Cold Climates(寒冷气候)研究综述
Cold Climates 寒冷气候 - In cold climates (CCs), freeze–thaw cycles, snowmelt runoff events, and seasonally wet soils increase P loss potential while limiting P removal effectiveness of riparian buffer zones (RBZs) and other practices. [1] Key findings include: (a) the most significant variable, particularly on weekdays, is the time of day, followed by precipitation; (b) in most cities, usage increases on weekdays and weekends up to a point around 27 to 28 °C, before declining; (c) usage by hour usually follows a bimodal or trimodal daily pattern on weekdays, except for schemes which are too small to serve a commuter function (weekend and weekday usage is similar in small schemes); (d) weekend usage peaks at around 2 to 3 pm in most schemes, except those in hotter climates where the peak is around 5 pm; (e) precipitation negatively affects female ridership more than male ridership; and, (f) a changing climate is likely to affect cycling by boosting ridership in cold climates and lowering ridership in warm climates, but the effects will likely be small. [2] Increasing traffic congestion especially in cold climates has increased the damage caused by low-temperature cracks (LTCs) in the asphalt mix where the constituents are not able to withstand the loads required in these climates lonely and using the modifier is undeniable. [3] Heat pumps are currently being developed to reduce the energy footprint for residential and commercial building space conditioning and water heating loads in cold climates. [4] The temperature increment was within the ballpark of the highest reported values and satisfied the standard requirements for thermal insulation of buildings in cold climates. [5] This article presents an analysis of rotary heat exchangers (RHE) used as heat recovery units in building ventilation systems in cold climates. [6] Attention is focused on assessing the factors affecting the energy efficiency class and the internal microclimate of a wooden building, taking into account the changing environmental conditions and operating modes of buildings in cold climates. [7] The article highlights the medical and biological aspects of ensuring the safe life of people in adverse environmental conditions, including in regions with hot and cold climates (the Arctic). [8] Based on the research gaps identified, more work is needed on the currently underrepresented but vulnerable cities in developing countries with tropical, arid, and cold climates. [9] Mixed phosphorus loss reduction results in cold climates where freeze-thaw cycles occur and can increase dissolved phosphorus losses. [10] Real weather data is employed to determine the hourly performance of the system in three European cities, Valencia (Spain), Berlin (Germany), and Stockholm (Sweden) representing warm, middle and cold climates, respectively. [11] This passive cooling system is usually carried out in areas with subtropical to cold climates, however Cibunut who has a tropical climate tries to implement this system. [12] Rather than representing an adaptation to cold climates, the lower thermal and metabolic physiology of viviparous species are likely an energetic adjustment for reproduction that facilitated their prolific colonization of cooler environments. [13] IR absorption