Reduced Tillage(减少耕作)研究综述
Reduced Tillage 减少耕作 - We evaluated, over three cropping seasons, conservation agriculture (reduced tillage and mulching) and farmer prioritized conventional tillage- and mulching-based options on seasonal soil water retention, and subsequent productivity of maize (Zea mays L. [1] In organic farming, reduced tillage aims to maintain the natural fertility of the soil, including its microbiological diversity. [2] The tillage system was no tillage (NT), reduced tillage (RT), and conventional tillage (CT), while sorghum varieties were Inqadh, Rabih, and Cavire 2, and four levels of N fertilizer, viz. [3] In agriculture, adoption of reduced tillage practices is a widespread adaptation to global change. [4] The study was conducted over a three-year period, from 2017 to 2019, on three experimental plots managed under conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT). [5] ; hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth), and reduced tillage (no-till; disk tillage). [6] In this study, a single-seed planter was equipped with a vibration meter to measure the vibration of planter under both conventional and reduced tillage conditions. [7] Reduced tillage was slightly superior to the other two tillage practices in case of soil and kernel quality and marketable yield, while applying high N rate (207 kg N ha −1 ) to NT practice could compensate yield reduction during the transition from CT to NT practice. [8] Weeds were greatest in no-till organic treatments, and they had significantly lower yields, suggesting additional weed control beyond cover crops may be necessary for organic vegetable systems under reduced tillage. [9] Reduced tillage significantly (P. [10] The main aim of this research was to determine the potential effects of different tillage systems (TT: traditional tillage and RT: reduced tillage) on runoff and erosion at two different locations (Kahramanmaras and Tarsus, Southern Turkey) under (i) fallow, (ii) wheat (Triticumaestivum L. [11] Two cropping systems viz, summer maize-rainy season maize-lentil (SM-RM-L); and summer maize-rainy season maize-mustard (SM-RM-Ma) and five tillage and mulching practices such as 1) no-till (NT); 2) NT with live mulch (NT-LM); 3) reduced tillage (RT); 4) RT with live mulch (RT-LM); and 5) conventional tillage (CT) were tested in a split-plot design. [12] Although the conventional tillage (CT) system dominates in the cultivation of wheat in Europe, currently, mainly for economic and environmental reasons, especially in the case of new varietal genotypes, reduced tillage systems (RT), including no-tillage (NT), are practised. [13] It was observed that annual weed species were dominant in conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT), whereas a shift towards perennials was observed in zero tillage (ZT). [14] Two tillage practices namely conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT), with 30 % mulch cover of dried thatching grass (Hyparrhenia filipendula (L. [15] Crop yield under reduced tillage (RT) practices is a concern for sustainable production worldwide because it is related to different environmental and agronomic factors than conventionally tilled soils. [16] Importantly, only soil organic matter was positively correlated with fungal α-diversity, suggesting the efficient