Investment Agreements(投资协议)研究综述
Investment Agreements 投资协议 - It explores interrelated theoretical and substantive claims on proliferating trade and investment agreements in the Asia-Pacific. [1] A clear role for restrictions on CSR does emerge, however, in investment agreements that seek to eliminate investment protectionism by requiring “pre-establishment national treatment” for foreign investors. [2] This path implies that constitutional courts manage normative conflicts between investment agreements (IIAs) and a national constitution by defining a set of minimum conditions that IIAs must satisfy before they enter into force. [3] There is anecdotal evidence suggesting that those losing from globalization influence policy makers to decrease the openness of their countries to globalization, as evidenced by signing international trade and investment agreements. [4] The article encompasses an analysis of the Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) Chapters in recent EU trade or trade and investment Agreements (FTAs); in this respect, it emphasises that the TCA’s provisions are innovative. [5] This paper aims to address and compare the role and effect of gender provisions in trade and investment agreements, and to shed light on additional policies that may be needed to ensure that governments and multinational enterprises address gender constraints. [6] Furthermore, when distinguishing between African and international partners in investment agreements, the extent of misalignment differs according to the level of democracy, as democratic countries can afford intermediate regimes, while for weak democracies, fixed regimes are required to curb disequilibria. [7] This is manifested especially in investment agreements and international commercial transactions involving states. [8] A common argument against regulation is potential conflict with binding commitments under international trade and investment agreements (TIAs). [9] In this chapter, a comparative review of over regional trade and investment agreements (RTAs) provides analysis of how innovative mechanisms to address sustainable development issues can be interpreted in the context of a free trade agreement (FTA). [10] The chapter then goes on to discuss how the integration principle might assist in interpreting provisions of trade and investment agreements, as a basis for later examination of progress in the World Trade Organization (WTO), and in bilateral and regional economic negotiations which make an explicit commitment to sustainable development. [11] , polycentric governance, extraterritorial regulation, proposed international treaty, reform of corporate laws, and rebalancing of trade-investment agreements), this article makes two arguments. [12] It then draws on this review to consider the negative social and environmental impacts that may be caused or exacerbated by trade and investment treaty provisions, recognizing that social and environmental impacts of liberalization under trade and investment agreements are not always positive. [13] Investment agreements on equity crowdfunding platform can be implemented in mudharabah agreement, meanwhile, the agreement between the crowdfunding service provider and the crowdfunding user can use the wakalah bil ujrah contract. [14] Host countries like China can also promote the signing of trade and investment agreements with the home countries of multinational companies, making home countries assume part of the obligation to regulate multinational companies. [15] It also discusses customary and interstitial norms, and whether international law requires States to integrate significant environmental and social considerations into economic development plans, including into the negotiations of new trade and