Motivational Effects(激励效果)研究综述
Motivational Effects 激励效果 - In addition, stimulation of these cells disrupts defensive threat responses and elicits reward-like motivational effects. [1] In this review, we delve into the ongoing debate about why weak and strong reward-predictive cues differ in their motivational effects. [2] Rats exposed to either contingent or non‐contingent cocaine during adolescence exhibited the same behavior in the CPP paradigm suggesting that, under our experimental conditions, cocaine rewarding properties are shaped by the psychostimulant itself and not by its motivational effects. [3] Alcohol may promote its euphoric and motivational effects, in part, by activating the endogenous opioid system. [4] By identifying an integral dimension of goals that can reverse the motivational effects of regulatory nonfit, the present research connects with other work documenting the importance of mindsets about resistance, and suggests novel implications for motivating desired behaviors. [5] This study contributes to the evidence on motivational effects from performance-related pay (PRP) in the public sector. [6] Hence, the need for study to extract these motivational effects of gamifications applications from the existing body of knowledge. [7] Using the social defeat (SD) model, numerous studies have shown that stressed mice display an enhanced response to the motivational effects of cocaine in the self-administration (SA) and conditioned-place preference (CPP) paradigms. [8] Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of PPI to identify females with a greater vulnerability to the long-term consequences of early stress on the motivational effects of cocaine. [9] So far, evidence about the motivational effects of teaching formats are scarce. [10] AIMS We investigated patterns of self-efficacy and self-concept and their predictive effects on mathematical modelling while taking into account school grades as measure of prior achievement and reasoning to reveal cognitive and motivational effects on achievement. [11] This study investigates the motivational effects of entrepreneurial desires and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) as drivers of entrepreneurial intentions in tourism and hospitality (T&H) student. [12] The first part summarizes the self-reported cognitive, affective, and motivational effects of student feedback on teachers, which can subsequently lead to behavioral changes in the classroom. [13] Childhood trauma may therefore sensitise individuals to the pleasurable and motivational effects of opioids and reduce sensitivity to the negative effects, providing compelling evidence for individual differences in opioid reward sensitivity. [14] The aim of the study is to investigate the motivational effects of tourist traits and risk appraisal on tourist destination risk perception. [15] These findings highlight the role of the left FPN in the motivational effects of cocaine dependence. [16] Locomotor, analgesic, rewarding, and motivational effects of morphine were preserved in conditional mutants. [17] Furthermore, studies performed with near term rat fetuses suggest heightened sensitivity to EtOH's motivational effects. [18] The aim of this study was to investigate the motivational effects of informative tutoring feedback compared to basic