use of carbon substrates in sustainable agricultural systems, compensating for the lack of chemical fertilization and reduced tillage in these systems. [17] It was found that in the variant with the application of straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers for reduced tillage, the content of particles larger than 1 mm was the highest and amounted to 75. [18] Reduced tillage is often promoted as a method to sequester carbon (C) in soils and thus mitigate climate change. [19] So a 3-year field experiment was conducted to optimize soil hydrothermal effect of maize field with three plastic mulched management treatments: (1) no tillage with plastic re-mulching (NM), (2) reduced tillage with plastic mulching (RM), and (3) conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching (CM). [20] To test this hypothesis, the overarching aim of our study was to (i) calibrate and evaluation the DSSAT model for maize and parameterize the DSSAT tillage module for different tillage practices (contour ridge tillage and reduced tillage), and (ii) simulate the effects of different management options (tillage and crop residue incorporation) to buffer future extreme climate events on maize yield in four soil types (Lixisols and Plinthosols) located in two landscape positions (upslope and footslopes) of Benin and Burkina-Faso in West Africa, using two climate scenarios (baseline and 2 °C above pre-industrial period). [21] zero tillage (ZT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) under rice based various cropping systems viz. [22] , no-tillage, NT; reduced tillage, RT) on CWP (defined as the ratio of crop productivity to evapotranspiration) of corn and soybean across the Ohio River Basin during 1979–2018. [23] Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the sustainability of no tillage (NT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) in grain maize monoculture based on economic, environmental, and social aspects. [24] To assess the contributions of rice-based cropping in lowland coastal ecosystems to environmental change, energy budgets, CF, exchange of CO2 and fluxes of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) were determined for an array of conservation tillage practices under rice-rice (RR) and rice-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (RC) systems as main plot treatments, tillage intensity [zero tillage (ZT), reduced tillage (RT), conventional tillage (CT)] as sub-plot treatments, and residue (R) or no residue (NR) as sub-sub plot treatments. [25] Systems with reduced tillage and mulching are particularly under threat. [26] Research highlights: Reduced tillage practices showed the potential for enhancing soil physical quality only through improving aggregate stability. [27] conventional tillage CT, reduced tillage RT, deep tillage DT) and wheat straw mulching (i. [28] ABSTRACT Due to reduced tillage practices, glyphosate is widely used as a herbicide in grain farming systems of Australia. [29] Reduced tillage practices were linked to increased incidence of F. [30] Reduced tillage is considered as one of the main tools to save biological diversity; however, it increases pressure of diseases, including wheat leaf blotches. [31] We clustered fields under regenerative management based on the RA practices applied by farmers and