investment agreements, noting the relevance of the maxim pacta sunct servanda. [16] Despite losing high-court challenges against packaging regulations in both countries, tobacco firms were still able to challenge states in a different way, through international trade and investment agreements. [17] This chapter analyses implementation of the People’s Trade Agreement (TCP), a framework for cooperative, state-led, complementary trade and investment agreements between ALBA members. [18] The main content of bri includes financing and investment agreements of infrastructure projects in several Asian, European and African countries, which would improve physical connections. [19] The article argues, however, that this conception of autonomy ought to be confined to the specific legal and policy context of investment agreements between Member States of the Union. [20] Although ASEAN countries and China agreed on further liberalization in investment, the effects of investment agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties on risk prevention and safeguarding investment interests have rarely been discussed and examined via empirical studies. [21] The article examines trade and investment agreements as regulatory vehicles that cultivate poor dietary consumption and inequalities in health outcomes between and within countries. [22] Over the 10 years since the Lisbon Treaty, the European Union has increasingly entered into international trade and investment agreements. [23] This chapter urges a more nuanced view of international trade and investment agreements as one of a plurality of factors that are reshaping the global political economy, as China’s hegemonic power grows and that of the USA declines. [24] This paper is aimed to analyse whether trade and investment agreements that involve Indonesia can contribute to prevent and mitigate environmental damage as a result from FDI on tourism. [25] In this context, two major trade and investment agreements that could lead to profound influence on low-carbon energy systems development around the Asia-Pacific region are the Regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) consisted of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and Republic of Korea and the Belt and road initiative (BRI) initiated by China. [26] It then briefly presents information on provisions in international trade and investment agreements that are relevant to ITT. [27] For the European Union (EU), the dynamics of signing bilateral trade and investment agreements with third countries is steadily going forward. [28] In this article, we first examine China’s export of an infrastructure-based development model, implemented through Chinese state-owned and private enterprise investments and commercial contracts (Part B), before turning to China’s development of a complementary web of free trade and investment agreements (Part C), and an indigenous innovation policy (Part D). [29] The EU often attracts most attention in the social policy literature but a wide range of regional formations worldwide are directly relevant to social policy and development As this chapter shows, world-regional policy is by no means confined to regional trade and investment agreements, or to economic development strategies, and regional cooperation, coordination and integration strategies extend across a very wide range of social sectors. [30] There have been some concerns over the existence of trade and investment agreements. [31] More generally, the dynamics of signing bilateral trade and investment agreements with third countries is steadily going forward so that lessons can certainly be learned from the TTIP experience, no matter what happens in the future with its negotiations. [32] This research addresses the