Plane Blocks(平面块)研究综述
Plane Blocks 平面块 - Background Rhomboid intercostal block (RIB) and Rhomboid intercostal block with sub-serratus plane block (RISS) are the two types of plane blocks used for postoperative analgesia after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). [1] [1] investigated most of the peripheral and plane blocks (upper and lower extremity plus abdomen/trunk). [2] NMA was performed to compare the postoperative analgesic effects of plane blocks and systemic analgesia. [3] Accordingly, CPSP severity was significantly lower in the control group than after plane blocks at the first and third month. [4] Plane blocks have become very popular in recent years with the introduction of ultrasonography into the regional anesthesia and algology practice. [5] Like other plane blocks, the ESP block relies upon normal anatomical boundaries for predictable and safe distribution of local anesthetic. [6]背景菱形肋间阻滞（RIB）和菱形肋间阻滞加锯肌下平面阻滞（RISS）是用于电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）术后镇痛的两种平面阻滞。 [1] [1] 研究了大部分外周和平面阻滞（上肢和下肢加腹部/躯干）。 [2] 进行NMA比较平面阻滞和全身镇痛的术后镇痛效果。 [3] 因此，在第一个月和第三个月，对照组的 CPSP 严重程度明显低于平面阻滞后。 [4] 近年来，随着将超声检查引入区域麻醉和生理学实践，平面阻滞变得非常流行。 [5] 与其他平面块一样，ESP 块依赖于正常的解剖边界，以实现可预测和安全的局部麻醉剂分布。 [6]
serratus anterior plane 前锯肌平面
This case series examined transversus thoracic plane blocks (TTPBs), pectointercostal fascial plane blocks (PIFBs), pectoralis nerve I and II blocks, paravertebral, serratus anterior plane, and erector spinae plane blocks (ESPBs) in 10 children receiving S-ICDs. [1] CONCLUSIONS The performance of both the serratus anterior plane block and transversus thoracis plane blocks for S-ICD implantation are appropriate and may have the benefit of decreasing intraoperative opioid requirements. [2] Regional anesthesia, including central and plane blocks (serratus anterior plane block and erector spinae block), are used for post-thoracotomy pain. [3] A multitude of thoracic wall blocks have been described, including parasternal-intercostal plane, Pecs I and II, serratus anterior plane, paraspinal-intercostal plane, erector spinae plane blocks, and retrolaminar blocks. [4] Following induction of GA, serratus anterior plane (SAPB) and parasternal plane blocks were performed under ultrasound guidance for anterolateral chest wall and sternal edge analgesia respectively. [5] Methods Patients scheduled for elective plastic surgery received PEC-1, serratus anterior plane, or transversus abdominis plane blocks as indicated for the proposed procedure. [6]本案例系列检查了 10 名接受 S-ICD 的儿童的胸横肌平面阻滞 (TTPB)、胸肋间筋膜平面阻滞 (PIFB)、胸大肌 I 和 II 神经阻滞、椎旁、前锯肌平面和竖脊肌平面阻滞 (ESPB)。 [1] 结论 前锯肌平面阻滞和胸横肌平面阻滞用于 S-ICD 植入的性能是合适的，并且可能有利于减少术中阿片类药物的需求。 [2] 区域麻醉，包括中央和平面阻滞（前锯肌平面阻滞和竖脊肌阻滞），用于开胸术后疼痛。 [3] 已经描述了多种胸壁阻滞，包括胸骨旁肋间平面、胸肌 I 和 II、前锯肌平面、椎旁肋间平面、竖脊肌平面阻滞和椎板后阻滞。 [4] nan [5] nan [6]
erector spinae plane 竖脊肌平原
The infra/supraclavicular nerve block provides excellent coverage for the upper extremity, while the trunk can be covered with a variety of blocks including erector spinae plane and quadratus lumborum plane blocks. [1] The erector spinae plane (ESP) block and thoracolumbar interfascial plane (TLIP) block were two novel plane blocks. [2] Background: Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB) belongs to the family of fascial plane blocks in which local anesthetic is injected into a plane between two layers of fascia and subsequently spreads to nerves located within that plane or within adjacent tissue compartments. [3] Various nerve blocks commonly used are epidural, paravertebral block, transverse abdominis plane (TAP) block, rectus sheath block, spinal (anaesthesia), pectoral nerve (PECs) block, serratus plane blocks, erector spinae plane (ESP) block, and wound catheter for abdominal and thoracic operations. [4] Recent literature with regards to regional blocks includes the fascial plane blocks like erector spinae plane block, quadratus lumborum block, serratus anterior plane block, pectoral nerves block, transversus abdominis plane block, rectus sheath block and adductor canal block etc. [5]锁骨下/锁骨上神经阻滞为上肢提供了极好的覆盖，而躯干可以覆盖多种阻滞，包括竖脊肌平面和腰方肌平面阻滞。 [1] 竖脊肌平面（ESP）阻滞和胸腰椎筋膜间平面（TLIP）阻滞是两种新型平面阻滞。 [2] nan [3] 常用的各种神经阻滞有硬膜外、椎旁阻滞、腹横肌平面 (TAP) 阻滞、直肌鞘阻滞、脊髓（麻醉）、胸神经 (PECs) 阻滞、前锯肌平面阻滞、竖脊肌平面 (ESP) 阻滞和伤口导管用于腹部和胸部手术。 [4] nan [5]