distinguished 4 types of RA treatments: 1) reduced tillage with green manure (GM), 2) reduced tillage with organic amendments (OA), 3) reduced tillage with green manure and organic amendments (GM&OA), and 4) no tillage with permanent natural covers and organic amendments (NT&OA). [32] Reduced tillage intensity and organic fertilization resulted in increase of all P fractions and soluble P. [33] This study evaluates the effects of three conservation agriculture practices - reduced tillage (RT), reduced tillage plus incorporation of green manure (RTG), and no-tillage (NT) - on the soil quality on almond orchards under semiarid conditions and the soil factors explaining crop yield under these management practices. [34] Indeed, reduced tillage would offer farmers the opportunity to comply with good management practices. [35] The use of reduced tillage, conventional tillage, and non-tillage as well as the planting season and the depth of the sugarcane trash layer did not influence the severity of the diseases. [36] 2 Mg ha−1) than applications under reduced tillage. [37] Subplots were reduced tillage (RT), continuous NT, and ST of NT. [38] Cover crops and reduced tillage are two elements of conservation agriculture with potential to support larger and more diverse soil biological communities. [39] In a stationary experiment, observations were performed to study several tillage practices: conventional tillage (25 cm depth plowing), mulch tillage with soil decompaction (reduced tillage done with a chisel plow to a depth of 32 cm for row crops), mulch tillage (deep tillage is excluded, disking to a depth of 10 cm twice or thrice is used instead). [40] Fish regression models were integrated to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the responses of total- and game-fish species richness to four major management practices (crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage, modified fertilizer application) identified as the most feasible in terms of stakeholder acceptability and environmental soundness, under 32 distinct climate projections. [41] The treatment comprising of tillage four crop establishment methods (T1 - Zero tillage (ZTW), T2 - Reduced tillage (RT), T3 - Furrow irrigation raised beds (FIRB), T4 - Conventional tillage (CTW)) in main plot and precision five nitrogen management (F1 – N 80:20 - N rate split as 80% basal and 20% at second irrigation, F2 - N 33:33:33 - N rate split as 33% basal, 33% at CRI stage (20–25 DAS) and 33% at second irrigation (40–45 DAS), F3 - N 80 – LCC - Split as 80% basal and further application of N based on LCC, F4 – N 50:50 - N rate split as 50% basal and 50% at CRI stage and F5 – FFP - farmers fertilization practice) in sub-plot and laid out in split-plot design with three replications. [42] Overall, the reduced soil N2O emissions under reduced tillage positively and strongly depended on the nosZI-to-nosZII ratio, while increased emissions due to conventional tillage were positively associated with intensified denitrification. [43] Nevertheless, practices such as no‐ or reduced tillage, application of organic soil amendments, and maintenance of continuous cover can increase SOC in agricultural fields. [44] However, although high stubble and reduced tillage for maintaining good residue cover help conserve soil moisture and improve