effectiveness of selective government policies and investment agreements in attracting FDI flows in developing countries. [33] In a world economy in which Global Value Chains (GVCs) have changed the paradigm of globalisation, we have yet to unravel the implications this has for the architecture of trade and investment agreements. [34] The purpose of this Chapter is to explain the ways in which the EU’s cumbersome investment law and policy can affect the protection of the Intellectual Property (IP) rights of EU investors abroad, by focusing on the following core issues: (a) the fate of Member State bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with third countries following the Lisbon amendments; (b) the conclusion of new EU trade and investment agreements; (c) the compatibility of intra-EU BITs with EU Law; and (d) the compatibility between the Investment Court System and investment tribunals under Member State BITs with third countries and EU law. [35]它探讨了有关亚太地区贸易和投资协议激增的相互关联的理论和实质性主张。 [1] 然而，限制企业社会责任的明确作用确实出现在通过要求对外国投资者“准入前国民待遇”来消除投资保护主义的投资协议中。 [2] 这条路径意味着宪法法院通过定义一组 IIA 在生效前必须满足的最低条件来管理投资协议 (IIA) 和国家宪法之间的规范冲突。 [3] 有轶事证据表明，那些因全球化而失败的人会影响决策者降低其国家对全球化的开放程度，签署国际贸易和投资协议就是明证。 [4] 本文包括对近期欧盟贸易或贸易和投资协定 (FTA) 中的贸易和可持续发展 (TSD) 章节的分析；在这方面，它强调TCA的规定具有创新性。 [5] 本文旨在探讨和比较性别条款在贸易和投资协议中的作用和效果，并阐明为确保政府和跨国企业解决性别限制可能需要采取的额外政策。 [6] 此外，在区分投资协议中的非洲和国际伙伴时，错位的程度因民主程度而异，因为民主国家可以负担中间制度，而对于弱民主国家，则需要固定制度来遏制不平衡。 [7] 这尤其体现在涉及国家的投资协议和国际商业交易中。 [8] 反对监管的一个常见论点是可能与国际贸易和投资协定 (TIA) 下的约束性承诺发生冲突。 [9] 在本章中，对区域贸易和投资协定 (RTA) 的比较回顾分析了如何在自由贸易协定 (FTA) 的背景下解释解决可持续发展问题的创新机制。 [10] 然后，本章继续讨论一体化原则如何有助于解释贸易和投资协定的条款，作为以后审查世界贸易组织（WTO）以及双边和区域经济谈判进展的基础，这些谈判明确规定了对可持续发展的承诺。 [11] 、多中心治理、域外监管、拟议的国际条约、公司法改革和贸易投资协议的再平衡），本文提出了两个论点。 [12] 然后，它利用这一审查来考虑贸易和投资条约条款可能造成或加剧的负面社会和环境影响，并认识到贸易和投资协定下的自由化对社会和环境的影响并不总是积极的。 [13] 股权众筹平台的投资协议可以在mudharabah协议中执行，同时众筹服务商与众筹用户之间的协议可以使用wakalah bil ujrah合约。 [14] 中国等东道国也可以推动与跨国公司母国签订贸易投资协定，让母国承担监管跨国公司的部分义务。 [15] 它还讨论了习惯和间隙规范，以及国际法是否要求各国将重要的环境和社会考虑因素纳入经济发展计划，包括纳入新贸易和投资协定的谈判，并指出遵守准则的相关性。 [16] 尽管在两国对包装法规的高庭挑战中败诉，烟草公司仍然能够通过国际贸易和投资协议以不同的方式挑战各州。 [17] 本章分析了人民贸易协定 (TCP) 的实施，该协定是 ALBA 成员之间合作的、国家主导的、互补的贸易和投资协定的框架。 [18] bri的主要内容包括在几个亚洲、欧洲和非洲国家的基础设施项目的融资和投资协议，这将改善物理连接。 [19] 然而，该文章认为，这种自治概念应仅限于欧盟成员国之间投资协议的特定法律和政策背景。 [20] 尽管东盟国家和中国同意进一步放开投资，但投资协定和双边投资条约对风险防范和保护投资利益的影响却很少通过实证研究进行讨论和检验。 [21] 文章将贸易和投资协议作为监管工具来研究不良饮食消费和国家之间和国家内部健康结果的不平等。 [22] 自《里斯本条约》签订以来的 10 年里，欧盟越来越多地加入国际贸易和投资协定。 [23] 随着中国霸权的增强和美国的霸权的衰落，本章敦促对国际贸易和投资协定作为重塑全球政治经济的众多因素之一进行更细致入微的看法。 [24] 本文旨在分析涉及印度尼西亚的贸易和投资协定是否有助于防止和减轻旅游业外国直接投资对环境造成的破坏。 [25] 在此背景下，可能对亚太地区低碳能源系统发展产生深远影响的两项主要贸易和投资协定是由东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN）和澳大利亚、中国、印度、日本、新西兰和大韩民国以及中国发起的“一带一路”倡议（BRI）。 [26] 然后简要介绍与 ITT 相关的国际贸易和投资协议中的条款信息。 [27] 对欧盟而言，与第三国签署双边贸易和投资协定的势头正在稳步推进。 [28] 在本文中，我们首先考察了中国出口的基于基础设施的发展模式，通过中国国有和私营企业投资和商业合同（B 部分）实施，然后转向中国发展自由贸易和投资协定的互补网络（C 部分）和自主创新政策（D 部分）。 [29] 欧盟经常在社会政策文献中引起最大的关注，但世界范围内广泛的区域结构与社会政策和发展直接相关 如本章所示，世界区域政策绝不限于区域贸易和投资协定，或经济发展战略以及区域合作、协调和一体化战略延伸到非常广泛的社会部门。 [30] 人们对贸易和投资协定的存在存在一些担忧。 [31] 更一般地说，与第三国签署双边贸易和投资协定的势头正在稳步推进，因此无论未来谈判发生什么，都可以从 TTIP 的经验中吸取教训。 [32] 本研究探讨了选择性政府政策和投资协议在吸引发展中国家 FDI 流动方面的有效性。 [33] 在全球价值链 (GVC) 改变了全球化范式的世界经济中，我们尚未阐明这对贸易和投资协定架构的影响。 [34] 本章的目的是通过关注以下核心问题，解释欧盟繁琐的投资法律和政策如何影响欧盟投资者在海外的知识产权（IP）权利的保护：里斯本修正案后与第三国签订的成员国双边投资条约（BITs）； (b) 缔结新的欧盟贸易和投资协定； (c) 欧盟内部双边投资条约与欧盟法律的兼容性； (d) 投资法院系统和成员国双边投资协定下的投资法庭与第三国和欧盟法律的兼容性。 [35]
investor state dispute
More than 3000 international investment agreements (IIAs) provide foreign investors with substantive protections in host states and access to binding investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). [1] Indeed, international investment agreements often include specific references to IP rights in the list of ‘investments’ protected, thus allowing private parties to challenge States’ measures through investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanisms. [2] More than 3000 international investment agreements (IIAs) provide foreign investors with substantive protections in host states and access to binding investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). [3]超过 3000 份国际投资协议 (IIA) 为外国投资者在东道国提供实质性保护，并获得具有约束力的投资者与国家争端解决 (ISDS)。 [1] 事实上，国际投资协议通常在受保护的“投资”清单中具体提及知识产权，从而允许私人当事方通过投资者-国家争端解决 (ISDS) 机制对国家措施提出质疑。 [2] nan [3]
