Northern Climates(北方气候)研究综述
Northern Climates 北方气候 - Based on the lack of research on how cargo bikes operate in northern climates and a hypothesis that cargo bikes operate with less efficiency on winter roads than in summer conditions, the two following research questions were formulated: 1. [1] Such concerns were raised by Quebec’s Ministry of Transportation (MTQ) to assess the durability of HDPE pipes made with recycled or virgin resins taking into consideration exposure conditions in northern climates. [2] Efficiency of passive bioreactors (PBRs) to treat mine drainage (acid – AMD and neutral – NMD), in northern climates, is evaluated using pilot-scale PBRs installed at the Raglan mine site (Quebec, Canada). [3] We expect that including geothermal power and thermal energy in zero energy community design can improve its cost-effectiveness and therefore enhance the benefits of zero energy in more northern climates. [4] Self-sustaining off-grid energy systems may require both short-term and seasonal energy storage for year-around operation, especially in northern climates where the intermittency in both solar irradiation and energy consumption throughout the year is extreme. [5] Winter annual legume cover crops often fail to reach full maturity by spring vegetable planting dates in northern climates, which prevents maximum nitrogen (N) contributions. [6] The US Army must update its vehicle fleet to be better equipped for potential future military conflicts in northern climates (US Army, 2017). [7] For those residing in northern climates, vitamin D production may be dramatically reduced. [8] We found that worker longevity over winter in southern climates was much lower than that recorded for northern climates. [9] Low-temperature pavement performance is important in freezing areas in northern climates. [10] Summer cover crops, because of their biomass accumulation potential, may be used by farmers in northern climates to fit into cropping system niches that have historically been left as bare soil, but care with timing is necessary to optimize weed suppression and mitigate tradeoffs for cash crop production. [11] ) establishment in northern climates. [12] Given that freezing stress, especially in northern climates, reduces plant growth and productivity, a technique was developed to protect plant cells under freezing stress using the natural products made from the abundant A. [13] Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major environmental challenge for the mining industry in northern climates. [14] Our results support winter oilseed crops as candidates to diversify the corn–soybean rotation in northern climates; however, the development of technologies aiming at maximizing grain yield and economic value in double cropping is needed. [15] Frozen water pipes not only occur in northern climates, but also in more moderate climates that have occasional periods of temperatures below the freezing point. [16] This study determines the yields and break-even prices of perennial grass biomass crops in the state of North Dakota using bioeconomic GIS-based simulation modelling to address the uncertainty surrounding investments in biomass feedstock, particularly in northern climates and the Northern Great Plains. [17] The purpose of this study is to provide an