Review Systems(审查系统)研究综述
Review Systems 审查系统 - Here we review systems in which automatic tracking is used to maintain an animal in the working volume of a moving optical path. [1] In this paper we review systems that combine the well-established wood modification procedures with secondary techniques or modifications to deliver emerging technologies with multi-functionality. [2] Thus, this study examines: (1) How does user play time influence next purchase timing after expressing opinions via the review systems? and (2) How does the relationship between play patterns and re-purchase timing patterns change by game genres? To answer these research questions, we collected data from Valve Corporation’s Steam. [3] We supplement this by engaging with a broader body of emerging research on family involvement in other review systems, analysing this through a lens of citizenship and participation. [4] After an introduction with an overview of some important standards, guidelines, and review systems, and their common backgrounds, the RCEC review system for the evaluation of educational tests and exams is described. [5] A discrete-time robust controller design method is proposed for optimal tracking of future references in preview systems. [6] ,This study identifies and proposes several potential areas of the adoption and implementation of blockchain technology to the hospitality and tourism industry, including payment and cryptocurrencies, tracking and service customization, the disintermediation of hospitality and tourism, innovative loyalty programs, smart contracts, integrated property management systems, verified rating and review systems, collaborative initiatives and due diligence and smart tourism, each of which represents fertile avenues for future research. [7] In this work, we propose and evaluate a new class of attacks on online review platforms based on neural language models at word-level granularity in an inductive transfer-learning framework wherein a universal model is refined to handle domain shift, leading to potentially wide-ranging attacks on review systems. [8] Here we review systems that have been reported in the last 11 years and limited to straight line needle interventions. [9]在这里，我们回顾了使用自动跟踪将动物保持在移动光路的工作空间中的系统。 [1] 在本文中，我们回顾了将完善的木材改性程序与辅助技术或改性相结合的系统，以提供具有多功能的新兴技术。 [2] 因此，本研究考察：（1）用户通过评论系统表达意见后，用户玩游戏时间如何影响下一次购买时间？ (2) 游戏模式和复购时机模式之间的关系如何因游戏类型而变化？为了回答这些研究问题，我们从 Valve Corporation 的 Steam 收集了数据。 [3] 我们通过参与更广泛的关于家庭参与其他审查系统的新兴研究来补充这一点，并通过公民和参与的视角对此进行分析。 [4] 在介绍了一些重要的标准、指南和审查系统及其共同背景之后，描述了用于评估教育测试和考试的 RCEC 审查系统。 [5] 提出了一种离散时间鲁棒控制器设计方法，用于优化跟踪预览系统中的未来参考。 [6] ,本研究确定并提出了在酒店和旅游业中采用和实施区块链技术的几个潜在领域，包括支付和加密货币、跟踪和服务定制、酒店和旅游业的去中介化、创新的忠诚度计划、智能合约、综合财产管理系统、经过验证的评级和审查系统、协作举措和尽职调查以及智能旅游，每一个都代表着未来研究的肥沃途径。 [7] 在这项工作中，我们在归纳迁移学习框架中提出并评估了基于神经语言模型的在线评论平台上的一类新攻击，其中改进了通用模型以处理域转移，从而可能导致广泛的对审查系统的范围攻击。 [8] 在这里，我们回顾了过去 11 年中报告的仅限于直线针干预的系统。 [9]
Peer Review Systems 同行评审系统
This article focuses on peer review systems currently applied in German hospitals, and particularly describes quality indicators that have been established by DIVI (German Interdisciplinary Society of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine). [1] Peer review systems often allow confidential comments to editors that could reduce transparency to authors, yet this option has escaped scrutiny. [2] Through a large-scale crowdsourced study where crowd workers are recruited as graders, we show that the proposed approach outperforms machine learning or review