soil health, they increase snowmelt runoff potential. [45] , zero-till (ZT), reduced tillage (RT), and conventional tillage (CT) with (protected) and without (unprotected) insecticide protection scenarios, was investigated. [46] , irrigation, shade trees, fire belts, bookkeeping, mulching, early mature varieties, weather forecast, reduced tillage, improved harvesting) in each country was evaluated with a closed-ended questionnaire that covered the various aspects of motivation and feasibility whereby farmers were asked to (dis)agree on a 5-point Likert scale. [47] The other textural categories such as sandy-clay or clay-loam, rather well balanced and less suitable for the practice of reduced tillage without pre-watering, gave medium to high total available moisture (90-110 mm) and therefore a maximum irrigation application rate (or readily available moisture) of 60-70 mm. [48] Organic farming and reduced tillage are assumed to be sustainable agricultural practices improving soil quality relative to conventional management strategies. [49] , reduced tillage, organic farming, or cultivating tree crops rather than vegetables), and suspended sediment concentration in the river as an indicator of water quality. [50]我们在三个种植季节评估了保护性农业（减少耕作和覆盖）和农民在季节性土壤保水和随后的玉米生产力（Zea mays L. [1] 在有机农业中，减少耕作旨在保持土壤的自然肥力，包括其微生物多样性。 [2] 耕作制度为免耕（NT）、减耕（RT）和常规耕作（CT），而高粱品种为Inqadh、Rabih和Cavire 2，以及四级氮肥，即。 [3] 在农业领域，采用减少耕作方式是对全球变化的广泛适应。 [4] 该研究是在 2017 年至 2019 年的三年期间内进行的，在三个试验地块上进行了常规耕作 (CT)、减耕 (RT) 和免耕 (NT)。 [5] ;毛紫云英、Vicia villosa Roth）和减少耕作（免耕；盘耕）。 [6] 在这项研究中，单种子播种机配备了振动计，以测量常规和减耕条件下播种机的振动。 [7] 在土壤和籽粒质量和适销产量方面，减少耕作略优于其他两种耕作方法，而在 NT 实践中应用高氮量（207 kg N ha -1 ）可以补偿从 CT 向 NT 实践过渡期间的减产. [8] 杂草在免耕有机处理中最多，它们的产量显着降低，这表明在减少耕作的情况下，有机蔬菜系统可能需要在覆盖作物之外进行额外的杂草控制。 [9] 显着减少耕作（P. [10] 本研究的主要目的是确定不同耕作系统（TT：传统耕作和 RT：减少耕作）对两个不同地点（土耳其南部 Kahramanmaras 和 Tarsus）径流和侵蚀的潜在影响（i）休耕，（ ii) 小麦 (Triticumaestivum L. [11] 两种种植系统，即夏玉米-雨季玉米-扁豆（SM-RM-L）；夏季玉米-雨季玉米-芥末 (SM-RM-Ma) 和五种耕作和覆盖做法，例如 1) 免耕 (NT)； 2) 带活膜的 NT (NT-LM)； 3) 减耕（RT）； 4) 带活膜的 RT (RT-LM)； 5) 常规耕作 (CT) 在裂区设计中进行了测试。 [12] 尽管常规耕作（CT）系统在欧洲小麦种植中占主导地位，但目前，主要出于经济和环境原因，特别是在新品种基因型的情况下，减少耕作系统（RT），包括免耕（NT），被练习。 [13] 据观察，一年生杂草种类在常规耕作（CT）和减耕（RT）中占优势，而在零耕（ZT）中观察到向多年生植物的转变。 [14] 两种耕作方法，即常规耕作 (CT) 和减少耕作 (RT)，覆盖 30% 的干茅草 (Hyparrhenia filipendula (L. [15] 减少耕作 (RT) 做法下的作物产量是全球可持续生产的一个问题，因为它与传统耕作土壤不同的环境和农艺因素有关。 [16] 重要的是，只有土壤有机质与真菌α-多样性呈正相关，这表明可持续农业系统中碳底物的有效利用，弥补了这些系统中化学施肥的缺乏和减少的耕作。 [17] 研究发现，在减耕施秸秆、绿肥和矿肥的变种中，大于1毫米的颗粒含量最高，达75个。 [18] 减少耕作通常被推广为一种在土壤中封存碳 (C) 从而缓解气候变化的方法。 [19] 因此，进行了为期 3 年的田间试验，以优化玉米地的土壤水热效应，采用三种地膜管理处理：（1）免耕覆膜（NM），（2）减耕覆膜（RM）， (3) 常规耕作，每年覆盖新地膜(CM)。 [20] 为了验证这一假设，我们研究的首要目标是 (i) 校准和评估玉米的 DSSAT 模型，并将 DSSAT 耕作模块参数化以适应不同的耕作做法（等高垄耕作和减少耕作），以及 (ii) 模拟效果在位于西非贝宁和布基纳法索的两个景观位置（上坡和坡脚）的四种土壤类型（Lixisols 和 Plinthosols）中，采用不同的管理方案（耕作和作物残茬掺入）缓冲未来极端气候事件对玉米产量的影响，使用两种气候情景（基线和高于前工业化时期 2°C）。 [21] 零耕（ZT）、减耕（RT）和常规耕作（CT）在基于水稻的各种种植系统下，即。 [22] , 免耕, NT; 1979-2018 年间俄亥俄河流域玉米和大豆的 CWP（定义为作物生产力与蒸散量之比）的减少耕作，RT）。 [23] 因此，本研究旨在从经济、环境和社会方面评估玉米单一栽培中免耕（NT）、减耕（RT）和常规耕作（CT）的可持续性。 [24] 为了评估低地沿海生态系统中以水稻为基础的种植对环境变化的贡献，确定了水稻-水稻下一系列保护性耕作实践的能量收支、CF、CO2 交换和非 CO2 温室气体 (GHG) 通量。 RR）和稻棉（Gossypium hirsutum）（RC）系统作为主要小区处理，耕作强度[零耕（ZT），减少耕作（RT），常规耕作（CT）]作为子小区处理，残留物（R ) 或无残留物 (NR) 作为子小区处理。 [25] 减少耕作和覆盖的系统尤其受到威胁。 [26] 研究重点：减少耕作方式表明，只有通过提高聚集体稳定性才能提高土壤物理质量。 [27] 常规耕作 CT、减耕 RT、深耕 DT) 和麦秆覆盖 (i. [28] 摘要由于减少耕作，草甘膦被广泛用作澳大利亚谷物种植系统中的除草剂。 [29] 减少耕作方式与 F. [30] 减少耕作被认为是拯救生物多样性的主要工具之一；然而，它增加了疾病的压力，包括小麦叶斑病。 [31] 我们根据农民应用的 RA 实践对再生管理下的田地进行了聚类，并区分了 4 种类型的 RA 处理：1）绿肥（GM）减少耕作，2）有机改良剂（OA）减少耕作，3）绿色减少耕作粪肥和有机改良剂 (GM&OA)，以及 4) 免耕永久自然覆盖物和有机改良剂 (NT&OA)。 [32] 降低耕作强度和施有机肥导致所有磷组分和可溶性磷增加。 [33] 本研究评估了三种保护性农业实践——减耕 (RT)、减耕加绿肥 (RTG) 和免耕 (NT)——对半干旱条件下杏仁园土壤质量和土壤因子的影响解释这些管理实践下的作物产量。 [34] 事实上，减少耕作将为农民提供遵守良好管理规范的机会。 [35] 减耕、常规耕作和免耕的使用以及种植季节和甘蔗渣层的深度不影响病害的严重程度。 [36] 2 Mg ha-1) 比减少耕作下的应用。 [37] 子地块是减少耕作 (RT)、连续 NT 和 NT 的 ST。 [38] 覆盖作物和减少耕作是保护性农业的两个要素，有可能支持更大和更多样化的土壤生物群落。 [39] 在一个固定试验中，进行了观察以研究几种耕作方法：常规耕作（25 厘米深耕作）、土壤松解的覆盖耕作（行作物用凿犁减少耕作至 32 厘米深度）、覆盖耕作（不包括深耕，而是使用两次或三次挖到 10 厘米的深度）。 [40] 鱼类回归模型被整合到土壤和水评估工具 (SWAT) 中，以模拟总和猎物鱼类物种丰富度对四种主要管理做法（轮作、覆盖种植、减少耕作、改良施肥）的响应，这些做法被确定为在 32 种不同的气候预测下，在利益相关者的可接受性和环境健全性方面最可行。 [41] 处理包括耕作四种作物种植方法（T1 - 零耕（ZTW），T2 - 减少耕作（RT），T3 - 沟灌高架床（FIRB），T4 - 常规耕作（CTW））在主地和精度五氮肥管理（F1 - N 80:20 - N 比率分配为 80% 基础和 20% 在第二次灌溉，F2 - N 33:33:33 - N 比率分配为 33% 基础，33% 在 CRI 阶段（20-25 DAS) 和第二次灌溉时 33% (40–45 DAS)，F3 - N 80 – LCC - 分割为 80% 基础，并根据 LCC 进一步施用 N，F4 - N 50:50 - N 比率分割为 50% 基础50% 在 CRI 阶段和 F5 - FFP - 农民施肥实践）在子小区中，并在裂区设计中布置，具有三个重复。 [42] 总体而言，减少耕作下减少的土壤 N2O 排放量正向且强烈地依赖于 nosZI 与 nosZII 的比率，而常规耕作导致的排放量增加与强化反硝化呈正相关。 [43] 然而，免耕或减少耕作、施用有机土壤改良剂和保持连续覆盖等做法可以增加农田的土壤有机碳。 [44] 然而，虽然高留茬和减少耕作以保持良好的残茬覆盖有助于保持土壤水分并改善土壤健康，但它们增加了融雪径流的潜力。 [45] 、零耕 (ZT)、减少耕作 (RT) 和常规耕作 (CT) 有（受保护的）和没有（未受保护的）杀虫剂保护方案，进行了调查。 [46] 、灌溉、遮荫树、防火带、簿记、覆盖、早熟品种、天气预报、减少耕作、改善收成）通过封闭式问卷评估，该问卷涵盖了农民被问及的动机和可行性的各个方面（不）同意 5 点李克特量表。 [47] 其他质地类别，如沙质粘土或粘土-壤土，相当平衡，不太适合在不预浇水的情况下减少耕作的做法，提供中到高的总可用水分（90-110 毫米），因此最大的灌溉应用60-70 毫米的速率（或容易获得的水分）。 [48] 与传统管理策略相比，有机农业和减少耕作被认为是改善土壤质量的可持续农业实践。 [49] 、减少耕作、有机耕作或种植树木作物而不是蔬菜），以及河流中悬浮泥沙浓度作为水质指标。 [50]
soil organic carbon
In this study, we assessed the effect of (i) intensive tillage along with flood irrigation (IT); (ii) combination of no-tillage with pruning residues (branches and leaves) as mulch, and drip-irrigation (NT + PM); and (iii) combination of reduced tillage with the incorporation of pruning residues and drip-irrigation (RT + PI), on physico-chemical soil parameters, aggregate stability, amount and quality of organic matter fractions and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in a lemon tree orchards (Citrus limon var. [1] This study adds to this limited body of work by synthesizing such studies and evaluates the effect of individual and combinations of widely implemented CSA practices in Africa—green manure (GM), conservation tillage (no-tillage, reduced tillage), and crop residue retention (CR)—on food crop yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration, and soil total nitrogen (TN). [2] Accordingly, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to simultaneously measure methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) under conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) methods in Chinese double-rice cropping systems. [3] The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the subsurface application of different rates of a compound mineral fertilizer on the content of some macronutrients, soil organic carbon content (SOC), and soil pH in a field after the harvest of soybean grown under reduced tillage conditions. [4] export crop production based on pluriannual sugarcane and banana), alternative cropping practices (reduced tillage and organic amendments) and pedoclimatic conditions on soil organic carbon (SOC) changes in the period 2015–2045. [5]在这项研究中，我们评估了 (i) 集约化耕作和漫灌 (IT) 的效果； (ii) 免耕与修剪残茬（树枝和树叶）作为覆盖物和滴灌（NT + PM）的组合； (iii) 减少耕作与修剪残茬和滴灌 (RT + PI) 相结合，对土壤理化参数、团聚体稳定性、有机质组分的数量和质量以及土壤有机碳 (SOC) 封存柠檬树果园（Citrus limon var. [1] 本研究通过综合这些研究并评估在非洲广泛实施的 CSA 实践（绿肥 (GM)、保护性耕作（免耕、减少耕作）和作物残茬保留）的单独和组合的效果，从而增加了这项有限的工作(CR)——关于粮食作物产量、土壤有机碳 (SOC) 浓度和土壤总氮 (TN)。 [2] nan [3] 本研究的目的是评估不同比例复合矿物肥料的地下施用对大豆收获后田间某些常量营养素含量、土壤有机碳含量 (SOC) 和土壤 pH 值的影响。减少耕作条件。 [4] nan [5]
