Rock Aquifers(岩石含水层)研究综述
Rock Aquifers 岩石含水层 - In the High Plains (HP) region of northeastern New Mexico (NE NM), USA, underlying bedrock aquifers are utilized where the High Plains Aquifer is thin, absent, or unsaturated. [1] Although As enrichment in Quaternary deposits has been linked to primary provenances (Himalayan orogeny), limited studies have reported As enrichment in bedrock aquifers. [2] The analysis of stable (2H and 18O) and radioactive (3H and 14C) environmental isotopes have been employed to identify the source of recharge and residence times of the shallow, confined and bedrock aquifers based on sampling conducted during 2017 and 2018. [3] Hard-rock aquifers then develop mainly within the first 100 m below ground surface, within these weathering profiles. [4] The study focused on investigating the occurrence of these contaminants in karst and fractured bedrock aquifers, with a total of 106 sites (88 groundwaters and 18 surface waters) samples during spring 2017. [5] The DOC 14C groundwater travel times in carbonate-rock and volcanic-rock aquifers of southern Nevada are similar to travel times determined from: (1) hydrogeologic data; (2) observations of rapid high-level tritium transport at the Nevada National Security Site; and (3) 550,000-yr δ18O and δ13C global climate records for calcite precipitated in Devils Hole, Nevada at the end of one of the flow paths. [6] The results of this research suggest long term implications for groundwater resource management of sedimentary bedrock aquifers, where there is increasing groundwater demand due to population growth and potential for continual water quality degradation. [7] Although the water-conducting fractures only extend into the bedrock aquifers, the groundwater flow of the Sandy porous aquifer is basically unchanged due to the protection by the key soil layers and the secondary mudstone aquifuges for the DTS group. [8] Bedrock aquifers are vulnerable to contamination due to the preferential movement of pollutants via rock discontinuities and porous layers. [9] Environmental Protection Agency are developing analytical tools to assess the representativeness of groundwater samples from fracturedrock aquifers. [10] Until recently, very little hydrogeological information and conceptual understanding existed for groundwater systems within the postglacial basement terranes of Scotland and Northern Ireland, due to an abundance of surface water resources and prevalence of poorly productive bedrock aquifers. [11] The presence of elevated arsenic concentrations (≥ 10 µg L−1) in groundwaters has been widely reported in areas of South-East Asia with recent studies showing its detection in fractured bedrock aquifers is occurring mainly in regions of north-eastern USA. [12] However, fluid flow in fractured-rock aquifers is prone to deviation from Darcy’s law and gives rise to nonlinear flow phenomena due to significant inertial losses. [13] In this study, the natural attenuation potential and biogeochemical analysis of nitrate contaminated bedrock aquifers by injection of carbon sources was evaluated. [14] In mountain hard-rock aquifers, the average annual discharge of a spring generally reflects the vertical aquifer recharge over the spring catchment. [15] The heterogeneity and anisotropy of fractured-rock aquifers, such as those in the Columbia River Basalt Province, present challenges for determining groundwater recharge. [16] The research caters for inherent variabilities in the study area by 15 risk cells delineated within the