foreign direct investment
The chapter explores the interrelationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), international investment agreements (IIAs) and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) on a foundational level. [1] Issues that concern transboundary flows of foreign direct investment are examined on the basis of WTO rules on trade in services, in particular commitments concerning commercial presence in the context of market access and national treatment, and on trade in goods under the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, as well as rules in bilateral and multilateral investment agreements aiming at facilitating flows of foreign direct investment among treaty parties. [2]本章从基础层面探讨了外国直接投资 (FDI)、国际投资协定 (IIAs) 和可持续发展目标 (SDG) 之间的相互关系。 [1] 涉及外国直接投资跨界流动的问题根据 WTO 服务贸易规则进行审查，特别是在市场准入和国民待遇背景下有关商业存在的承诺，以及《与贸易有关的协定》下的货物贸易投资措施，以及旨在促进外国直接投资在条约缔约方之间流动的双边和多边投资协定中的规则。 [2]
International Investment Agreements 国际投资协议
Our work captures the effects of international investment agreements on FDI inflows specifically into India. [1] This innovative trade agreement encompasses aspects of free trade agreements, international investment agreements and economic sustainability agreements, which allows for the sustainable promotion of both CARICOM’s and China’s trading objectives. [2] States traditionally have given arbitrators broad latitude to interpret and apply international investment agreements. [3] Against the backdrop of sweeping critiques about the potential ‘regulatory chill’ of international investment agreements and their investor-State dispute settlement mechanism, this contribution examines whether arbitral tribunals have interpreted and applied investment rules in a fashion that can unduly restrict the discretion of host States to honour their marine environmental obligations. [4] One of the fundamental objectives of international investment agreements (IIAs) is to protect the rights and interests of foreign investors in the territory of a contracting State. [5] Design/methodology/approach The study analyses the move by African countries to “Africanise” IIL by incorporating specific and innovative provisions and features in their international investment agreements (IIAs) for the benefit of African economies. [6] A potential scenario for this concern is that, as more robust environmental regulation is made, investors who have been adversely impacted in the fossil fuel sector, will threaten to sue States under international investment agreements (‘IIAs’). [7] This article presents selected findings on India relating to the effects of international investment agreements (IIAs) on national governance. [8] Opponents argue that traditional International Investment Agreements (IIAs) prompt a “regulatory chill effect” that prevents host states from adopting environmental, labor, or social policies as they oblige host states to compensate foreign investors for losses caused by such sustainability policies. [9] The international investment agreements (IIAs) are a strategic policy instrument that member countries could use to achieve win-win cooperation. [10] Over 2,5000 international investment agreements govern trillions of dollars in foreign direct investment that crisscrosses the globe. [11] Investment treaties, often referred to as ‘international investment agreements’ (IIAs), are