ultrasound guided fascial
In recent years, several articles evaluating new ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks have been published because of the advancement in the ultrasound-guided block procedure and knowledge of the musculoskeletal ultrasound anatomy [1]. [1] OBJECTIVE Regional analgesia continues to evolve with the introduction of ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks. [2] This review coincides with the evolution of ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks, societal concerns regarding opioid misuse and changing expectations regarding surgical recovery. [3]近年来，由于超声引导块程序的进步和肌肉骨骼超声解剖学知识的进步，已经发表了几篇评估新的超声引导筋膜平面块的文章[1]。 [1] 客观的 随着超声引导筋膜平面阻滞的引入，局部镇痛不断发展。 [2] nan [3]
erector spinae block 竖脊肌阻滞
These regional analgesic modalities include thoracic epidural blocks, thoracic paravertebral blocks, intrathecal opioid analgesia, serratus anterior plane blocks, intercostal nerve blocks, interscalene block, erector spinae block and interpleural block. [1] Despite encouraging evidence on the application of fascial plane blocks for cardiothoracic surgery, the literature on the use of erector spinae block for pleurodesis remains scarce. [2]这些区域性镇痛方式包括胸部硬膜外阻滞、胸部椎旁阻滞、鞘内阿片类药物镇痛、前锯肌平面阻滞、肋间神经阻滞、肌间沟阻滞、竖脊肌阻滞和胸膜间阻滞。 [1] 尽管筋膜平面阻滞用于心胸外科手术的证据令人鼓舞，但关于使用竖脊肌阻滞用于胸膜固定术的文献仍然很少。 [2]
Fascial Plane Blocks 筋膜平面块
Ultrasound‐guided fascial plane blocks of the chest wall are increasingly popular alternatives to established techniques such as thoracic epidural or paravertebral blockade, as they are simple to perform and have an appealing safety profile. [1] Onset of toxicity is increasingly delayed, a greater proportion of clinical reports are secondary to fascial plane blocks, and cases are increasing where non‐anaesthetist providers are involved. [2] We suggest that using every opportunity to promote RAwould likely increase its use and an expanded evidence base would follow, particularly for novel techniques such as fascial plane blocks, where data are alsodeficient [3]. [3] Background: Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB) belongs to the family of fascial plane blocks in which local anesthetic is injected into a plane between two layers of fascia and subsequently spreads to nerves located within that plane or within adjacent tissue compartments. [4] Over the past decade or so the introduction of ultrasound into regional anaesthesia practice has led to a shift of focus from neuraxial to fascial plane blocks for truncal analgesia. [5] Fascial plane blocks represent anesthetic procedures performed to manage perioperative and chronic pain. [6] BACKGROUND Bilateral erector spinae fascial plane blocks (ESPB) offers a novel, alternative method of regional post-operative pain control to thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA). [7] A multitude of fascial plane blocks involving chest wall have been developed, which have been shown the potential to be included in the regional analgesia armamentarium for cardiac surgery. [8] All somatic and visceral afferent neural and sympathetic efferent pathways are effectively blocked by appropriately placed segmental thoracic epidural blocks (TEBs), whereas well-placed truncal fascial plane blocks evidently do not consistently block the afferent visceral neural pathways nor the sympathetic efferent nerves. [9] Fascial plane blocks (FPBs) are increasingly numerous and are often touted as effective solutions to many perioperative challenges facing anesthesiologists. [10] Background