boundaries of confined, unconfined and hard-rock aquifers as follows: 4 risk cells account for minor ions of nitrate-N pollution of anthropogenic origins; 6 for minor ions of fluoride and 5 for trace ions of geogenic arsenic anomalies. [17] The average residence times for buried valley sand/gravel and weathered bedrock aquifers were estimated at 3,200 and 2,900 years, respectively, and are indicative of a slowly flushed system, consistent with the 1,300 mg/L average total dissolved solids groundwater chemistry. [18] Groundwater exists in Quaternary valley-fill and bedrock aquifers (the Tertiary Claron Formation and Cretaceous sandstone). [19] In this study, a macro–micro combination was used to investigate the water-bearing capacity of bedrock aquifers. [20] The release mechanism and stratigraphic distribution of sulfide and iron (hydr)oxide sources of arsenic in bedrock aquifers are well understood for northeastern Wisconsin. [21] The complex Quaternary sediments usually cover weathered/fractured bedrock, which is preserved due to weak glacial erosion and can host bedrock aquifers, as well. [22] The increasing demands for the groundwater resources along with decreasing availability, especially in the hard-rock aquifers, call for sustainable groundwater management in India. [23] Fracture aperture is particularly important in controlling solute transport in fractured-rock aquifers. [24] An integrated hydrogeological modelling approach applicable to hard-rock aquifers in semi-arid data-scarce Africa was developed using remote sensing, rainfall-runoff modelling, and a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic model. [25] There also is evidence of direct hydraulic connection between the glacial and bedrock aquifers, which can influence arsenic concentrations. [26] Multiple subsurface regions in the catchment appear to contribute differentially to streamflow as the season progresses; sources shift from the saprolite/bedrock interface to deeper bedrock aquifers from the snowmelt period into summer. [27] The two hydrogeological zones significant for groundwater development included overburden-dependent aquifers and fractured dependent bedrock aquifers. [28] Fractured bedrock aquifers have traditionally been regarded as low-productivity aquifers, with only limited relevance to regional groundwater resources. [29] LOIWs are a major control on flow in the deep Cambrian–Ordovician sandstone aquifers of the upper Midwest, USA, providing a source of artificial leakage from shallow bedrock aquifers and equilibrating head within the sandstone aquifers despite differential pumpage. [30] The results obtained after the introduction of fluoride in the multivariate treatment suggest that dissolved fluoride can be gained either from the interaction of groundwater with marine clays or from the interaction of groundwater with Precambrian bedrock aquifers. [31] In particular, special consideration should be made for communities situated on fractured sedimentary bedrock aquifers with thin overburden. [32] This report documents a Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model that was developed for an area covering the Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and Mesozoic basin fractured-rock aquifers in Fauquier County, Virginia, for the calendar years 1996–2015. [33] Studies of bedrock aquifers have often treated effective porosity and specific yield as having a similar, time-invariant value. [34] Overall, this study highlights the importance of highly temporally resolved groundwater