feedback. [19] OXT plays a role in stress response and in drug reward, but to date no studies have evaluated its implication in the long‐lasting increase of the motivational effects of cocaine induced by repeated social defeat (RSD). [20] These results suggest that KSO can alter rewarding/motivational effects of EtOH. [21] The effect of an ATR type 1 (AT1R) antagonist, candesartan cilexetil, on the reinforcing and motivational effects of METH was first assessed using the animal model of METH self-administration (SA) and reinstatement. [22] Specifically, it addresses the question of (daily) encounters with eudaimonic memes, remembered topics, emotional and motivational effects with a focus on gender differences. [23] These findings highlight that the motivational effects of making identities salient might not hold for identities that cannot be attained by executing simple behaviors. [24] Measurement of these motivational effects in animal models is an important but challenging aspect of preclinical research into the neurobiology of AUD. [25] Developmentally-lead (Pb)-exposed rats showed an enhanced vulnerability to the stimulating and motivational effects of ethanol (EtOH). [26] take a neurocomputational approach to demonstrate that motivational effects on perceptual judgements reflect a bias in both response and perception. [27] This article aims at a better understanding of such motivational effects of PBF. [28] We hypothesized that the interruption of visceral afferent pathways would decrease the motivational effects of the drug, thereby either decreasing or preventing drug cravings. [29] Measurement of these motivational effects in animal models is an important but challenging aspect of preclinical research into the neurobiology of AUD. [30] There was also evidence of motivational effects on self-control performance, although the results contradicted the hypothesis. [31] In this review, we synthesize previous scholarly efforts concerning the motivational effects of anticipated investment of mental effort, new developments in the expectancy-value theory of motivation, and recent findings implicating cognitive load in the formulation of motivational beliefs. [32] This article aims at a better understanding of such motivational effects of PBF. [33] For that purpose, a onegroup pretest-posttest research design drawing on a mixed methodology was conducted to analyse the motivational effects of implementing a multimodal pedagogy in the classroom during a semester. [34] The findings suggest that CP94253 attenuates the motivational effects of the Meth-associated environment and highlight the amygdala, VTA, NAc, and dorsomedial striatum as potential regions involved in this effect. [35] The goal was to implement a Sport Education season in a first-grade class to assess students and teacher’ perceptions about the model and its motivational effects (basic psychological needs satisfaction). [36] Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2) are localized in brain regions implicated in stress response, reward seeking and aversive responses, raising the possibility that PACAP may be involved in motivational effects of nicotine. [37] Locke and Latham’s (1990) goal-setting theory is based on the assumption that the motivational effects of performance goals mainly determine a person’s performance on