Fascial plane blocks (FPBs) target the space between two fasciae, rather than discrete peripheral nerves. [11] Nowhere is this phenomenon more evident than with fascial plane blocks. [12] Fascial plane blocks (FPBs) are regional anesthesia techniques in which the space (“plane”) between two discrete fascial layers is the target of needle insertion and injection. [13] In conclusion, the use of abdominal fascial plane blocks or surgical wound infiltration is recommended in the parturient who does not receive neuraxial opioids for CD. [14] Despite encouraging evidence on the application of fascial plane blocks for cardiothoracic surgery, the literature on the use of erector spinae block for pleurodesis remains scarce. [15] Anaesthetists tend by nature to be risk-averse, and this may account for the popularity of fascial plane blocks, despite the trade-off in terms of achieving dense sensory block and analgesia. [16] Regional analgesia can be provided by neuraxial blocks, fascial plane blocks, peripheral nerve blocks, or simply by the infiltration of the wound with local anesthetics for cardiac surgery. [17] When we consider fascial plane blocks, a fundamental aspect is the fascia. [18] We describe the use of chest wall fascial plane blocks as the primary anesthetic, combined with high-flow humidified nasal oxygen and low-dose propofol sedation, in a patient with complex comorbidities presenting for modified radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection. [19] Recent literature with regards to regional blocks includes the fascial plane blocks like erector spinae plane block, quadratus lumborum block, serratus anterior plane block, pectoral nerves block, transversus abdominis plane block, rectus sheath block and adductor canal block etc. [20] Spine and somatic pain: fascial plane blocks of the chest and abdominal wall and myofascial trigger point injections can be used for somatic pain indications. [21] Recently, the use of fascial plane blocks (FPBs) has evolved as an alternative to TEA most likely because these blocks avoid problems such as neurological comorbidity, coagulation disorders, epidural catheter failure and hypotension due to sympathetic denervation. [22] Pediatric regional anesthesia is in the verge of a new era due to both widespread use of ultrasound and new defined fascial plane blocks. [23] In recent years, several articles evaluating new ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks have been published because of the advancement in the ultrasound-guided block procedure and knowledge of the musculoskeletal ultrasound anatomy [1]. [24] Several fascial plane blocks exist for pain management of the lateral chest wall and we present an up-to-date review of these popular new blocks. [25] These methods include topical agents, as well as non steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, acetaminophen, gabapetoids, intravenous agents, varying degrees of local anesthetic infiltration and peripheral nerve blocks, and the newer modality of fascial plane blocks. [26] Thoracic and Lumbar Paravertebral With the advent of newer fascial plane blocks, the landmark guided thoracic paravertebral block is falling into disrepute. [27] The analgesic options range from multimodal oral analgesia to invasive regional anaesthetic techniques such as thoracic epidurals, paravertebral catheters, intercostal nerve blocks and fascial plane blocks. [28] OBJECTIVE Regional analgesia continues to evolve with the introduction of ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks. [29] CONCLUSION SAPB and Pecs II fascial plane blocks are equally efficacious in post-thoracotomy pain management compared with ICNB, but they have the additional benefit of being longer lasting and are as easily performed as the traditional ICNB. [30] However the ensuing nerve blockade with fascial plane blocks may not