monitoring to capture temporally varying biodegradation rates and to accurately predict biodegradation-induced contaminant attenuation in fractured bedrock aquifers. [35] Our regions' geologic settings share some important characteristics with other high-arsenic aquifers: igneous bedrock aquifers; or late Pleistocene-age glacial sand and gravel aquifers interbedded with aquitards. [36] Bedrock aquifers in alpine catchments are important regional sources of freshwater. [37] In bedrock aquifers, weathering enhances the connectivity and apertures along the most efficient flow paths and hence enhances the permeability. [38] Yet, the majority of previous studies are conducted based on investigations at homogeneous alluvial plain, very few, particularly in the case of Taiwan, are carried out focusing on mountainous fractured-rock aquifers. [39] Despite being rich in groundwater resources, assessment of hard-rock aquifers in many areas of Asia is difficult given their strong heterogeneity. [40] Catchment-scale hydrological and hydrogeological investigations commonly conclude by finding that particular stream reaches are either gaining or losing; they also often assume that the influence of bedrock aquifers on catchment water balances and water quality is insignificant. [41] Water from the swamps was analyzed for hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes and compared with rainwater, surface water and groundwater samples from the surrounding bedrock aquifers to identify likely swamp water sources. [42]在美国新墨西哥州东北部 (NE NM) 的高平原 (HP) 地区，在高平原含水层稀薄、缺失或不饱和的地方，利用了下伏基岩含水层。 [1] 尽管第四纪矿床中的砷富集与原始物源（喜马拉雅造山运动）有关，但有限的研究报道了基岩含水层中的砷富集。 [2] 根据 2017 年和 2018 年进行的采样，对稳定（2H 和 18O）和放射性（3H 和 14C）环境同位素的分析已被用于确定浅层、承压和基岩含水层的补给源和停留时间。 [3] 然后，硬岩含水层主要在地表以下 100 米以下的这些风化剖面内发育。 [4] 该研究的重点是调查这些污染物在岩溶和断裂基岩含水层中的发生情况，2017 年春季共有 106 个地点（88 个地下水和 18 个地表水）样本。 [5] 内华达州南部碳酸盐岩和火山岩含水层中的 DOC 14C 地下水行进时间与以下确定的行进时间相似：（1）水文地质数据； (2) 观察内华达州国家安全站点的快速高水平氚迁移； (3) 550,000 年 δ18O 和 δ13C 全球气候记录的方解石沉淀在内华达州恶魔洞，在其中一条流动路径的末端。 [6] 这项研究的结果表明对沉积基岩含水层的地下水资源管理具有长期影响，由于人口增长和水质持续恶化的可能性，地下水需求不断增加。 [7] 虽然导水裂缝只延伸到基岩含水层，但由于DTS组关键土层和次生泥岩隔水层的保护，Sandy多孔含水层的地下水流量基本没有变化。 [8] 由于污染物通过岩石间断和多孔层优先移动，基岩含水层很容易受到污染。 [9] 环境保护署正在开发分析工具来评估裂隙岩含水层地下水样品的代表性。 [10] 直到最近，由于丰富的地表水资源和低产基岩含水层的普遍存在，苏格兰和北爱尔兰冰后地下地下地体中的地下水系统的水文地质信息和概念理解还很少。 [11] 地下水中砷浓度升高（≥ 10 µg L-1）已在东南亚地区广泛报道，最近的研究表明其在断裂基岩含水层中的检测主要发生在美国东北部地区。 [12] 然而，裂隙岩含水层中的流体流动容易偏离达西定律，并且由于大量的惯性损失而产生非线性流动现象。 [13] 本研究评估了注入碳源对硝酸盐污染基岩含水层的自然衰减潜力和生物地球化学分析。 [14] 在山地硬岩含水层中，一个泉水的年平均流量通常反映了泉水流域上含水层的垂直补给量。 [15] 裂隙岩含水层的异质性和各向异性，例如哥伦比亚河玄武岩省的含水层，对确定地下水补给提出了挑战。 [16] 该研究通过在承压含水层、非承压含水层和硬岩含水层边界内划定的 15 个风险单元来满足研究区域的固有变异性，如下所示： 4 个风险单元说明人为造成的硝酸盐-N 污染的次要离子； 6 为微量氟化物离子，5 为地质砷异常的微量离子。 [17] 埋藏的谷砂/砾石和风化基岩含水层的平均停留时间分别估计为 3,200 年和 2,900 年，这表明系统是一个缓慢冲刷的系统，与 1,300 毫克/升的平均总溶解固体地下水化学性质一致。 [18] 地下水存在于第四纪河谷充填层和基岩含水层（第三纪克拉隆组和白垩纪砂岩）中。 [19] 本研究采用宏观-微观组合方法研究基岩含水层的含水量。 [20] 威斯康星州东北部的基岩含水层中硫化物和氧化铁（氢氧化物）砷源的释放机制和地层分布已得到充分了解。 [21] 复杂的第四纪沉积物通常覆盖风化/破裂的基岩，由于冰川侵蚀较弱，基岩得以保存，也可以容纳基岩含水层。 [22] 对地下水资源日益增长的需求以及可用性的下降，特别是在硬岩含水层中，要求在印度进行可持续的地下水管理。 [23] 裂缝孔径对于控制裂隙岩含水层中的溶质运移尤为重要。 [24] 使用遥感、降雨径流建模和三维 (3D) 动态模型开发了一种适用于半干旱数据稀缺非洲硬岩含水层的综合水文地质建模方法。 [25] 还有证据表明冰川和基岩含水层之间存在直接的水力联系，这会影响砷浓度。 [26] 随着季节的进行，流域中的多个地下区域似乎对流量的贡献不同；从融雪期到夏季，来源从腐泥岩/基岩界面转移到更深的基岩含水层。 [27] 对地下水开发具有重要意义的两个水文地质带包括依赖于覆盖层的含水层和依赖于裂缝的基岩含水层。 [28] 裂缝性基岩含水层历来被视为低产含水层，与区域地下水资源的相关性有限。 [29] LOIW 是对美国中西部上部寒武系-奥陶系深砂岩含水层流量的主要控制，它提供了浅基岩含水层的人工渗漏源和砂岩含水层内的平衡水头，尽管抽水量不同。 [30] 在多元处理中引入氟化物后获得的结果表明，溶解的氟化物可以通过地下水与海相粘土的相互作用或地下水与前寒武纪基岩含水层的相互作用获得。 [31] 尤其应特别考虑位于覆盖薄薄的断裂沉积基岩含水层上的群落。 [32] 本报告记录了 1996-2015 日历年为弗吉尼亚州福基尔县蓝岭、皮埃蒙特和中生代盆地裂隙岩含水层开发的土壤-水-平衡 (SWB) 模型。 [33] 对基岩含水层的研究通常将有效孔隙度和比产量视为具有相似的时不变值。 [34] 总体而言，这项研究强调了高度时间分辨的地下水监测对于捕捉随时间变化的生物降解速率并准确预测断裂基岩含水层中生物降解引起的污染物衰减的重要性。 [35] 我们地区的地质环境与其他高砷含水层有一些共同的重要特征：火成岩基岩含水层；或晚更新世时代的冰川砂砾含水层与隔水层互层。 [36] 高山集水区的基岩含水层是重要的区域淡水来源。 [37] 在基岩含水层中，风化作用增强了沿最有效流动路径的连通性和孔隙，从而提高了渗透率。 [38] 然而，大多数先前的研究是基于对均质冲积平原的调查进行的，很少，特别是在台湾的情况下，是针对山区裂隙岩含水层进行的。 [39] 尽管地下水资源丰富，但由于其强烈的异质性，亚洲许多地区的硬岩含水层难以评估。 [40] 流域规模的水文和水文地质调查通常得出结论，即发现特定河流河段要么增加要么减少；他们还经常假设基岩含水层对集水区水平衡和水质的影响是微不足道的。 [41] 分析了沼泽水的氢 (δ2H) 和氧 (δ18O) 同位素，并与来自周围基岩含水层的雨水、地表水和地下水样本进行比较，以确定可能的沼泽水源。 [42]