essentially instruments of international law by which states (1) make commitments to other states with respect to the treatment they will accord to investors and investments from those other states, and (2) agree to some mechanism for enforcement of those commitments. [12] This article discusses approaches to re-envisioning the investment governance regime with a view towards reversing unjustified privileging of investors, including the roles of home and host states in reviewing international investment agreements as well as advancing related national legal frameworks pertaining to investor obligations. [13] The interplay between treaty-specific provisions determining the scope of application of a specific agreement and the general law of treaties has particular relevance in the field of investment law, since tribunals are faced with several crucial moments in time which determine the rights and obligations arising under the specific international investment agreements (IIAs). [14] , investment protection provided by International Investment Agreements (IIAs) and agglomeration economies (country-of-origin agglomeration, industry agglomeration, and internal agglomeration) both at an aggregate level and for different functions. [15] Some international investment agreements (IIAs) allow states that are parties to a treaty, but are not party to a specific dispute under that treaty, to intervene on a limited basis in order to make submissions on matters of treaty interpretation. [16] These important debates regarding reform of IIL in Africa foreground innovative aspects of International Investment Agreements (IIA) in contrast to the traditional IIL regime. [17] Purpose Over the past two decades, the application of most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses in international investment agreements (IIAs) to dispute settlement matters has generated controversy. [18] We argue that future reform could be promoted not only over ISDS procedural matters, but also by upgrading substantive rules in international investment agreements (IIAs), emphasizing free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), and strengthening foreign investors’ corporate social responsibilities (CSR). [19] The purpose of this paper is to answer the question whether investors may challenge domestic labour legislation by invoking breach of international investment agreements, in particular violations of fair and equitable treatment standard, as well as illegal expropriation of investments. [20] Although investment treaties have not traditionally defined these terms, some of the more recent international investment agreements, perhaps influenced by disputed arbitral decisions, have sought to provide more or less detailed definitional provisions for the often-contested important terms they employ. [21] In particular, this chapter focuses on the operation of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) and assesses the role of IIAs from the perspective of foreign investors vis-à-vis National Tax Measures (NTMs). [22] Nearly 2700 highly potent international investment agreements protect foreign investment against host country policies. [23] Today, international investment agreements protect investors from renegotiation if they do not wish to do so. [24] This article analyses current drafting trends in international investment agreements (IIAs) in 2019–2020, particularly in the context of recent developments in sustainable development and human rights. [25] We argue that in the wake of severe macroeconomic turmoil—economic crisis—policymakers have strong incentives to implement regulatory changes, even if these allegedly breach protection standards are provided by International Investment Agreements (IIAs). [26] Most