always be dense or complete, as evidenced by inconsistent loss of cutaneous sensation to cold or pinprick testing [2]. [31] PurposeThe local anesthetic injectate spread with fascial plane blocks and corresponding clinical outcomes may vary depending on the site of injection. [32] Functional anatomy and fascial plane blocks are discussed alongside paravertebral and paraspinal techniques. [33] The invention of new modalities in regional anaesthesia has included a number of important fascial plane blocks. [34] The fascial plane blocks are preferred for the post-operative pain management owing to easy technique, lack of neurological complications, and effective pain relief; SAP block is one of the fascial plane blocks offering good pain relief after chest wall procedures like thoracotomy or thoracoscopy; it has also shown promising results in case of rib fractures. [35] Among them is the ability to identify fascial planes, and this has become the basis for a new group of blocks, the fascial plane blocks. [36] Regional anesthesia and pain management have experienced advances in recent years, especially with the advent of fascial plane blocks. [37] The use of ultrasound (US) in peripheral nerve blocks and fascial plane blocks have increased the procedural success and minimized complications associated with blind techniques but its use has not penetrated equally well into central neuraxial blocks. [38] This review coincides with the evolution of ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks, societal concerns regarding opioid misuse and changing expectations regarding surgical recovery. [39] RECENT FINDINGS The application of ultrasound (US) in fascial plane blocks has improved the efficacy and effectiveness of obturator nerve block, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block, and quadratus lumborum block. [40] Fascial plane blocks such as transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block have gained popularity recently. [41] Some of these new nerve blocks are based on the concept of fascial plane blocks, in which the local anesthetic is injected into a plane instead of around a specific nerve. [42] The attraction of the novel fascial plane blocks is the potential for a similar efficacy to a paravertebral block (PVB) but with less technical difficulty and a better risk profile. [43]超声引导的胸壁筋膜平面阻滞是越来越流行的替代胸腔硬膜外或椎旁阻滞等既定技术的替代方法，因为它们操作简单并且具有吸引人的安全性。 [1] 毒性的发作越来越延迟，更大比例的临床报告继发于筋膜平面阻滞，并且涉及非麻醉师提供者的病例正在增加。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] nan [5] nan [6] nan [7] nan [8] nan [9] nan [10] nan [11] nan [12] nan [13] nan [14] 尽管筋膜平面阻滞用于心胸外科手术的证据令人鼓舞，但关于使用竖脊肌阻滞用于胸膜固定术的文献仍然很少。 [15] nan [16] nan [17] nan [18] nan [19] nan [20] nan [21] nan [22] 由于超声的广泛使用和新定义的筋膜平面阻滞，儿科区域麻醉正处于一个新时代的边缘。 [23] 近年来，由于超声引导块程序的进步和肌肉骨骼超声解剖学知识的进步，已经发表了几篇评估新的超声引导筋膜平面块的文章[1]。 [24] nan [25] nan [26] nan [27] nan [28] 客观的 随着超声引导筋膜平面阻滞的引入，局部镇痛不断发展。 [29] nan [30] nan [31] nan [32] nan [33] nan [34] nan [35] nan [36] nan [37] nan [38] nan [39] nan [40] nan [41] nan [42] nan [43]
Spina Plane Blocks 脊柱平面块
Materials & methods: This is a case series of three patients who received bilateral lumbar and sacral erector spinae plane blocks after fgGAS. [1] OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if single injection erector spinae plane blocks are associated with improved pain control, opioid use, numbness, length of stay, or patient satisfaction compared to intraoperatively placed continuous perineural infusion of local anesthetic after decompression of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. [2] Bilateral ultrasoundguided thoracic erector spinae plane blocks using a programmed intermittent bolus improve opioidsparing postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients after open cardiac surgery: a randomized, doubleblind, placebocontrolled trial. [3] We report a case in which bilateral