and energy band gap attested that inserting the nanoparticles in brick medium led to the acceleration of a warming brick, desirable for energy efficiency in cold climates. [14] These include improving performance in cold climates and addressing the toxic threshold effects of PAHs on wetland plants. [15] Thrombotic diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide, especially in cold climates. [16] No papaya records were found for cold climates. [17] Freeze-thaw was found to be the best option for cold climates and a staged disposal method provided the * Nural Kuyucak nural. [18] Structural insulation panels (SIPs) are considered promising building products that achieve the low-energy goal, and its potential energy performance can be further improved by combining it with a vacuum insulation panel (VIP) in cold climates. [19] Societies in cold climates, and those that depend more on fishing or pastoralism, tend to eat more meat. [20] This study investigated possible seasonal variations in warfarin overdose among various age groups living in cold climates. [21] Both Panicoideae and Pooideae, which are indicative of dry or cold climates, decreased from 9000 to 7200 cal a BP, indicating a transition to a warmer and wetter climate during that period. [22] Historically, peanut has not been produced in Qinghai province located in Northwest China because of the high elevation and cold climates. [23] Interactions of sodium chloride (NaCl) with cement hydrates can cause chemical and physical changes in cement pastes, leading to premature deterioration, particularly in cold climates. [24] This is potentially transformative in reducing uncertainty in regional precipitation and runoff in seasonally-cold climates. [25] In cold climates, Photovoltaic thermal (PVT), floor heating, and a generator have been added to increase the heating load. [26] High survival rates of WM provide indications of the successful performance of this phenotype in the adverse conditions of the cold climates. [27] The excellent thermal insulation properties of aerogel glazing systems make them an interesting building solution, especially in cold climates. [28] Compared with a clear-clear double-pane window, the integration of 3 mm solid-solid PCMs with optimal properties in warm, mixed, and cold climates can respectively save up to 17. [29] We present stimulations of disc heating during and after braking at three ambient temperatures and reflect on the possibilities of energy recovery in warm as well as cold climates. [30] According to studies, and despite the fact that Iran has a high potential to use solar energy, so far no studies have been conducted on the climatic design of residential villas in cold climates with the approach of using solar water heaters. [31] This study investigates the features of elastomeric composites operation in cold climates and the results of full-scale tests with simultaneous exposure to naturally low temperatures and hydrocarbon environments in Yakutia (Siberia, Russia). [32] This study conducted a techno-economic analysis and investigated a renewable heat incentive (RHI) scheme for GSHP system installation in Japan’s cold climates. [33] The hypothesis was based on the link between an increased risk of schizophrenia in (a) those born in