exhaustive analysis of composting leachate composition, with a particular focus on leachate from Northern climates. [18] However, PBR performance is poorly known in northern climates, characterized by low temperatures ( 87%) and sulfate (100%) removal, at 22 °C and for non-saline mine drainage. [19] The introduction of cold climate interspecific hybrid grape (CCIHG) cultivars has stimulated a new wine industry in northern climates; however, high fruit acidity at harvest and limited information on fruit composition of these new cultivars make producing quality wines difficult. [20] With respect to Europe, a higher cooling potential was found for northern climates. [21] Findings Recent data suggest Somalis living in northern climates (Minnesota, the USA, Helsinki, Finland, Sweden and the UK) experience significant deficiencies in vitamin D. [22] Given the long-term expected change in the energy balance of northern climates, the approach presented provides a framework for quantifying the interactions of ecohydrological fluxes and waters stored in the soil and understanding how these may be impacted in future. [23] Given the long-term expected 26 change in the energy-balance of northern climates, the approach presented provides a framework for quantifying the interactions 27 of ecohydrological fluxes and waters stored in the soil and understanding how these may be impacted in future. [24] However, ensuring performance of passive treatment is challenging in northern climates, which are characterized by low temperatures (. [25] On a city level, the use of fossil fuel in combined heat and power production (CHP), typical for northern climates, could significantly be reduced leading even close to 70% CO2 emission reductions in Helsinki. [26]基于缺乏关于货运自行车如何在北方气候条件下运行的研究以及货运自行车在冬季道路上的运行效率低于夏季条件的假设，制定了以下两个研究问题：1。 [1] 魁北克交通部 (MTQ) 提出了这样的担忧，以评估由回收或原始树脂制成的 HDPE 管道的耐久性，同时考虑到北方气候的暴露条件。 [2] 使用安装在 Raglan 矿区（加拿大魁北克）的中试规模 PBR 评估了在北部气候下被动生物反应器 (PBR) 处理矿山排水（酸性 - AMD 和中性 - NMD）的效率。 [3] 我们期望在零能源社区设计中包括地热能和热能可以提高其成本效益，从而在更北方的气候中增强零能源的好处。 [4] 自给自足的离网能源系统可能需要短期和季节性的能量储存以实现全年运行，特别是在全年太阳辐射和能源消耗的间歇性极端的北方气候下。 [5] 在北方气候下，冬季一年生豆类覆盖作物通常无法在春季蔬菜种植日期之前完全成熟，这阻碍了最大的氮 (N) 贡献。 [6] 美国陆军必须更新其车队，以便更好地装备以应对北方气候下潜在的未来军事冲突（美国陆军，2017 年）。 [7] 对于居住在北方气候的人来说，维生素 D 的产量可能会大大减少。 [8] 我们发现，在南方气候条件下，工人在冬季的寿命远低于北方气候条件下的记录。 [9] 低温路面性能在北方气候的冰冻地区很重要。 [10] 夏季覆盖作物，由于其生物量积累潜力，可能被北方气候的农民使用以适应历来作为裸露土壤的种植系统生态位，但必须注意时机，以优化杂草抑制和减轻经济作物的权衡生产。 [11] ) 在北方气候中建立。 [12] 鉴于冷冻胁迫，特别是在北方气候下，会降低植物的生长和生产力，因此开发了一种技术来保护植物细胞在冷冻胁迫下使用由丰富的 A. [13] 酸性矿山排水 (AMD) 是北方气候下采矿业面临的主要环境挑战。 [14] 我们的研究结果支持冬季油料作物作为北方气候下玉米-大豆轮作多样化的候选作物；然而，需要开发旨在最大限度地提高双季作物产量和经济价值的技术。 [15] 结冰的水管不仅出现在北方气候中，而且出现在更温和的气候中，这些气候偶尔会出现低于冰点的温度。 [16] 本研究使用基于生物经济 GIS 的模拟模型确定了北达科他州多年生草类生物质作物的产量和收支平衡价格，以解决围绕生物质原料投资的不确定性，特别是在北部气候和北部大平原地区。 [17] 本研究的目的是提供对堆肥渗滤液成分的详尽分析，特别关注来自北方气候的渗滤液。 [18] 然而，PBR 性能在北方气候中鲜为人知，其特点是低温 (87%) 和硫酸盐 (100%) 去除，在 22°C 和无盐矿排水。 [19] 寒冷气候种间杂交葡萄（CCIHG）品种的引进刺激了北方气候的新葡萄酒产业；然而，收获时的高水果酸度和这些新品种的水果成分信息有限，使得生产优质葡萄酒变得困难。 [20] 就欧洲而言，发现北部气候具有更高的冷却潜力。 [21] 发现 最近的数据表明，生活在北部气候地区（明尼苏达州、美国、赫尔辛基、芬兰、瑞典和英国）的索马里人严重缺乏维生素 D。 [22] 鉴于北方气候能量平衡的长期预期变化，所提出的方法提供了一个框架，用于量化生态水文通量和土壤中储存的水的相互作用，并了解这些在未来可能受到的影响。 [23] 鉴于北方气候能量平衡的长期预期 26 变化，所提出的方法提供了一个框架，用于量化生态水文通量和土壤中储存的水的相互作用 27 并了解这些在未来可能受到的影响。 [24] 然而，在以低温为特征的北方气候中确保被动处理的性能具有挑战性（. [25] 在城市层面，在典型的北方气候中，化石燃料在热电联产 (CHP) 中的使用可以显着减少，从而导致赫尔辛基的二氧化碳排放量减少近 70%。 [26]