work-related tasks. [38] The research specifically focused on the teaching methodology of Italian teachers, as well as on the motivational effects on learners. [39] Preclinical studies have shown that the motivational effects of alcohol and excessive ethanol consumption involve the recruitment of the sigma receptor system. [40] While investigations of the rewarding and motivational effects of METH have focused on neuronal actions, increasing evidence suggests that METH can also target microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, causing release of proinflammatory mediators and therefore amplifying the reward changes in the neuronal activity induced by METH. [41] Motivational effects are traced to pleasure generated from technology use (intrinsic motivation), and to the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs that generate and sustain high-quality motivation; the manner in which digital technologies enable learners to connect to others (relatedness); experiences of agency and independence in using the L2 in digital spaces (autonomy); and the generation of linguistic self-confidence (competence). [42]此外，对这些细胞的刺激会破坏防御性威胁反应并引发类似奖励的激励效应。 [1] 在这篇评论中，我们深入探讨了关于为什么弱和强奖励预测线索在激励效果方面不同的争论。 [2] 在青春期暴露于偶然或非偶然可卡因的大鼠在 CPP 范式中表现出相同的行为，这表明在我们的实验条件下，可卡因奖励特性是由精神兴奋剂本身而不是由其激励作用塑造的。 [3] 酒精可能通过激活内源性阿片系统来促进其欣快和激励作用。 [4] 通过确定可以逆转监管不合适的激励效应的目标的一个整体维度，本研究与其他工作联系起来，这些工作记录了对阻力的心态的重要性，并提出了激励期望行为的新含义。 [5] 这项研究有助于证明公共部门绩效相关薪酬 (PRP) 的激励效应。 [6] 因此，需要研究从现有的知识体系中提取游戏化应用程序的这些激励效果。 [7] 使用社会失败 (SD) 模型，许多研究表明，压力大的老鼠在自我管理 (SA) 和条件性位置偏好 (CPP) 范式中对可卡因的激励作用表现出增强的反应。 [8] 因此，本研究的目的是评估 PPI 识别更容易受到早期压力对可卡因激励作用的长期后果影响的女性的能力。 [9] 到目前为止，关于教学形式的激励作用的证据很少。 [10] 目标 我们调查了自我效能和自我概念的模式及其对数学建模的预测影响，同时将学校成绩作为衡量先前成就和推理的指标，以揭示认知和动机对成就的影响。 [11] 本研究调查了创业愿望和创业自我效能感 (ESE) 作为旅游和酒店 (T&H) 学生创业意图的驱动因素的激励作用。 [12] 第一部分总结了学生反馈对教师的自我报告的认知、情感和动机影响，这些影响随后可能导致课堂上的行为改变。 [13] 因此，童年创伤可能使个人对阿片类药物的愉悦和激励作用敏感，并降低对负面影响的敏感性，为阿片类药物奖励敏感性的个体差异提供令人信服的证据。 [14] 本研究的目的是调查旅游特质和风险评估对旅游目的地风险感知的激励作用。 [15] 这些发现强调了左 FPN 在可卡因依赖的激励作用中的作用。 [16] 吗啡的运动、镇痛、奖励和激励作用在条件突变体中得以保留。 [17] 此外，对近期大鼠胎儿进行的研究表明，对 EtOH 的激励作用的敏感性更高。 [18] 本研究的目的是调查信息辅导反馈与基本反馈相比的激励作用。 [19] OXT 在压力反应和药物奖励中发挥作用，但迄今为止，还没有研究评估其在反复社交失败 (RSD) 诱导的可卡因激励效应长期增加中的影响。 [20] 这些结果表明，KSO 可以改变 EtOH 的奖励/激励效果。 [21] 首先使用 METH 自我给药 (SA) 和恢复的动物模型评估 ATR 1 型 (AT1R) 拮抗剂坎地沙坦酯对 METH 的增强和激励作用的影响。 [22] 具体来说，它解决了（每天）遇到 eudaimonic 模因、记忆主题、情感和动机影响的问题，重点是性别差异。 [23] 这些发现强调，使身份显着的动机效应可能不适用于通过执行简单行为无法获得的身份。 [24] 在动物模型中测量这些激励效应是 AUD 神经生物学临床前研究的一个重要但具有挑战性的方面。 [25] 发育铅 (Pb) 暴露的大鼠对乙醇 (EtOH) 的刺激和激励作用表现出更高的脆弱性。 [26] 采用神经计算方法来证明对知觉判断的动机影响反映了反应和知觉的偏差。 [27] 本文旨在更好地理解 PBF 的这种激励作用。 [28] 我们假设内脏传入通路的中断会降低药物的激励作用，从而减少或防止对药物的渴望。 [29] 在动物模型中测量这些激励效应是 AUD 神经生物学临床前研究的一个重要但具有挑战性的方面。 [30] 尽管结果与假设相矛盾，但也有证据表明动机对自我控制表现有影响。 [31] 在这篇综述中，我们综合了先前关于预期心理努力投资的动机效应的学术成果、动机的预期价值理论的新发展，以及在动机信念的形成中涉及认知负荷的最新发现。 [32] 本文旨在更好地理解 PBF 的这种激励作用。 [33] 为此，进行了一项基于混合方法的单组前测后测研究设计，以分析一个学期在课堂上实施多模式教学法的动机效果。 [34] 研究结果表明，CP94253 减弱了冰毒相关环境的激励效应，并强调杏仁核、VTA、NAc 和背内侧纹状体是参与这种效应的潜在区域。 [35] 目标是在一年级班级实施体育教育季，以评估学生和教师对该模型及其激励效果（基本心理需求满意度）的看法。 [36] 垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽 (PACAP) 及其受体 (PAC1、VPAC1 和 VPAC2) 位于与压力反应、奖励寻求和厌恶反应有关的大脑区域，这增加了 PACAP 可能参与尼古丁的激励作用的可能性。 [37] Locke and Latham (1990) 的目标设定理论是基于这样一个假设，即绩效目标的激励效应主要决定一个人在工作相关任务上的表现。 [38] 该研究特别关注意大利教师的教学方法，以及对学习者的激励作用。 [39] 临床前研究表明，酒精和过量饮酒的激励作用涉及 sigma 受体系统的募集。 [40] 虽然对 METH 的奖励和激励作用的研究集中在神经元的作用上，但越来越多的证据表明，METH 还可以靶向小胶质细胞，即中枢神经系统的先天免疫细胞，导致促炎介质的释放，从而放大神经元的奖励变化METH 诱导的活性。 [41] 动机效应可以追溯到技术使用产生的快乐（内在动机），以及产生和维持高质量动机的三个基本心理需求的满足；数字技术使学习者与他人联系的方式（相关性）；在数字空间中使用 L2 的代理和独立经验（自主）；和语言自信（能力）的产生。 [42]