winter and spring, when vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent, and (b) the offspring of dark-skinned migrants living in cold climates, who have a markedly increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. [34] Despite efforts to adapt to very cold climates in both types of homes, buildings and tents, there are limitations to receiving lighting and ventilation. [35] We speculate that dry, cold climates have been critical in determining the geographic distribution of P. [36] 1 tCO2/year for cold climates and comparable results for hot and composite climates. [37] However, DN strawberries have primarily been evaluated as an annual crop in cold climates; thus, winter hardiness and subsequent second-year spring yields are not well understood. [38] Wind is a climate variable with major impacts on humans, ecosystems and infrastructure, especially in coastal regions with cold climates. [39] These results provide key new insights on the energy policies affecting the building sector, especially for regions in cold climates such as Quebec. [40] The durability of PCPs in cold climates is governed by many factors, and advances could be made at many stages of its life cycle. [41] 9°C and were closely correlated with the cold climates of the collection sites. [42] In cold climates and higher latitudes, heating and electricity (mostly for lighting) processes are on average responsible for 85 to 90% of total climate change impacts. [43] In cold climates, space heating represents the largest proportion of the energy demand in residential buildings. [44] Nowadays underground mining in very cold climates above the 60th parallel is becoming more and more common. [45] Here we show evidence that darker and browner eggs have indeed evolved in cold climes, and that the thermoregulatory advantage for avian eggs is a stronger selective pressure in cold climates. [46] In cold climates, the process of freezing–thawing significantly affects the ground surface heat balance and water balance. [47] The main conclusion is that the suggested heat recovery system has good potential for improving the overall performance of MVHR systems in cold climates. [48] Research into aroma compounds present in cold-hardy cultivars is essential to the continued growth of the wine industry in cold climates and diversification of agriculture in the upper Midwestern area of the U. [49] In the rapidly expanding market of wind energy, sites in cold climates are becoming popular because of their high wind potential. [50]在寒冷气候 (CCs) 中，冻融循环、融雪径流事件和季节性潮湿土壤会增加 P 损失潜力，同时限制河岸缓冲区 (RBZ) 和其他实践的 P 去除效果。 [1] 主要发现包括：(a) 最重要的变量，特别是在工作日，是一天中的时间，其次是降水； (b) 在大多数城市，平日和周末的使用量会增加至 27 至 28°C 左右，然后下降； (c) 工作日的小时使用量通常遵循双峰或三峰的每日模式，但规模太小而无法满足通勤功能的计划除外（小型计划中周末和工作日的使用量相似）； (d) 在大多数计划中，周末使用高峰在下午 2 点到 3 点左右，除了那些在下午 5 点左右使用高峰的气候炎热地区； (e) 降水对女性乘客的负面影响大于男性乘客； (f) 气候变化可能会通过增加寒冷气候下的乘客人数和降低温暖气候下的乘客人数来影响自行车运动，但影响可能很小。 [2] 日益严重的交通拥堵，尤其是在寒冷气候下，增加了由沥青混合料中的低温裂缝 (LTC) 造成的损害，其中成分无法单独承受这些气候所需的负载，并且使用改性剂是不可否认的。 [3] 目前正在开发热泵，以减少寒冷气候下住宅和商业建筑空间调节和水加热负荷的能源足迹。 [4] 温度增量在最高报告值的范围内，满足寒冷气候下建筑物的保温标准要求。 [5] 本文介绍了在寒冷气候下建筑通风系统中用作热回收装置的旋转式热交换器 (RHE) 的分析。 [6] 关注的重点是评估影响能效等级和木质建筑内部小气候的因素，同时考虑到寒冷气候下建筑的环境条件和运行模式的变化。 [7] 这篇文章强调了在不利环境条件下确保人们安全生活的医学和生物学方面，包括在气候炎热和寒冷的地区（北极）。 [8] 根据确定的研究差距，需要对热带、干旱和寒冷气候的发展中国家目前代表性不足但脆弱的城市开展更多工作。 [9] 混合的磷损失减少导致寒冷的气候发生冻融循环，并可能增加溶解的磷损失。 [10] 真实天气数据用于确定该系统在三个欧洲城市的每小时性能，瓦伦西亚（西班牙）、柏林（德国）和斯德哥尔摩（瑞典）分别代表温暖、中等和寒冷的气候。 [11] 这种被动冷却系统通常在亚热带到寒冷气候的地区进行，但是具有热带气候的 Cibunut 试图实施该系统。 [12] 胎生物种的较低热量和代谢生理学并非代表对寒冷气候的适应，而是可能是对繁殖的积极调整，促进了它们在较冷环境中的多产定植。 [13] IR 吸收和能带隙证明，将纳米颗粒插入砖介质中会导致砖加速升温，这对于寒冷气候下的能源效率是理想的。 [14] 其中包括提高寒冷气候下的性能和解决多环芳烃对湿地植物的毒性阈值影响。 [15] 血栓性疾病是全世界死亡的主要原因，尤其是在寒冷气候下。 [16] 没有发现寒冷气候的木瓜记录。 [17] 冻融被发现是寒冷气候的最佳选择，并且提供了* Nural Kuyucak nural 的分阶段处置方法。 [18] 结构保温板 (SIP) 被认为是实现低能耗目标的有前途的建筑产品，在寒冷气候下将其与真空保温板 (VIP) 结合可以进一步提高其势能性能。 [19] 气候寒冷的社会，以及更多依赖捕鱼或畜牧业的社会，往往会吃更多的肉。 [20] 本研究调查了生活在寒冷气候中的不同年龄组华法林过量可能的季节性变化。 [21] 表明干燥或寒冷气候的 Panicoideae 和 Pooideae 都从 9000 至 7200 cal a BP 下降，表明在此期间向温暖和潮湿的气候过渡。 [22] 历史上，由于海拔高、气候寒冷，位于中国西北部的青海省一直没有生产花生。 [23] 氯化钠 (NaCl) 与水泥水合物的相互作用会导致水泥浆体发生化学和物理变化，导致过早变质，尤其是在寒冷气候下。 [24] 这对于减少季节性寒冷气候中区域降水和径流的不确定性具有潜在的变革意义。 [25] 在寒冷的气候中，增加了光伏热 (PVT)、地板采暖和发电机以增加热负荷。 [26] WM 的高存活率表明该表型在寒冷气候的不利条件下成功表现。 [27] 气凝胶玻璃系统出色的隔热性能使其成为有趣的建筑解决方案，尤其是在寒冷气候下。 [28] 与清晰透明的双窗格窗口相比，集成在温暖、混合和寒冷气候下具有最佳性能的 3 mm 固-固 PCM 可分别节省多达 17 个。 [29] 我们展示了在三种环境温度下制动期间和之后制动盘加热的刺激，并思考了在温暖和寒冷气候下能量回收的可能性。 [30] 根据研究，尽管伊朗具有利用太阳能的巨大潜力，但到目前为止，还没有关于在寒冷气候下使用太阳能热水器进行住宅别墅气候设计的研究。 [31] 本研究调查了在雅库特（俄罗斯西伯利亚）自然低温和碳氢化合物环境下，弹性复合材料在寒冷气候下运行的特点以及全面测试的结果。 [32] 本研究进行了技术经济分析，并调查了在日本寒冷气候下安装 GSHP 系统的可再生热激励 (RHI) 计划。 [33] 该假设是基于以下之间的联系：(a) 出生于冬季和春季的人，维生素 D 缺乏症更为普遍，以及 (b) 生活在寒冷气候中的深色皮肤移民的后代，他们有维生素D缺乏的风险显着增加。 [34] 尽管在这两种类型的房屋、建筑物和帐篷中都努力适应非常寒冷的气候，但在接收照明和通风方面存在局限性。 [35] 我们推测干燥、寒冷的气候对于确定 P 的地理分布至关重要。 [36] 寒冷气候为 1 tCO2/年，炎热气候和复合气候的结果可比。 [37] 然而，DN 草莓主要被评估为寒冷气候下的一年生作物。因此，冬季抗寒性和随后的第二年春季产量尚不清楚。 [38] 风是一种气候变量，对人类、生态系统和基础设施产生重大影响，尤其是在气候寒冷的沿海地区。 [39] 这些结果为影响建筑行业的能源政策提供了重要的新见解，特别是对于魁北克等寒冷气候地区。 [40] PCP 在寒冷气候中的耐久性受许多因素的影响，并且可以在其生命周期的许多阶段取得进展。 [41] 9°C，与收集地点的寒冷气候密切相关。 [42] 在寒冷气候和高纬度地区，加热和电力（主要用于照明）过程平均占气候变化总影响的 85% 至 90%。 [43] 在寒冷的气候中，空间供暖占住宅建筑能源需求的最大比例。 [44] 如今，在北纬 60 度以上非常寒冷的气候下进行地下采矿变得越来越普遍。 [45] 在这里，我们展示了在寒冷气候中确实进化出深色和棕色鸡蛋的证据，并且鸟类鸡蛋的体温调节优势是在寒冷气候下具有更强的选择压力。 [46] 在寒冷气候下，冻融过程显着影响地表热平衡和水分平衡。 [47] 主要结论是，建议的热回收系统在改善寒冷气候下 MVHR 系统的整体性能方面具有良好的潜力。 [48] 研究耐寒品种中存在的芳香化合物对于寒冷气候下葡萄酒工业的持续发展和美国中西部上游地区农业的多样化至关重要。 [49] 在迅速扩大的风能市场中，寒冷气候的场地因其高风能而变得越来越受欢迎。 [50]
source heat pump
The use of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems in cold climates, such as those in parts of North America, Scandinavian countries and China has been discussed for decades. [1] The vapor-injection (VI) technique is known effective for improving the performance of air-source heat pump (ASHP) in cold climates. [2] The use of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems in cold climates, such as those in parts of North America, Scandinavian countries and China has been discussed for decades. [3]几十年来，人们一直在讨论在寒冷气候中使用地源热泵 (GSHP) 系统，例如在北美部分地区、斯堪的纳维亚国家和中国使用地源热泵 (GSHP) 系统。 [1] 众所周知，蒸汽喷射 (VI) 技术可有效提高空气源热泵 (ASHP) 在寒冷气候下的性能。 [2] nan [3]
open habitat naturally
While primary open habitat (naturally open) was characterised by cold climates, secondary open habitat (naturally closed but anthropogenically opened) is characterised by warmer and wetter conditions. [1] While primary open habitat (naturally open) was characterised by cold climates, secondary open habitat (naturally closed but anthropogenically opened) is characterised by warmer and wetter conditions. [2]虽然主要开放栖息地（自然开放）的特点是气候寒冷，但次要开放栖息地（自然封闭但人为开放）的特点是温暖和潮湿的条件。 [1] 虽然主要开放栖息地（自然开放）的特点是气候寒冷，但次要开放栖息地（自然封闭但人为开放）的特点是温暖和潮湿的条件。 [2]