of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) contains a cooling-off period provision requiring both parties to an investment dispute to make an attempt to settle their differences amicably within a clear time frame, before initiating arbitration. [27] Our assertion is that, during and post-COVID-19 pandemic, international investment policies as reflected in the domestic policies and international investment agreements (IIAs) require a bigger role of States in the investment scene, especially in facilitating both domestic and foreign investment through a more structured and effective investment facilitation. [28] It initially explains the role of international investment agreements in protecting foreign investments in these zones. [29] It has concluded a large number of international investment agreements (IIAs), and nearly half of them contain an administrative review provision. [30] In particular, the chapter argues that the judicature, the executive, and the private sphere continue to replace legislators as the critical drivers of IP policies, that lock-in mechanisms such as the three-step test and international investment agreements provide the stability needed for acceleration, and that the notion of structural proprietarian bias captures the spirit of the prevailing multipolar IP constitutionalism. [31] This chapter studies investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) in International Investment Agreements (IIAs), the primary method of which is investor–state arbitration. [32] This article discusses how the standard of compensation for expropriation of foreign investments employed by international investment tribunals can affect State parties’ preferences reflected in international investment agreements as well as the efficiency of these standards in light of an economic analysis of law. [33] The publication includes lessons from negotiating and implementing relevant WTO agreements, as well as suggestions for avoiding an undesirable interaction with other international investment agreements. [34] In such a context, Brazil, which usually stayed out of international investment agreements, has emerged as one of the leaders in negotiating the IFA. [35] Accordingly, the purpose of the present chapter is to identify the role of international standardization bodies as transnational actors of international investment law, by determining their influence on the interpretation and application of rights and obligations under international investment agreements. [36] While a state can defend itself based on the principles of force majeure and state necessity, states can also defence through Non preclude measures or right to regulate clause in international investment agreements. [37] While Canada has been less than consistent in its approaches to ISDS in recent international investment agreements (IIAs), its position against double-hatting has been rather constant. [38] International investment agreements can restrict the right of states to take security-related measures. [39] As the matter of fact, such disputes also appear from violations of the provisions of international investment agreements that may prejudice the rights of foreign private investors. [40] This chapter explores the control of host state investment risks through investor/investment protection standards under International Investment Agreements (IIAs). [41] The resultant tensions are as varied as calls for reform spanning, inter alia, permissive human rights provisions in international investment agreements, inconsistent State practices regarding human rights in model agreements, and case law that largely ignores human rights considerations. [42] This Article argues that international investment agreements (IIAs) serve a dual economic