continuous thoracic Erector Spinae Plane Blocks (ESPB) successfully treated severe acute pain from an extensive chest wall degloving injury with traumatic amputation of the left breast requiring reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi flap. [4] This prospectively designed, clinical quality improvement project compared pain scores and opioid consumption between ultrasound-guided, erector spinae plane blocks (ESPB) and thoracic paravertebral blocks (PVB) in patients undergoing total bilateral mastectomies without reconstruction. [5] We read with interest the recently published article “Preoperative Fluoroscopically Guided Regional Erector Spinae Plane Blocks Reduce Opioid Use, Increase Mobilization, and Reduce Length of Stay Following Lumbar Spine Fusion” by Owen et al. [6] Objective To evaluate the available evidence for the utility of Erector Spinae Plane blocks (ESPB) after Lumbar surgery. [7] , in response to our article entitled ‘‘Safety of neurolytic erector spinae plane blocks for cancer pain’’. [8] We describe the use of liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel) in erector spinae plane blocks for two patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and one undergoing division of the compressive vascular ring. [9] We performed bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane blocks at the second and eighth thoracic vertebrae in 11 fresh frozen cadavers. [10] While our traditional method of analgesia for these patients has involved multimodal medications and a continuous lumbar plexus block, we report two cases of patients who received continuous lumbar erector spinae plane blocks. [11] A multitude of thoracic wall blocks have been described, including parasternal-intercostal plane, Pecs I and II, serratus anterior plane, paraspinal-intercostal plane, erector spinae plane blocks, and retrolaminar blocks. [12] To further lower the risk of epidural hematoma and pneumothorax, new regional techniques have been studied, including parasternal, pectoral, and erector spinae plane blocks. [13] 1 thoracic epidural, 7 erector spinae plane blocks and 5 serratus plane blocks were performed, resulting in reduced pain scores and decreased administration of prn analgesia (see figure 1). [14] While our traditional method of analgesia for these patients has involved multimodal medications and a continuous lumbar plexus block, we report two cases of patients who received continuous lumbar erector spinae plane blocks. [15] After randomization, twelve erector spinae plane blocks were performed bilaterally with either 10 ml or 30 ml of dye at the level of T5 in seven unembalmed cadavers except for two cases of unexpected pleural puncture using the 10 ml injection. [16] Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane blocks for the management of pain in herpes zoster. [17] The authors hypothesized that patients receiving a bundle of care using continuous erector spinae plane blocks (ESPB) would have decreased perioperative opioid consumption and improved early outcome parameters compared with standard perioperative management. [18] METHOD Under ultrasound guidance, erector spinae plane blocks were done, preoperatively, at the 8th thoracic transverse process bilaterally. [19] We reviewed electronic medical records of patients with traumatic rib fractures admitted to a level‐one trauma centre between January 2016 and July 2017, who also received erector spinae plane blocks. [20] In recent years, the serratus plane and the erector spinae plane blocks have been used in ED for pain related to rib fractures. [21] Moreover, truncal blocks, including ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, pectoralis nerve (PECS) blocks, serratus anterior, intercostal, and erector spinae plane blocks, have gained routine clinical use for various surgeries. [22] Method Under ultrasound guidance, erector spinae plane blocks were done, preoperatively, at the 8th thoracic transverse process bilaterally. [23]材料与方法：这是三名患者在 fgGAS 后接受双侧腰椎和骶竖脊肌平面阻滞的病例系列。 [1] 客观的 本研究的目的是确定单次注射竖脊肌平面阻滞是否与改善疼痛控制、阿片类药物使用、麻木、住院时间或患者满意度相比，与神经源性胸廓出口减压后术中持续神经周围输注局麻药相比综合征。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] nan [5] nan [6] nan [7] nan [8] nan [9] 我们对 11 具新鲜冷冻尸体的第二和第八胸椎进行了双侧超声引导的竖脊肌平面阻滞。 [10] 虽然我们对这些患者的传统镇痛方法涉及多模式药物和连续腰丛神经阻滞，但我们报告了两例接受连续腰椎竖脊肌平面阻滞的患者。 [11] 已经描述了多种胸壁阻滞，包括胸骨旁肋间平面、胸肌 I 和 II、前锯肌平面、椎旁肋间平面、竖脊肌平面阻滞和椎板后阻滞。 [12] nan [13] nan [14] nan [15] nan [16] nan [17] nan [18] nan [19] nan [20] nan [21] nan [22] nan [23]
Interfascial Plane Blocks 筋膜间平面块
Following introduction of ultrasound use during regional anesthesia practices, new blocks named interfascial plane blocks have been introduced into clinical practice. [1] OBJECTIVE evaluate the spread of an Ultrasound guided interfascial plane blocks (UGIPB) and its potential efficacy for Cervical radiculopathy. [2] True paravertebral blockade can provide dense sensory blockade sufficient to perform awake mastectomy or herniorrhaphy, an outcome that has been elusive with other interfascial plane blocks that are better suited for only postoperative analgesia (e. [3] Our experience with the cervical paraspinal interfascial plane blocks has revealed that they can be used safely without affecting neurophysiologic monitoring and result in better pain control and reduced opiate use in the postoperative period. [4] The type II pectoral nerve block (PECS II) and the rhomboid intercostal block (RIB) are interfascial plane blocks that have been reported to provide effective analgesia after breast surgery. [5] The advent of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia has heralded a rapid growth in the number of nerve block techniques, with a particular zeal for interfascial plane blocks. [6] Nevertheless, existing literature provides limited guidance on the stratification of bleeding risk for peripheral nerve and newly described interfascial plane blocks. [7] , thoracic paravertebral block [TPVB] and interfascial plane blocks) have been extensively investigated in breast surgery. [8] What could be the reasons for such interest in the ESPB procedure to warrant such massive attention from researchers and clinicians in a short period? First, with the ESPB, even a single injection can be dispersed in a cephalad and/or caudad manner to block multiple levels of nerves, unlike other conventional interfascial plane blocks [2]. [9] Thoracic interfascial plane blocks are effective for post‐mastectomy acute analgesia. [10] To the editor, Interfascial plane blocks are emerging anesthetic and analgesic techniques for breast surgery and may be performed in various ways. [11] 4 Ultrasound-guided interfascial plane blocks are a recent development in modern regional anesthesia research and practice, which represent a new route of transmission for local anesthetic to the target nerves with an excellent analgesic and safety profiles. [12] Since most interfascial plane blocks address targets outside the central neuraxis, and at a distance from other major nerves, they are thought to decrease the incidence of major complications and side effects such as hypotension, or avoid the risk of direct trauma to neurological structures. [13] Over the past decade there has been a substantial growth in ultrasound-guided interfascial plane blocks,[1 2][1] and these procedures are now embedded in routine clinical practice. [14] As an alternative to neuraxial anesthetics, truncal nerve blocks and interfascial plane blocks for postoperative analgesia have been used for nearly a half-century. [15] Background and aims USG PECS I and II blocks are relatively new interfascial plane blocks and are gaining popularity in breast surgery. [16] All these interfascial plane blocks have shown promise as an alternative to neuraxial blockade