Extremely Cold Climates 极冷气候
To realize the utilization of aqueous batteries in extremely cold climates, low-temperature aqueous battery systems have to be developed. [1] Conclusions: This systematic review analyzed the effectiveness of, and characterized, multicomponent interventions lasting for 6 and 12 months, aiming to treat childhood obesity in extremely cold climates. [2] The results of the research into impacts of extremely cold climates on physical and mechanical properties of basalt plastic rods of a periodic profile have been given. [3] Alpine soils, like alpine biota, have evolved under extremely cold climates. [4] Such extremely cold climates are achieved mainly because the HP ice melting fixes seafloor temperature at the melting temperature, thereby keeping a high weathering flux regardless of surface temperature. [5]为了实现水系电池在极寒气候下的利用，必须开发低温水系电池系统。 [1] 结论：本系统评价分析了持续 6 个月和 12 个月的多组分干预措施的有效性和特点，旨在治疗极端寒冷气候下的儿童肥胖症。 [2] 已经给出了极端寒冷气候对具有周期性剖面的玄武岩塑料棒的物理和机械性能影响的研究结果。 [3] 高山土壤，就像高山生物群一样，是在极度寒冷的气候下进化而来的。 [4] nan [5]
Extreme Cold Climates 极端寒冷的气候
However, it is not clear how Tibetan sheep adapt to extreme cold climates. [1] In extreme cold climates, resiliency can play an integral role in protecting property during an outage. [2] Several combinations between natural primary metabolites that have been identified in animals that live in extreme cold climates were prepared. [3] The thermal adaptation of buildings and their residents is important in extreme cold climates for energy-saving building design. [4] This paper proposes the biophilic design approach as a plausible hypothesis for the challenging conditions related to living and working in extreme cold climates. [5]然而，尚不清楚藏羊如何适应极端寒冷的气候。 [1] 在极端寒冷的气候中，弹性可以在停电期间在保护财产方面发挥不可或缺的作用。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] nan [5]
Seasonally Cold Climates
In seasonally cold climates, many woody plants tolerate chilling and freezing temperatures by ceasing growth, shedding leaves and entering dormancy. [1] Evolution of adaptations to seasonally cold climates is regarded as particularly difficult. [2]在季节性寒冷的气候中，许多木本植物通过停止生长、脱落叶子和进入休眠状态来耐受寒冷和冰冻的温度。 [1] nan [2]
cold climates may
Building energy loads in cold climates may be largely offset with solar energy if seasonal thermal energy storage is employed. [1] Small birds in cold climates may show within-winter metabolic flexibility to match metabolic capacities to prevailing weather conditions. [2] We propose that the interaction between prolonged physical exertion and hot or cold climates may induce powerful selective pressures driving morphological adaptation. [3]如果采用季节性热能储存，寒冷气候下的建筑能源负荷可能会在很大程度上被太阳能抵消。 [1] 寒冷气候中的小型鸟类可能会在冬季表现出代谢灵活性，以使代谢能力与主要天气条件相匹配。 [2] 我们提出，长时间的体力消耗与炎热或寒冷气候之间的相互作用可能会引发强大的选择压力，从而驱动形态适应。 [3]
cold climates remain 寒冷气候依然存在
Manipulating the retention of unfrozen water in freezing contaminated soil to achieve prolonged bioremediation in cold climates remains unformulated. [1] Despite a growing body of evidence observing its deleterious pollution impacts, stormwater management and treatment in cold climates remains limited, partly due to a lack of quality and loading data and modelling parameters. [2]操纵冻结受污染土壤中未冻结水的保留以在寒冷气候下实现长时间的生物修复仍未制定。 [1] 尽管越来越多的证据观察到其有害的污染影响，但寒冷气候下的雨水管理和处理仍然有限，部分原因是缺乏质量和负荷数据以及建模参数。 [2]