Hard Rock Aquifers 硬岩含水层
Hard rock aquifers of Indian peninsula are loaded with excess nitrate due to heavy use of fertilizers during irrigation and excess fluoride due to the geogenic contamination. [1] The underlying factors influencing the abundance of radon in hard rock aquifers were also conceptualized. [2] Specifically, hard rock aquifers that have been neglected in the past due to their overall low productivity, are increasingly recognised as important aquifers for local water supplies, sustaining environmental flows, and low enthalpy geothermal resources. [3] Water supply deficits in droughts, groundwater pollution and climate change are the main challenges for the sustainability of groundwater resources from hard rock aquifers in the rural areas of Galicia (Spain). [4] A total of 63 samples were collected from the hard rock aquifers and sedimentary formations during southwest monsoon and analysed for heavy metals, such as Li, Be, Al, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, pb, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, Ga, Cu, As, Ni, and Co. [5] Shallow weathered hard rock aquifers are an important source of water supply, particularly in areas where water supply systems are deficient. [6] In the present investigation, hydrogeochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater quality were assessed from hard rock aquifers of the Deccan trap basalt in the Jalna district of Maharashtra. [7] The ability of radial vertical electrical sounding (RVES) to detect anisotropy caused geologically by fracturing, jointing, layering, and rock fabrics was employed to investigate the structure of hard rock aquifers in Oyun-Asa basin. [8] The study area has a complex geology with hard rock aquifers. [9] Globally, the volume of groundwater contained in hard rock aquifers is not well constrained (Comte et al. [10] Hard rock aquifers are characterized by high heterogeneity which leads to difficulties in boreholes implementation in the eastern region of Cote d’Ivoire. [11] It has also become accepted that weathering itself typically controls fracture permeability in hard rock aquifers (Lachassagne et al. [12] Hard rock aquifers develop significant groundwater potentials under favorable secondary porosity such as in fracture and fissures. [13] This paper explores the agricultural groundwater management system of Mogwadi (Dendron), Limpopo, South Africa – an area associated with intensive use of hard rock aquifers for irrigation – and the potential contribution of seasonal forecasts. [14] Differences in major ion geochemistry in groundwaters are possibly governed by variable time periods of water storage in fractured hard rock aquifers in this region. [15] Hazard Quotient for oral intake and dermal contact was separately calculated for adult men, adult women and children from the geochemical results of 61 representative samples collected from the wells constructed in hard rock aquifers during the post- (January-2018) and pre-monsoon (May-2018) seasons. [16]由于灌溉过程中大量使用化肥，印度半岛的硬岩含水层含有过量的硝酸盐，而地质污染则导致了过量的氟化物。 [1] 还概念化了影响硬岩含水层中氡丰度的潜在因素。 [2] 具体而言，过去由于整体生产力低而被忽视的硬岩含水层，越来越被认为是当地供水、维持环境流量和低焓地热资源的重要含水层。 [3] 干旱、地下水污染和气候变化造成的供水不足是加利西亚（西班牙）农村地区硬岩含水层地下水资源可持续性的主要挑战。 [4] 在西南季风期间从硬岩含水层和沉积地层中采集了 63 个样品，并分析了重金属，如 Li、Be、Al、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、pb、Mn、Fe、Cr、Zn、 Ga、Cu、As、Ni 和 Co。 [5] 浅风化硬岩含水层是重要的供水来源，特别是在供水系统不足的地区。 [6] 在本次调查中，对马哈拉施特拉邦贾尔纳地区德干圈闭玄武岩硬岩含水层的地下水质量进行了水文地球化学和多变量统计分析。 [7] 利用径向垂直电测深 (RVES) 探测由压裂、节理、分层和岩石织物引起的地质各向异性的能力，研究了 Oyun-Asa 盆地硬岩含水层的结构。 [8] 研究区地质复杂，含水层坚硬。 [9] 在全球范围内，硬岩含水层中的地下水量并未受到很好的限制（Comte 等人，2009 年）。 [10] 硬岩含水层具有高度非均质性，导致科特迪瓦东部地区钻孔实施困难。 [11] 风化本身通常控制硬岩含水层的裂缝渗透率也已被接受（Lachassagne 等人，2009 年）。 [12] 硬岩含水层在有利的次生孔隙度（如裂缝和裂隙）下开发出显着的地下水潜力。 [13] 本文探讨了南非林波波省 Mogwadi (Dendron) 的农业地下水管理系统——该地区与密集使用硬岩含水层进行灌溉有关——以及季节性预报的潜在贡献。 [14] 地下水中主要离子地球化学的差异可能是由该地区裂隙硬岩含水层中不同时期的蓄水决定的。 [15] 根据在季风后（2018 年 1 月）和季风前（2018 年 1 月）在硬岩含水层中建造的水井中采集的 61 个代表性样品的地球化学结果，分别计算成年男性、成年女性和儿童的经口摄入和皮肤接触的危害商数（ 2018 年 5 月）季节。 [16]
Fractured Rock Aquifers 破裂的岩石含水层
The groundwater project aimed at exploring and developing the fractured rock aquifers of the Peninsula (Op) and Skurweberg (Ss) Formations contained within the TMG. [1] In a mountain river in Alberta, Canada, three subsurface end-member sources were identified using silica, sulfate, and the isotopic composition of sulfate: interflow (water that has not undergone significant rock-water interaction), and groundwater derived from two types of hydrogeologic units (carbonate and siliciclastic fractured rock aquifers). [2] Much of this knowledge has come from studies conducted either in fractured rock aquifers or alluvial aquifers. [3] Moreover, the effect of slippery boundary would possibly have an impact on larger-scale fractured rock aquifers which requires further verification. [4] About 412 groundwater springs were surveyed, which were mainly originated from the weathered, jointed or fractured rock aquifers in the high-grade metamorphosed rocks. [5] Hydraulic Tomography (HT) shown to successfully map the hydraulic heterogeneity of porous and fractured rock aquifers may also be effective in karst aquifers. [6] There are myths and realities about the biological quality of groundwater in fractured rock aquifers which must be clarified. [7] Assessment of fractured rock aquifers in many parts of the world is complicated given their strong heterogeneity. [8]该地下水项目旨在探索和开发 TMG 内的半岛 (Op) 组和 Skurweberg (Ss) 组的破裂岩石含水层。 [1] 在加拿大阿尔伯塔省的一条山区河流中，使用二氧化硅、硫酸盐和硫酸盐的同位素组成确定了三个地下端元水源：互流（没有发生明显的岩水相互作用的水）和来自两种类型的地下水。水文地质单元（碳酸盐和硅质碎屑岩石含水层）。 [2] 这些知识大部分来自对裂隙岩石含水层或冲积含水层的研究。 [3] 此外，滑边界的影响可能会对更大规模的裂缝性岩石含水层产生影响，这需要进一步验证。 [4] 共调查地下水泉水412处，主要来源于高级变质岩中风化、节理或断裂的岩石含水层。 [5] 水力层析成像 (HT) 显示成功绘制多孔和裂缝性岩石含水层的水力非均质性，也可能在岩溶含水层中有效。 [6] 关于裂隙岩含水层中地下水的生物质量存在一些神话和现实，必须加以澄清。 [7] 鉴于其强烈的非均质性，对世界许多地区的破裂岩石含水层进行评估是复杂的。 [8]
Basement Rock Aquifers
People in the semi-arid region of central Burkina Faso rely heavily on groundwater resources from basement rock aquifers for potable uses. [1] The groundwater is tapped from the Miocene and the fractured basement rock aquifers. [2]布基纳法索中部半干旱地区的人们严重依赖地下岩含水层的地下水资源来饮用。 [1] 地下水取自中新世和破裂的基底岩石含水层。 [2]
rock aquifers occur
Talus, moraine, and rock glacier aquifers are common in many alpine regions of the world, although bedrock aquifers occur in some geological settings. [1] Talus, moraine, and rock glacier aquifers are common in many alpine regions of the world, although bedrock aquifers occur in some geological settings. [2]距骨、冰碛和岩石冰川含水层在世界许多高山地区很常见，尽管基岩含水层出现在某些地质环境中。 [1] 距骨、冰碛和岩石冰川含水层在世界许多高山地区很常见，尽管基岩含水层出现在某些地质环境中。 [2]