for a variety of surgeries with good effects. [17] We use interfascial plane blocks instead of plexus and nerve blocks to minimize the possibility of nerve and vascular damage. [18] Background and objectives Both posterior quadratus lumborum (QL) and erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks have been described as new truncal interfascial plane blocks. [19] Many novel interfascial plane blocks have been developed in the last 10 years in the effort to improve perioperative pain management that are safe, efficacious, efficient, and inexpensive. [20]在区域麻醉实践中引入超声使用后，称为筋膜间平面块的新块已被引入临床实践。 [1] 客观的 评估超声引导筋膜间平面阻滞 (UGIPB) 的传播及其对颈神经根病的潜在疗效。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] nan [5] 超声引导的区域麻醉的出现预示着神经阻滞技术数量的快速增长，特别是对筋膜间平面阻滞的热情。 [6] 然而，现有文献对周围神经和新描述的筋膜间平面阻滞的出血风险分层提供了有限的指导。 [7] nan [8] nan [9] nan [10] nan [11] nan [12] nan [13] nan [14] nan [15] nan [16] nan [17] nan [18] nan [19] nan [20]
Abdomini Plane Blocks 腹部平面块
Background and Aims: Transversus abdominis plane blocks are part of the multimodal analgesia used for lower abdominal surgeries. [1] Regional anesthesia using transversus abdominis plane blocks with aqueous formulations of local anesthetics can reduce opioid consumption and pain but has a short duration of action. [2] Secondary outcomes compared yearly averaged cumulative opioid consumption on PODs 0 to 4 in oral morphine equivalents; yearly averaged numeric rating scale pain scores; hospital length of stay; and percentage of patients receiving intravenous ketorolac, ketamine, or transversus abdominis plane blocks. [3] The ERAS protocol was implemented midway through 2017; halfway through 2018, intraoperative transversus abdominis plane blocks with liposomal bupivacaine were added to the protocol. [4] BACKGROUND: Transversus abdominis plane blocks are increasingly used to achieve opioid-sparing analgesia after colorectal surgery. [5] There was no significant difference in transversus abdominis plane blocks and epidural analgesia use between groups. [6] In high-income countries, more users viewed postoperative pain blocks: adductor canal, popliteal, femoral, and transverse abdominis plane blocks. [7] 5%) centres perform transversus abdominis plane blocks with fentanyl-based patient-controlled analgesia as the most common mode of postoperative analgesia. [8] In the article entitled "No benefit of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane blocks over wound infiltration with local anesthetic in elective laparoscopic colonic surgery: results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial", Rashid and colleagues pointed to a similar analgesic effect of pre-emptive ultrasound (US)-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block compared to local wound infiltration in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colectomy [1]. [9] Epidural analgesia, intrathecal opiates, transversus abdominis plane blocks, oral and intravenous opiates, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents have all been mooted as techniques useful in improving post-caesarean analgesia. [10] Methods Patients scheduled for elective plastic surgery received PEC-1, serratus anterior plane, or transversus abdominis plane blocks as indicated for the proposed procedure. [11] CONCLUSION In the setting of a robust enhanced recovery after surgery protocol, liposomal bupivacaine does not confer advantages over conventional bupivacaine when used as single injections in transversus abdominis plane blocks after abdominally based microvascular breast reconstruction. [12] subcostal), techniques, pharmacology, indications, and complications of transversus abdominis plane blocks, as well as possible alternative truncal blocks. [13] Gabapentinoids and transversus abdominis plane blocks reduced LSG postoperative pain. [14] Modifications in the ERAS group included routine use of transversus