grades alone and that it can be easily integrated into existing peer review systems. [3] Some interesting indications as to the Review Mechanism’s legitimacy may be drawn from comparing it with other peer review systems in the field of transnational criminal law and human rights law. [4] The recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) create the potential for (semi) automated peer review systems, where potentially low-quality or controversial studies could be flagged, and reviewer-document matching could be performed in an automated manner. [5] Peer review systems are based on evaluating a scholarly work, referred to as a proposal, by experts in that field. [6] Finally, we summarize the models’ findings around six general themes: decision-making, matching submissions/reviewers, editorial strategies; reviewer behaviors, comparisons of alternative peer review systems, and the identification and addressing of biases. [7] Predatory journals have certain characteristics; they tend to be open access e-journals with poor peer review systems, poor transparency, fee-based article processing, and are not indexed in worldwide databases of scholarly journals. [8] However, in peer review systems exhibiting both adverse selection and moral hazard, one-shot or exogenous matching rules do not link agents’ current behavior with future matches and future payoffs, and as we prove, will induce myopic behavior (i. [9] Peer review systems should quantify the relative contribution of each reviewer through the measurement of frequency, timeliness and accuracy of the feedback, compared with instructor standards/evaluations. [10]本文重点介绍目前在德国医院中应用的同行评审系统，特别介绍了由 DIVI（德国重症监护和急诊医学跨学科协会）制定的质量指标。 [1] 同行评审系统通常允许对编辑发表机密评论，这可能会降低作者的透明度，但这种选择却逃脱了审查。 [2] 通过招募群众工作者作为评分员的大规模众包研究，我们表明，所提出的方法优于机器学习或单独审查等级，并且可以很容易地集成到现有的同行评审系统中。 [3] 将审查机制与跨国刑法和人权法领域的其他同行审查制度进行比较，可以得出一些关于审查机制合法性的有趣迹象。 [4] 人工智能 (AI) 的最新进展为（半）自动化同行评审系统创造了潜力，其中可以标记潜在的低质量或有争议的研究，并且可以以自动化的方式执行审阅者文档匹配。 [5] 同行评审系统基于对该领域专家的学术工作（称为提案）的评估。 [6] 最后，我们围绕六个一般主题总结了模型的发现：决策、匹配提交/审稿人、编辑策略；审稿人的行为，替代同行评审系统的比较，以及偏见的识别和解决。 [7] 掠夺性期刊具有一定的特点；它们往往是开放获取的电子期刊，同行评议系统差、透明度差、文章处理收费，并且没有在全球学术期刊数据库中编入索引。 [8] 然而，在表现出逆向选择和道德风险的同行评审系统中，一次性或外生匹配规则不会将代理人的当前行为与未来的匹配和未来的回报联系起来，并且正如我们所证明的那样，会导致短视行为（即。 [9] 同行评审系统应通过测量反馈的频率、及时性和准确性来量化每位评审员的相对贡献，并与教师标准/评估进行比较。 [10]
Online Review Systems 在线评论系统
Writing managerial responses is the only action hotels can take in response to customer comments within online review systems. [1] Based on the results of deceptive reviews, this article explores the factors that affect customer purchase decision in online review systems, which is flooded by deceptive reviews. [2] We demonstrate how centralized online review systems are vulnerable to attacks. [3] First, the results show that American consumers are more engaged in online review systems and tend to submit extreme reviews, but Chinese consumers tend to submit moderate reviews on movies, and the eWOM variance there is smaller than in the USA. [4] One of such online review systems is adapted by mobile industry to identify the user interest in mobile. [5] The results also suggest that peer-to-peer accommodation platforms should improve online review systems to facilitate authentic reviews and help guests have a smooth check-in process. [6] Our findings have significant theoretical and practical implications for the design of choice architectures in online review systems. [7] Today's online review systems (used largely by hospitality services, internet retailers, government services, etc. [8] With the increasing popularity of online review systems, a large volume of user-generated content becomes available to help people make reasonable judgments about the quality of services and products from unknown providers. [9]撰写管理回复是酒店在在线评论系统中回应客户评论时唯一可以采取的行动。 [1] 本文基于欺骗性评论的结果，探讨了在充斥着欺骗性评论的在线评论系统中影响客户购买决策的因素。 [2] 我们展示了集中式在线评论系统如何容易受到攻击。 [3] 首先，结果表明，美国消费者更多地参与在线评论系统并且倾向于提交极端评论，而中国消费者倾向于提交温和的电影评论，并且那里的eWOM方差小于美国。 [4] 移动行业采用此类在线评论系统之一来识别用户对移动设备的兴趣。 [5] 结果还表明，点对点住宿平台应改进在线评论系统，以促进真实评论并帮助客人顺利入住。 [6] 我们的研究结果对在线评论系统中的选择架构设计具有重要的理论和实践意义。 [7] 当今的在线评论系统（主要用于酒店服务、互联网零售商、政府服务等）。 [8] 随着在线评论系统的日益普及，大量用户生成的内容可用于帮助人们对未知提供商的服务和产品质量做出合理判断。 [9]
Code Review Systems
However, the selection of reviewers in these code review systems is at best manual. [1] Context: Software developers contribute numerous changes every day to the code review systems. [2] These code changes are usually managed and stored by a variety of tools and infrastructures such as version control, issue trackers, and code review systems. [3]但是，在这些代码审查系统中选择审查员充其量是手动的。 [1] 背景：软件开发人员每天都会对代码审查系统进行大量更改。 [2] 这些代码更改通常由各种工具和基础设施管理和存储，例如版本控制、问题跟踪器和代码审查系统。 [3]
Judicial Review Systems 司法审查制度
In addition to discussing the judicial review systems of the major civil law countries in this Volume, I also discuss the birth and growth in power of the European Court of Justice and of the European Court of Human Rights, both of which hear cases ffrom common law as well as civil law countries. [1] On this basis, one may discern trends in German case law, administrative practice, and scholarship towards developing judicial review systems in competitive award procedures for public procurement beyond the thresholds set by the EU directives. [2] The research is based on doctrine, legislation and jurisprudential review and aims at: a) demonstrating that the nature of unconstitutionality (nullity or annulability) does not prevent the recognition of the effects from unconstitutional laws as valid, even in the judicial review systems where the nullity of the unconstitutional dogma is adopted; b) proposing that the prospective rulings should be addressed through an interpretative theory centered on the fundamental rights and human dignity protection, and c) responding, based on the good faith principle, if Governments should or not benefit from the validation of effects produced by unconstitutional laws when they have damaged fundamental rights, such as freedom and property. [3]除了在本卷中讨论主要大陆法系国家的司法审查制度之外，我还讨论了欧洲法院和欧洲人权法院的诞生和权力增长，这两个法院都审理普通法案件以及民法国家。 [1] 在此基础上，可以看出德国判例法的趋势， 行政实践，以及在超出欧盟指令规定的门槛的公共采购竞争性奖励程序中开发司法审查系统的学术研究。 [2] 该研究基于学说、立法和法学审查，旨在：违宪教条的无效被采纳； b) 提议应通过以基本权利和人的尊严保护为中心的解释性理论来处理未来的裁决，以及 c) 根据善意原则回应政府是否应受益于对违宪行为产生的影响的确认损害基本权利（例如自由和财产）的法律。 [3]
Video Review Systems
We recommend adoption of video review systems for ongoing improvement of team dynamics and overall trauma and emergency resuscitation. [1] OBJECTIVE To enhance the in-game identification of potentially concussed professional athletes, the National Football League (NFL) initiated an Unaffiliated Neurotrauma Consultants (UNC) program in 2013, which, in tandem with other in-arena spotters and live video review systems, is designed to improve the safety of the players through enhanced concussion detection efforts. [2]我们建议采用视频审查系统，以持续改善团队动力和整体创伤和紧急复苏。 [1] 客观的 为了加强对潜在脑震荡职业运动员的比赛识别，美国国家橄榄球联盟 (NFL) 于 2013 年启动了一项非附属神经创伤顾问 (UNC) 计划，该计划与其他场内观察员和现场视频审查系统相结合，旨在通过加强脑震荡检测工作来提高球员的安全性。 [2]