function—to discipline host country policies that impose international externalities on foreign investors, and to curtail inefficient risks associated with agency costs, risk aversion, asymmetric information, and time inconsistency problems that uneconomically increase the cost of imported capital in host countries. [43] Does European business lobby in international investment policy and notably for the conclusion of international investment agreements? The chapter argues that business is little involved in this policy domain due to limited perceived welfare effects. [44] This chapter begins by outlining the coverage of international investment agreements and how the obligations they impose may be relevant to a range of public health measures. [45] International investment agreements (“IIAs”) provide enforceable protections to foreign investors in order to stimulate investment flows and therefore sustainable development. [46] Accordingly, ISDS clauses in international investment agreements that contravene Arts 267 and 344 TFEU and the principles of mutual trust and sincere cooperation enshrined in Arts. [47] Using food regime analysis, this paper critically analyzes how corporate actors amass, secure and apply power in the global agrifood system through International Investment Agreements (IIAs). [48] In 2017, Colombia adopted a new model International Investment Agreement (‘IIA’) which will form the basis for upcoming negotiations of new international investment agreements and the renegotiation of existing agreements (the ‘2017 model IIA’ or the ‘model’). [49] Arbitral tribunals have misconstrued the purpose of international investment agreements (IIAs) by failing to factor in the development aspect of these agreements into their analysis. [50]我们的工作捕捉了国际投资协议对专门流入印度的外国直接投资的影响。 [1] 这一创新的贸易协定涵盖了自由贸易协定、国际投资协定和经济可持续发展协定的各个方面，可以可持续地促进加共体和中国的贸易目标。 [2] 传统上，各国赋予仲裁员广泛的自由度来解释和适用国际投资协议。 [3] 在对国际投资协议及其投资者与国家争端解决机制的潜在“监管寒意”进行广泛批评的背景下，本文研究了仲裁庭是否以可能过度限制东道国自由裁量权的方式解释和适用投资规则履行其海洋环境义务。 [4] 国际投资协定（IIA）的基本目标之一是保护外国投资者在缔约国境内的权益。 [5] 设计/方法/方法 该研究分析了非洲国家通过在其国际投资协议 (IIA) 中纳入具体和创新的条款和特点来“非洲化”IIL 的举措，以造福非洲经济。 [6] 这种担忧的一个潜在情景是，随着制定更强有力的环境监管，在化石燃料行业受到不利影响的投资者将威胁要根据国际投资协议（“IIA”）起诉国家。 [7] 本文介绍了有关印度国际投资协定 (IIA) 对国家治理影响的一些调查结果。 [8] 反对者认为，传统的国际投资协定 (IIA) 会引发“监管寒蝉效应”，阻止东道国采取环境、劳工或社会政策，因为它们要求东道国赔偿外国投资者因此类可持续性政策造成的损失。 [9] 国际投资协定（IIAs）是成员国可以用来实现合作共赢的战略政策工具。 [10] 超过 2,5000 项国际投资协议管理着全球纵横交错的数万亿美元的外国直接投资。 [11] 投资条约，通常被称为“国际投资协定”(IIAs)，本质上是国际法文书，各国根据这些文书 (1) 就它们将给予投资者和来自其他国家的投资的待遇向其他国家作出承诺， (2) 同意某种机制来执行这些承诺。 [12] 本文讨论了重新构想投资治理制度的方法，以扭转投资者不合理的特权，包括母国和东道国在审查国际投资协议以及推进与投资者义务有关的国家法律框架方面的作用。 [13] 确定具体协议适用范围的具体条约规定与一般条约法之间的相互作用在投资法领域具有特别重要的意义，因为法庭面临着几个关键时刻，这些时刻决定了根据条约产生的权利和义务。具体的国际投资协定（IIA）。 [14] , 国际投资协定 (IIAs) 和集聚经济体（原产国集聚、产业集聚和内部集聚）在总体水平和不同功能上提供的投资保护。 [15] 一些国际投资协定 (IIA) 允许作为条约缔约方但不是该条约下特定争端的缔约方的国家在有限的基础上进行干预，以便就条约解释问题提出意见。 [16] 与传统的 IIL 制度相比，这些关于非洲 IIL 改革的重要辩论突出了国际投资协议 (IIA) 的创新方面。 [17] 目的 在过去的二十年里，国际投资协议 (IIA) 中最惠国 (MFN) 条款在争端解决事务中的应用引起了争议。 [18] 我们认为，未来的改革不仅可以在 ISDS 程序问题上推进，还可以通过升级国际投资协定 (IIA) 中的实质性规则、强调自由、事先和知情同意 (FPIC) 以及加强外国投资者的企业社会责任来推动。企业社会责任）。 [19] 本文的目的是回答投资者是否可以通过违反国际投资协定，特别是违反公平和公正待遇标准以及非法征用投资来挑战国内劳动立法的问题。 [20] 尽管投资条约传统上没有定义这些术语，但最近的一些国际投资协议，可能受到有争议的仲裁决定的影响，试图为它们使用的经常有争议的重要术语提供或多或少的详细定义条款。 [21] 本章特别关注国际投资协定 (IIAs) 的运作，并从外国投资者的角度评估国际投资协定相对于国家税收措施 (NTM) 的作用。 [22] 近 2700 项强有力的国际投资协议保护外国投资免受东道国政策的影响。 [23] 今天，国际投资协议保护投资者免于重新谈判，如果他们不想这样做。 [24] 本文分析了 2019-2020 年国际投资协议 (IIA) 的当前起草趋势，特别是在可持续发展和人权的最新发展背景下。 [25] 我们认为，在严重的宏观经济动荡（经济危机）之后，政策制定者有强烈的动机来实施监管变革，即使这些据称违反了国际投资协议 (IIA) 提供的保护标准。 [26] 大多数国际投资协议 (IIA) 都包含冷静期条款，要求投资争议双方在启动仲裁之前，在明确的时间框架内尝试友好解决分歧。 [27] nan [28] nan [29] nan [30] nan [31] nan [32] nan [33] nan [34] nan [35] nan [36] nan [37] nan [38] nan [39] nan [40] nan [41] nan [42] 本文认为，国际投资协定 (IIA) 具有双重经济功能——约束东道国对外国投资者施加国际外部性的政策，并减少与代理成本、风险规避、信息不对称和时间不一致问题相关的低效风险。不经济地增加东道国的进口资本成本。 [43] 欧洲企业是否在国际投资政策方面游说，尤其是在国际投资协议的缔结方面？本章认为，由于感知到的福利效应有限，企业很少参与这一政策领域。 [44] nan [45] nan [46] nan [47] nan [48] nan [49] nan [50]