abdominis plane blocks, intra- and postoperative fluid restriction, and minimizing the use of narcotics, drains, and nasogastric tubes. [15] Controls were patients with low level spina bifida who received single injection transversus abdominis plane blocks and underwent similar procedures. [16] transversus abdominis plane blocks at 8 h were: at rest, 2. [17] CONCLUSIONS Continuous transversus abdominis plane blocks provide modest improvements in pain after open inguinal hernia repair but fail to significantly reduce opioid consumption or improve functional activity levels in the setting of multimodal analgesia use. [18]背景和目的：腹横肌平面阻滞是用于下腹部手术的多模式镇痛的一部分。 [1] 使用腹横肌平面阻滞和局部麻醉剂的水性制剂进行区域麻醉可以减少阿片类药物的消耗和疼痛，但作用持续时间短。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] nan [5] nan [6] nan [7] 5%) 中心使用基于芬太尼的患者自控镇痛作为最常见的术后镇痛模式进行腹横肌平面阻滞。 [8] 在题为“超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞对择期腹腔镜结肠手术中局部麻醉的伤口浸润没有益处：一项双盲随机对照试验的结果”的文章中，Rashid 和他的同事指出了预腹腔镜的类似镇痛作用。在选择性腹腔镜结肠切除术患者中，空心超声 (US) 引导下腹横肌平面 (TAP) 阻滞与局部伤口浸润的比较 [1]。 [9] nan [10] nan [11] nan [12] nan [13] nan [14] nan [15] nan [16] nan [17] nan [18]
Serratu Plane Blocks 锯齿平面积木
Various nerve blocks commonly used are epidural, paravertebral block, transverse abdominis plane (TAP) block, rectus sheath block, spinal (anaesthesia), pectoral nerve (PECs) block, serratus plane blocks, erector spinae plane (ESP) block, and wound catheter for abdominal and thoracic operations. [1] Background Paravertebral and serratus plane blocks are both used to treat pain following breast surgery. [2] Current literature on the PECS block has reported 3 several types (PECS I, PECS II, and serratus plane blocks). [3] The Pecs I, Pecs II and Serratus Plane blocks are superficial thoracic wall blocks which through blockade of the pectoral, intercostal, thoracodorsal and long thoracic nerves can be used to provide analgesia for breast surgery and other procedures/surgery involving the anterior chest wall. [4] Serratus plane blocks involve injecting local anesthetic superficial to the serratus anterior muscle (SAM) in the mid-axillary line using ultrasound guidance. [5] Current literature on the PECS block has reported 3 several types (PECS I, PECS II, and serratus plane blocks). [6] To the Editor: We enjoyed the recent publication by Biswas et al [1][1] investigating dye spread in cadaveric serratus plane blocks with different volumes and injections sites. [7]常用的各种神经阻滞有硬膜外、椎旁阻滞、腹横肌平面 (TAP) 阻滞、直肌鞘阻滞、脊髓（麻醉）、胸神经 (PECs) 阻滞、前锯肌平面阻滞、竖脊肌平面 (ESP) 阻滞和伤口导管用于腹部和胸部手术。 [1] 背景椎旁和前锯肌平面阻滞均用于治疗乳房手术后的疼痛。 [2] 目前关于 PECS 阻滞的文献报道了 3 种类型（PECS I、PECS II 和锯齿状平面阻滞）。 [3] Pecs I、Pecs II 和 Serratus Plane 阻滞是浅层胸壁阻滞，通过阻滞胸神经、肋间神经、胸背神经和胸长神经，可用于为乳房手术和其他涉及前胸壁的手术/手术提供镇痛。 [4] nan [5] nan [6] nan [7]
Abdominu Plane Blocks
Simple procedures, such as saphenous peripheral nerve blocks, were performed at a greater frequency than more complicated procedures such as thoracic epidurals, continuous peripheral nerve blocks, and transverse abdominus plane blocks. [1] We inserted bilateral transverse thoracic plane catheters for continuous local anaesthetic infusion and performed bilateral subcostal transversus abdominus plane blocks for drain site analgesia. [2]简单的手术，如大隐神经周围神经阻滞，比更复杂的手术（如胸硬膜外麻醉、连续周围神经阻滞和腹横肌平面阻滞）的频率更高。 [1] 我们插入双侧胸横平面导管进行连续局部麻醉输注，并进行双侧肋下腹横肌平面阻滞用于引流部位镇痛。 [2]
Anterior Plane Blocks 前平面阻滞
These regional analgesic modalities include thoracic epidural blocks, thoracic paravertebral blocks, intrathecal opioid analgesia, serratus anterior plane blocks, intercostal nerve blocks, interscalene block, erector spinae block and interpleural block. [1] Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text BACKGROUND Serratus anterior plane blocks (SAPBs) and thoracic paravertebral blocks (TPVBs) can both be used for video-assisted thoracic surgery. [2]这些区域性镇痛方式包括胸部硬膜外阻滞、胸部椎旁阻滞、鞘内阿片类药物镇痛、前锯肌平面阻滞、肋间神经阻滞、肌间沟阻滞、竖脊肌阻滞和胸膜间阻滞。 [1] 补充数字内容可在文本背景中获得。 [2]