为一种有用的管理实践来控制土壤侵蚀率，因为通过减缓径流起始和减少径流产生，在坡地上的传统柑桔果园的高土壤剥离率和径流起始减少的直接影响尤其是沉积物流失。 [40] 解决这个问题的方法之一是搞农业流通，尤其是果园、坡地。 [41] 在 10 度的坡地上进行了为期三年的田间试验，以了解 VGH 如何减少径流养分向地表水体的排放并保持最佳作物产量，并了解土壤性质变化与沉积物 N 和减少之间的关系P 由于采用 VGH。 [42] 湿热带坡地面临的主要问题包括土地退化对自然生态系统的广泛破坏。 [43] 然而，要达到这一阶段，将面临降雨强度大、土地坡度大、土壤易蚀性高等一些挑战。 [44] 在斜坡景观中，土壤有机碳倾向于在较低的斜坡上积累，但我们之前的土壤呼吸研究表明，季节性干燥热带森林沿斜坡位置的土壤碳储量分布是非典型的。 [45] 研究在Podu-Iloaiei农业研究站（北纬41°18′52″，东经27°25′45″）和雅西农业大学实验农场（47° 12′62″ N 纬度，27°51′52″ E 经度）在 cambic chernozem（世界土壤资源参考基地（WRB，2006）和罗马尼亚土壤分类系统（SRTS-2012）上。 [46] 坡地玉米种植和拥有大量土地的农民往往是提供农场咨询服务和实施土壤侵蚀控制技术的关键驱动力。 [47] 坡地开垦、居民点和道路建设以及可能的小农开垦对森林损失的贡献更大，而生态项目和相关政府政策在造林和再造林方面发挥着重要作用。 [48]
sloping land conversion 坡地改造
In response to afforestation projects, the government has successfully implemented the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP), and Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP), etc. [1] This study aimed to assess ecological effectiveness of China’s largest PES scheme, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) for identifying the incentive priority areas. [2] In order to better understand the practical effectiveness of PES and explore the solution to reconcile the contradiction between conservation and livelihood, we investigated the decadal changes in the Sloping Land Conversion Program as a PES strategy in the Qilian Mountains, a degraded forest ecosystem of northwest China, and its effects on natural and social systems across the 10-year implementation period (2001-2011). [3] ABSTRACT As the world’s largest payments for ecosystem services (PES) program, China’s Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is designed to combat soil erosion and land degradation by converting cropland on steep slopes into forests. [4] It is to understand the Sloping Land Conversion Program (hereafter SLCP) participants' labor reallocation decisions and income structure through the identification of the types of social network effects——peer or complementary. [5] Based on an interdisciplinary approach, the present study investigates the measurement of the control efficiency for soil and water loss induced by the Sloping Land Conversion Program and terrace fields, a part of the Water and Soil Conservation Project, in an attempt to detect and quantify indicators of different fields to do so. [6] The Sloping Land Conversion Program is also known as the ‘Returning Farmland to Forest Program’ intent to gradually recreate farmlands back to the original forested state. [7] Our empirical results show that the reduction of sediment concentration has been driven largely by improved land cover, induced by implementing the Sloping Land Conversion Program, whereas terracing, as part of the Water and Soil Conservation Project, has played a positive role in mitigating runoff and sediment discharge. [8]为响应造林工程，政府成功实施了坡地退耕还林计划（SLCP）、天然林保护计划（NFCP）、三北防护林计划（TNSFP）等。 [1] 本研究旨在评估中国最大的 PES 计划，即坡地转换计划 (SLCP) 的生态有效性，以确定激励优先领域。 [2] 为了更好地了解 PES 的实际效果并探索调和保护与生计矛盾的解决方案，我们调查了作为中国西北退化森林生态系统祁连山 PES 战略的坡地转换计划的年代际变化，以及它在 10 年实施期间（2001-2011 年）对自然和社会系统的影响。 [3] 摘要 作为世界上最大的生态系统服务付费（PES）计划，中国的坡地退耕还林计划（SLCP）旨在通过将陡坡上的农田转变为森林来对抗水土流失和土地退化。 [4] 就是通过识别社会网络效应的类型——对等或互补，来了解坡地流转计划（以下简称SLCP）参与者的劳动力再分配决策和收入结构。 [5] 本研究基于跨学科方法，研究了作为水土保持工程的一部分的坡地转换计划和梯田引起的水土流失控制效率测量，以检测和量化指标。不同的领域这样做。 [6] 坡地退耕还林计划也被称为“退耕还林计划”，旨在逐步将农田恢复到原始森林状态。 [7] 我们的经验结果表明，泥沙浓度的降低主要是由于实施坡地转化计划导致的土地覆盖改善，而梯田作为水土保持项目的一部分，在减少径流和减少径流方面发挥了积极作用。泥沙排放。 [8]