Fleshy Fruits(肉质水果)研究综述
Fleshy Fruits 肉质水果 - However, little is known about alternative splicing during fruit development in fleshy fruits. [1] Faramea is characterized by white or blue, tetramerous corollas and blue-black, fleshy fruits with a single, large pyrene. [2] The fleshy fruits have been attracted by different predators such as the Malabar giant squirrel, lion-tailed macaque, bonnet macaque, Indian crested porcupine, red-whiskered bulbul, green barbet, Indian white-eye. [3] The viscid pulp of fleshy fruits and anemochorous structures facilitate the adherence of tiny seeds (mean 3. [4] Fleshy fruits are an important food resource in tropical forests and attract a wide variety of animals, even in places where they are exotic. [5] Water is the most abundant component of most fleshy fruits, and it is essential for fruit growth and quality formation. [6] The genus Campomanesia is popularly known as gabiroba, guaviroba, guabiroba or guavira and has fleshy fruits, much appreciated by the fauna and the population, which consumes it in natura or in industrialized form. [7] It has been used in botanical studies since hundreds of years because of its interesting features like compound leaves, fleshy fruits, and sympodial branching system. [8] The most common forages (reported and/or observed) were fruits ( Quercus , fleshy fruits), grasses ( Agrostis , Glyceria ), herbs ( Ranunculus ficaria , Circaea ), nutritious ‘roots’ ( Carex spp. [9] The mechanical properties of the cuticle and skin cell walls might influence the splitting susceptibility of fleshy fruits. [10] A hypothesis was provided that environmental factors and botanical traits that favor greater water availability lead to emergence (or speciation) of species with large seeds or fleshy fruits with high water content. [11] , fleshy fruits, anther glands, and winged seeds) were shown to be associated with changes in evolutionary dynamics in Calophyllaceae, while a biome shift was detected in Kielmeyera, affecting net diversification within this genus. [12] The trade-off between yield and quality, a major problem for the production of fleshy fruits, involves fruit expansive growth and sugar metabolism. [13] Softening is a hallmark of ripening in fleshy fruits, and has both desirable and undesirable implications for texture and postharvest stability. [14] Fleshy fruits are the most demanded fruits because of their organoleptic qualities and nutritional values. [15] ) a member of family Cucurbitaceae is extensively cultivated for its fleshy fruits. [16] Both biological phenomena could affect the external and internal attributes of fleshy fruits. [17] These findings suggest that consumption of fleshy fruits in late summer or hard mast in autumn in or near human settlements has a large effect on the risk of bear–human interactions. [18] Dehiscence is largely associated with dry tissues; indehiscence, however, is an attribute of both dry and fleshy fruits. [19] Fruit shelf life in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and many other fleshy fruits is determined by several factors including cell wall structure, turgor, and cuticle properties. [20] In fleshy fruits, organic acids are the main source of fruit acidity and play an important role in