Eu Investment Agreements
The chapter exemplifies this issue with reference to the newest jurisprudence of the Court in the Achmea case on intra-EU investment agreements. [1] This chapter picks up on the discussion carried out in Part I concerning model dispute settlements by presenting the main characteristics of the internalisation model adopted under EU investment agreements. [2] As it will be seen, the latter is reminiscent of the ‘internalisation’ model adopted under EU investment agreements, which will be thoroughly analysed in Chap. [3] This chapter looks at the main procedural innovations brought by EU investment agreements, with a view to providing an account of how disputes will be conducted under them. [4] This chapter will assess the consistency of the ICS with the requirements set in the ECJ’s case law concerning the principle of autonomy, with a view to examining whether the model designed in EU investment agreements can constitute a general paradigm for the settlement of disputes against the EU as far as EU law is concerned. [5]本章参照法院在 Achmea 案中关于欧盟内部投资协议的最新判例举例说明了这一问题。 [1] 本章通过介绍欧盟投资协议下采用的内部化模型的主要特征，继第一部分关于示范争端解决的讨论。 [2] 正如将要看到的，后者让人想起欧盟投资协议下采用的“内部化”模式，第 1 章将对此进行深入分析。 [3] nan [4] nan [5]
Bilateral Investment Agreements
The verdict of the Court of Justice changes the usual legal procedures and customs in the field of bilateral investment agreements. [1] The institutional structure associated with Free Trade Agreements and Bilateral Investment Agreements can severely limit the possibility of regulating the capital account and the financial system. [2] As a consequence, bilateral investment agreements and the recently created mega-agreements, such as the CPTTP, the EU-Canada CETA, and the project of TTIP, established new investment parameters and dispute settlement mechanisms to deal with investment disputes. [3]法院的判决改变了双边投资协议领域通常的法律程序和惯例。 [1] 与自由贸易协定和双边投资协定相关的制度结构会严重限制监管资本账户和金融体系的可能性。 [2] 因此，双边投资协定和最近创建的大型协定，如 CPTTP、欧盟-加拿大 CETA 和 TTIP 项目，建立了新的投资参数和争端解决机制来处理投资争端。 [3]
investment agreements protect 投资协议保护
Nearly 2700 highly potent international investment agreements protect foreign investment against host country policies. [1] Today, international investment agreements protect investors from renegotiation if they do not wish to do so. [2] Investment agreements protect the assets of foreign firms but are not available to domestic firms. [3]近 2700 项强有力的国际投资协议保护外国投资免受东道国政策的影响。 [1] 今天，国际投资协议保护投资者免于重新谈判，如果他们不想这样做。 [2] nan [3]
investment agreements concluded
This paper aims to summarize, on the basis of an analysis of the relevant provisions of the trade and investment agreements concluded by the European Union over the last decade, the practical progress made by the European Union in reforming the international investment dispute settlement system. [1] The study focuses on international investment agreements concluded by the European Union and compares the European Union’s approaches to those of other international actors. [2]本文旨在通过对近十年来欧盟缔结的贸易和投资协定相关条款的分析，总结欧盟在国际投资争端解决机制改革方面取得的实际进展。 [1] nan [2]
investment agreements contain 投资协议包含
Current practice in concluding international agreements at the level of the European Union proves that trade and investment agreements contain provisions concerning civil society, labor relations andenvironment. [1] This final chapter briefly discusses the volume’s key findings, including that many trade and investment agreements contain provisions with potential to contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [2]目前在欧盟层面缔结国际协议的实践证明，贸易和投资协议包含有关公民社会、劳资关系和环境的条款。 [1] 最后一章简要讨论了该卷的主要发现，包括许多贸易和投资协议包含有可能有助于实现可持续发展目标 (SDG) 的条款。 [2]