Aversive Motivational Effects
These results provide contradictory evidence to the popularly held belief that the brain dopaminergic system exclusively mediates the rewarding effects of abused drugs, instead providing evidence that the aversive motivational effects of nicotine are signaled through this system as well. [1] This chapter focuses on age-related differences in sensitivity to the appetitive, and aversive motivational effects, of alcohol in rodent studies. [2]这些结果为普遍认为大脑多巴胺能系统专门调节滥用药物的奖励作用提供了相互矛盾的证据，而不是提供证据表明尼古丁的厌恶激励作用也通过该系统发出信号。 [1] 本章重点关注啮齿类动物研究中酒精对食欲和厌恶激励效应的敏感性与年龄相关的差异。 [2]
Potential Motivational Effects
While there are some immediately apparent advantages (epistemic, speed, flexibility, global reach, court enforced), this route seems problematic for, at least, three important reasons: 1) lack of democratic legitimacy/procedural justice, 2) voluntariness, wider/global coordination, and sustainability/stability challenges and 3) potential motivational effects/problems. [1] Results: Three themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) technology and problems implementing it, (b) homework in PE, and (c) potential motivational effects of technology. [2]虽然有一些显而易见的优势（认知、速度、灵活性、全球范围、法院强制执行），但这条路线似乎存在问题，至少有三个重要原因：1）缺乏民主合法性/程序正义，2）自愿性，更广泛/全球协调、可持续性/稳定性挑战和 3) 潜在的激励效应/问题。 [1] 结果：数据分析中出现了三个主题：(a) 技术及其实施问题，(b) 体育课的作业，以及 (c) 技术的潜在激励效应。 [2]
Positive Motivational Effects
While drugs that block dopamine transport (DAT) reportedly have positive motivational effects, DAT inhibitors such as cocaine and amphetamines produce undesirable side effects. [1] The results provide robust evidence for positive motivational effects of concrete titles. [2]虽然据报道阻断多巴胺转运 (DAT) 的药物具有积极的激励作用，但可卡因和安非他明等 DAT 抑制剂会产生不良副作用。 [1] 结果为具体标题的积极激励作用提供了有力的证据。 [2]
Incentive Motivational Effects
Here we studied the influence of BLA neuron activity on both the predictive and incentive motivational effects of CS. [1] However, incentive motivational effects of tuberal LH stimulation may shift toward self-stimulation behavior after repeated stimulation. [2]在这里，我们研究了 BLA 神经元活动对 CS 的预测和激励激励效应的影响。 [1] 然而，在重复刺激后，结节 LH 刺激的激励激励作用可能会转向自我刺激行为。 [2]
Negative Motivational Effects 负面的激励效应
Managers should be given procedural autonomy; performance information should be used to increase learning; links between performance and rewards should be considered carefully; performance information and management practices should be used to support professional development and to avoid negative motivational effects and gaming; performance information should be used as a basis for dialogue; and, finally, performance management should increase employee autonomy and avoid documentation overload. [1] Specifically, rather than finding a positive motivational benefit of transparency as anecdotal and initial research evidence suggest, we instead find there are either no meaningful positive motivational benefits or even negative motivational effects of providing pay transparency. [2]应给予管理人员程序上的自主权；应使用绩效信息来增加学习；应仔细考虑绩效和奖励之间的联系；绩效信息和管理实践应用于支持专业发展并避免负面的激励效应和博弈；绩效信息应作为对话的基础；最后，绩效管理应增加员工自主权并避免文件超载。 [1] 具体来说，我们并没有像轶事和初步研究证据所表明的那样发现透明度的积极激励效益，而是发现提供薪酬透明度没有有意义的积极激励效益，甚至没有负面激励效应。 [2]