regulating osmotic pressure, pH homeostasis, stress resistance, and fruit quality. [21] The ecological role of Alectoris chukar as a seed dispersal agent was hardly known to date, though its diet consists of herbs, shrubs, and fleshy fruits of wild plants. [22] 40%), either bear small, fleshy fruits that are dispersed by animals, either by endozoochory (106 species = 43. [23] This work provides new insights into the understanding of xylem water transport in fleshy fruits and its sensitivity to water deficit from a hydraulics perspective. [24] Damaged seeds belonged to fruits of acorn, capsule, nut, and drupe-like nut types, while no or few seeds from fleshy fruits such as berry, drupe, pome, and rosehip types had damage. [25] The regulation of ripening in fleshy fruits has been the subject of considerable scientific study, mainly due to that it directly affects the shelf life and quality of such fruits. [26] Vegetable matter (herbs, fleshy fruits and hard mast) represented the major component of the assimilated diet across the dietary seasons, whereas vegetable crops were rarely and C4 plants (i. [27] Auxin is a key phytohormone that modulates fruit formation in many fleshy fruits through the regulation of cell division and expansion. [28] The fleshy fruits of exotic Opuntia ficus-indica (L. [29] Host specificity was greater among seed-eaters than pulp-eaters and for insects feeding on dry fruits as opposed to insects feeding on fleshy fruits. [30] We assessed the quantity component of seed dispersal by brown bears across its entire distribution based on information about both the relative frequency of occurrence and species composition of fleshy fruits in the diet of brown bears extracted from the literature. [31] As an easily recognized example, fleshy fruits are, an exaptation to agriculture, as they evolved to recruit a non-human disperser. [32] Fleshy fruits can be divided between climacteric (CL, showing a typical rise in respiration and ethylene production with ripening after harvest) and non-climacteric (NC, showing no rise). [33] This chapter focuses on the common mechanisms governing carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in fleshy fruits with an emphasis on fruits with significant accumulation of esterified carotenoids and their relationship with the dynamic changes in carotenoid ester profile occurring during development and ripening. [34] (iv) Insects reared from fleshy fruits were more likely to show relatively stable populations compared to insects reared from dry fruits, but this was not true of insects reared from dipterocarps, which appeared to have relatively stable populations throughout the study period. [35] ) is the world’s largest and important commercial vegetable grown in tropical and subtropical areas for its fleshy fruits. [36] The texture of fleshy fruits is one of the major criteria for consumer choice. [37] is a Mediterranean endemism with fleshy fruits and typically dispersed by mammals. [38] In the Solanaceae there has been a major shift to fleshy fruits in the subfamily Solanoideae. [39] Fleshy fruits are also covered by the cuticle, which has an important protective role during the fruit development and ripening. [40] In fleshy fruits, sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose and sorbitol) are most important for fruit growth and development but also play a central role in fruit quality. [41] The slower ripening and increased firmness of DDB1 mutant tomatoes highlight this gene as a useful target for improving both the shelf-life and nutritional value of fleshy fruits. [42] Light is one of the major environmental factors influencing coloration and carotenoid content and composition of fleshy fruits and therefore their commercial and nutritional quality. [43] Softening is a hallmark of ripening in fleshy fruits, and has both desirable and undesirable implications for texture and postharvest stability. [44] Fleshy fruits have become a good system for studying the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and exploring the mechanism underlying pigment metabolism is valuable for controlling fruit ripening. [45] Fleshy fruits that use the hormone ethylene to regulate ripening have developed independently multiple times in the history of the angiosperms. [46] In fleshy fruits, development and ripening are associated with numerous structural, biochemical and physiological changes, including modifications in the general appearance, texture, flavor and aroma, which ultimately convert immature fruits into a considerably more attractive and palatable structure for seed dispersal animals. [47] The key genes participating in ascorbic acid biosynthesis and accumulation in fleshy fruits are highlighted. [48] Overall, this work improves our understanding of the role of PIF proteins—and light signaling—in metabolic and developmental processes that affect yield and composition of fleshy fruits. [49] Fruit ripening and softening, the major attributes to perishability in fleshy fruits, are modulated by various plant hormones and gene expression. [50]然而，对于肉质果实果实发育过程中的选择性剪接知之甚少。 [1] Faramea 的特征是白色或蓝色的四叶花冠和蓝黑色的肉质果实，带有一个大芘。 [2] 肉质果实已被马拉巴尔巨松鼠、狮尾猕猴、短帽猕猴、印度冠豪猪、红须鹎、绿鹎、印度白眼猴等不同的捕食者所吸引。 [3] 肉质果实的粘性果肉和无色结构有利于微小种子的粘附（平均 3. [4] 肉质水果是热带森林中重要的食物资源，即使在异国情调的地方也能吸引各种各样的动物。 [5] 水是大多数肉质水果中最丰富的成分，对水果的生长和品质形成至关重要。 [6] Campomanesia 属俗称 gabiroba、guaviroba、guabiroba 或 guavira，果实多肉，深受动物群和人口的喜爱，自然或以工业化形式食用。 [7] 数百年来，它一直被用于植物学研究，因为它具有复叶、肉质果实和合叶分枝系统等有趣的特征。 [8] 最常见的草料（报告和/或观察到）是水果（栎属、肉质水果）、草类（Agrostis、Glyceria）、草本植物（Ranunculus ficaria、Circaea）、营养丰富的“根”（Carex spp. [9] 角质层和皮肤细胞壁的机械性能可能会影响肉质果实的分裂敏感性。 [10] 提供了一个假设，即有利于更多水可用性的环境因素和植物特征导致具有大种子或高含水量肉质果实的物种出现（或物种形成）。 [11] 、肉质果实、花药腺和有翅种子）被证明与卷叶植物进化动力学的变化有关，而在 Kielmeyera 中检测到生物群落变化，影响了该属内的净多样化。 [12] 产量和质量之间的权衡是肉质水果生产的一个主要问题，涉及水果的膨胀生长和糖代谢。 [13] 软化是肉质果实成熟的一个标志，对质地和采后稳定性既有理想的影响，也有不利的影响。 [14] 肉质水果是最需要的水果，因为它们的感官品质和营养价值。 [15] ) 葫芦科的一员因其肉质果实而被广泛种植。 [16] 这两种生物现象都可能影响肉质水果的外部和内部属性。 [17] 这些研究结果表明，在夏末或秋季在人类住区或附近食用多肉水果或在秋季食用硬桅杆对熊与人互动的风险有很大影响。 [18] 开裂主要与干燥的组织有关；然而，不开裂是干果和多肉水果的属性。 [19] 番茄 (Solanum lycopersicum) 和许多其他肉质水果的水果保质期由几个因素决定，包括细胞壁结构、膨胀和角质层特性。 [20] 在肉质果实中，有机酸是果实酸度的主要来源，在调节渗透压、pH 稳态、抗逆性和果实品质等方面发挥着重要作用。 [21] Alectoris chukar 作为种子传播剂的生态作用迄今为止鲜为人知，尽管它的食物包括草本植物、灌木和野生植物的肉质果实。 [22] 40%），要么结出由动物或内生动物（106 种 = 43. [23] 这项工作为从水力学角度理解肉质水果中木质部水分运输及其对水分亏缺的敏感性提供了新的见解。 [24] 受损种子属于橡子、蒴果、坚果和核果类坚果类果实，而浆果类、核果类、梨果类和玫瑰果类等肉质果实的种子没有或很少有种子受损。 [25] 肉质水果的成熟调控一直是大量科学研究的主题，主要是因为它直接影响此类水果的保质期和质量。 [26] 植物物质（草本植物、肉质水果和坚硬的肥大）代表了整个饮食季节同化饮食的主要成分，而蔬菜作物很少和 C4 植物（即。 [27] 生长素是一种关键的植物激素，它通过调节细胞分裂和扩张来调节许多肉质水果的果实形成。 [28] 异国仙人掌 (L. [29] 种子食者的宿主特异性高于果肉食者和以干果为食的昆虫而不是以肉质水果为食的昆虫。 [30] 我们根据从文献中提取的棕熊饮食中肉质水果的相对发生频率和物种组成的信息，评估了棕熊在整个分布中传播种子的数量成分。 [31] 作为一个容易识别的例子，肉质水果是农业的一种延伸，因为它们进化为招募非人类的散布者。 [32] 肉质果实可分为跃变型（CL，在收获后成熟时表现出典型的呼吸作用和乙烯产量上升）和非跃变型（NC，没有上升）。 [33] 本章重点介绍肉质果实类胡萝卜素生物合成和积累的常见机制，重点介绍酯化类胡萝卜素大量积累的果实及其与发育和成熟过程中类胡萝卜素酯分布动态变化的关系。 [34] (iv) 与从干果饲养的昆虫相比，从肉质水果饲养的昆虫更有可能表现出相对稳定的种群，但从龙脑香饲养的昆虫则不然，在整个研究期间，它们似乎具有相对稳定的种群。 [35] ) 是世界上最大和最重要的商业蔬菜，生长在热带和亚热带地区，果实多肉。 [36] 肉质水果的质地是消费者选择的主要标准之一。 [37] 是地中海特有的，有肉质水果，通常由哺乳动物散布。 [38] 在茄科中，茄科亚科的肉质果实发生了重大转变。 [39] 肉质果实也被角质层覆盖，在果实发育和成熟过程中具有重要的保护作用。 [40] 在肉质水果中，糖类（葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和山梨糖醇）对水果的生长和发育最重要，但在水果品质中也起着核心作用。 [41] DDB1 突变番茄的较慢成熟和增加的硬度突出了该基因作为改善肉质水果的保质期和营养价值的有用目标。 [42] 光是影响肉质水果的颜色和类胡萝卜素含量和组成以及它们的商业和营养质量的主要环境因素之一。 [43] 软化是肉质果实成熟的一个标志，对质地和采后稳定性既有理想的影响，也有不利的影响。 [44] 肉质果实已成为研究花青素生物合成调控的良好系统，探索色素代谢机制对控制果实成熟具有重要价值。 [45] 在被子植物的历史上，使用激素乙烯调节成熟的肉质果实已经多次独立发育。 [46] 在肉质水果中，发育和成熟与许多结构、生化和生理变化有关，包括一般外观、质地、风味和香气的改变，最终将未成熟的水果转化为对种子传播动物更具吸引力和可口的结构。 [47] 突出了参与抗坏血酸生物合成和在肉质果实中积累的关键基因。 [48] 总体而言，这项工作提高了我们对 PIF 蛋白和光信号在影响肉质水果产量和组成的代谢和发育过程中的作用的理解。 [49] 果实成熟和软化是肉质果实易腐烂的主要属性，受各种植物激素和基因表达的调节。 [50]
Consume Fleshy Fruits
The stone marten (Martes foina) is a carnivorous mammal that often consumes fleshy fruits, thus potentially promoting seed dispersion. [1] We constructed a database of 470 lizard species (from a global count of 6,515 species), that have been reported to consume fleshy fruits. [2] Animals that consume fleshy fruits and disperse seeds provide valuable services to plants. [3]石貂（Martes foina）是一种肉食性哺乳动物，经常吃肉质的水果，因此有可能促进种子传播。 [1] 我们构建了一个包含 470 种蜥蜴的数据库（来自全球 6,515 种），据报道这些蜥蜴会食用肉质水果。 [2] 食用肉质水果和散播种子的动物为植物提供了宝贵的服务。 [3]
Large Fleshy Fruits
In order to do this, a census was carried out of all samples of arboreal size, or conducted to this, taller than 1,0 meter present along the thoroughfares of the town, and further analysis of the found species regarding the fulfillment of the technical standards on qualitative aspects: origin, existence of large fleshy fruits and toxic principle and the presence of thorns and aculei, respectively, and then the quantification and classification of the damage of roots and crowns to public equipment. [1] Our results suggest that epizoochorous trample burr seed dispersal (strongly linked to calyx accrescence) is far more common among Australian Solanum than previously thought and support the hypothesis that the combination of large fleshy fruits and endozoochorous dispersal represents a reversal in this study group. [2]为了做到这一点，对所有树栖大小的样本进行了普查，或对此进行了普查，沿着城镇的通道超过 1.0 米，并进一步分析发现的物种是否符合技术要求定性方面的标准：来源、大肉质果实的存在和毒性原理以及刺和刺的存在，然后对公共设备的根和冠的损害进行量化和分类。 [1] 我们的研究结果表明，在澳大利亚茄属中，外生动物的践踏毛刺种子传播（与花萼增生密切相关）比以前认为的要普遍得多，并支持这样的假设，即大肉质果实和内生动物传播的结合代表了本研究组的逆转。 [2]
Climacteric Fleshy Fruits
However, our knowledge on how EXP genes are regulated in fruit ripening, especially in non-climacteric fleshy fruits, is limited. [1] The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), an allo-octoploid with non-climacteric fleshy fruits, is a popular Rosaceae horticultural crop worldwide that is mainly propagated via stolons during cultivation. [2]然而，我们关于 EXP 基因如何在果实成熟中被调控的知识，尤其是在非跃变肉质果实中，是有限的。 [1] 栽培草莓（Fragaria × ananassa）是一种异源八倍体，具有非更年期的肉质果实，是世界范围内流行的蔷薇科园艺作物，在栽培过程中主要通过匍匐茎繁殖。 [2]