crop residue management
Zero and reduced tillage practices along with other measures like crop residue management play a great role in conservation agriculture towards energy conservation. [1] , Zero tillage (T1), Reduced tillage (T2) and Conventional tillage (T3) and sub plot to five crop residue management practices viz. [2] , Zero tillage (T1), Reduced tillage (T2) and Conventional tillage (T3) and sub plot to five crop residue management practices viz. [3]零耕和减少耕作以及作物残茬管理等其他措施在保护性农业中发挥着重要作用。 [1] ，零耕（T1），减少耕作（T2）和常规耕作（T3）和子地块到五种作物残留管理实践，即。 [2] nan [3]
without straw mulching
A database of 49 sets of paired experiments was compiled, with tillage practices including conventional tillage without straw mulching (CT), conventional tillage with straw mulching (CTs), no tillage without straw mulching (NT), no tillage with straw mulching (NTs), reduced tillage without straw mulching (RT), reduced tillage with straw mulching (RTs), and subsoiling with straw mulching (Ss). [1]+ precision seeder
Tillage treatments consist of conventional tillage [moldboard plow + disk harrow + combined harrows + precision seeder, (CT)], reduced tillage 1 [cultivator + combined harrows + precision seeder, (RT1)], reduced tillage 2 [rotary power harrow + precision seeder, (RT2)] and no-till seeding [no-till seeder, (NT)] systems which were studied. [1]40 kg ha−1
A multifactorial experiment was carried out through the A × B × C × D − R: 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 − 2 formula, where A represents the year (a1, 2017; a2, 2018; and a3, 2019); B represents the soil tillage system (b1, conventional tillage with mouldboard plough; b2, reduced tillage with chisel cultivator); C represents the fertilizer variants (c1, unfertilized; c2, one single rate of fertilization: 40 kg ha−1 of nitrogen + 40 kg ha−1 of phosphorus; and c3, two rates of fertilization: 40 kg ha−1 of nitrogen + 40 kg ha−1 of phosphorus (at sowing) + 46 kg ha−1 of nitrogen at V3 stage); D represents the seeding rate (1 = 45 germinating grains (gg) m−2; d2 = 55 gg m−2; and d3 = 65 gg m−2); and R represents the replicates (r1 = the first and r2 = the second). [1]通过 A × B × C × D - R: 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 - 2 公式进行多因素实验，其中 A 代表年份（a1, 2017; a2, 2018; and a3, 2019）； B 代表土壤耕作制度（b1，传统犁耕；b2，用凿耕机减少耕作）； C 代表肥料变体（c1，未施肥；c2，单一施肥率：40 kg ha-1 氮 + 40 kg ha-1 磷；c3，两种施肥率：40 kg ha-1 氮 + 40 kg ha-1 磷（播种时）+ 46 kg ha-1 氮（V3 阶段）； D 表示播种率（1 = 45 个发芽粒 (gg) m-2；d2 = 55 gg m-2；d3 = 65 gg m-2）； R 代表复制品（r1 = 第一个，r2 = 第二个）。 [1]
– durum wheat
The experimental factors were tillage systems (TS): 1) conventional tillage (CT), 2) reduced tillage (RT) and 3) no tillage (NT); crop sequence (CS): 1) crop rotation A: pea – durum wheat – spring barley; 2) crop rotation B: pea – spring wheat – durum wheat; 3) cereal monoculture (CM): spring barley – spring wheat – durum wheat. [1]试验因素是耕作系统（TS）：1）常规耕作（CT），2）减少耕作（RT）和3）免耕（NT）；作物序列（CS）：1）轮作A：豌豆-硬粒小麦-春大麦； 2）轮作B：豌豆-春小麦-硬粒小麦； 3）谷物单一栽培（CM）：春大麦-春小麦-硬粒小麦。 [1]
reduced tillage practice
In agriculture, adoption of reduced tillage practices is a widespread adaptation to global change. [1] Zero and reduced tillage practices along with other measures like crop residue management play a great role in conservation agriculture towards energy conservation. [2] Research highlights: Reduced tillage practices showed the potential for enhancing soil physical quality only through improving aggregate stability. [3] ABSTRACT Due to reduced tillage practices, glyphosate is widely used as a herbicide in grain farming systems of Australia. [4] Reduced tillage practices were linked to increased incidence of F. [5] Reduced tillage practices are widely considered to be more sustainable than conventional tillage practices, but many producers remain reluctant to reduce tillage due to difficulties controlling weeds. [6] The Fusarium diseases are likely to increase under the impact of global warming and the fast adoption of reduced tillage practices in the main wheat belt, the north west plains of India. [7] These systems were maize-intercropping and cover cropping with different plant species before the wheat growing season under reduced tillage practices. [8] 1 AbstrAct We evaluate the economics of conservation tillage (chisel till and no till) and examine the impact of projected climate change on the economic attractiveness of reduced tillage practices. [9] In a long-term, row crop field experiment in California's Central Valley we hypothesized that a more diverse and plant symbiont-enriched fungal soil community would develop in soil managed with reduced tillage practices and/or cover crops compared to standard tillage and no cover crops. [10]在农业领域，采用减少耕作方式是对全球变化的广泛适应。 [1] 零耕和减少耕作以及作物残茬管理等其他措施在保护性农业中发挥着重要作用。 [2] 研究重点：减少耕作方式表明，只有通过提高聚集体稳定性才能提高土壤物理质量。 [3] 摘要由于减少耕作，草甘膦被广泛用作澳大利亚谷物种植系统中的除草剂。 [4] 减少耕作方式与 F. [5] nan [6] nan [7] nan [8] nan [9] nan [10]
reduced tillage intensity
Reduced tillage intensity and organic fertilization resulted in increase of all P fractions and soluble P. [1] It is hypothesized, based on the huge body of literature on CCAM, that the implementation of already existing arable and plant cultivation methods like crop diversity, alley crops, forage legume-based crop rotations, mulching, organic matter recycling, and reduced tillage intensity will increase CCAM performance and also farm productivity and income. [2] Soils from a representative cropping system in the semi-arid Northern Great Plains were collected in June and August of 2017 from the final phase of a 5-year crop rotation managed either with chemical inputs and no-tillage, as a USDA-certified organic tillage system, or as a USDA-certified organic sheep grazing system with reduced tillage intensity. [3] It is hypothesized, based on the huge body of literature on CCAM, that the implementation of already existing arable and plant cultivation methods like crop diversity, alley crops, forage legume-based crop rotations, mulching, organic matter recycling, and reduced tillage intensity will increase CCAM performance and also farm productivity and income. [4]降低耕作强度和施有机肥导致所有磷组分和可溶性磷增加。 [1] 基于关于 CCAM 的大量文献，假设实施现有的耕地和植物栽培方法，如作物多样性、胡同作物、以豆类为基础的作物轮作、覆盖、有机物回收和减少耕作强度将提高 CCAM 性能以及农场生产力和收入。 [2] nan [3] nan [4]