Chestnut Tree(栗树)研究综述
Chestnut Tree 栗树 - The main aim of this work has been to find out if the chestnut tree can host an analogous species composition, richness, and diversity of epiphytic lichens such as those present in the native forest from the Canary Islands. [1] Invasion of a moth, horse-chestnut leaf miner, resulted in a decrease of the aesthetic value of the tree and pose a threat for the horse-chestnut trees in Europe. [2] Most of the chestnut trees found in forests in Turkey and the majority of them are coming from seeds showing huge phenotypic diversity. [3] These concepts were examined in relation to breeding (breed the AC with chestnut trees from Asia) and GE (add the oxalate oxidase [OxO] gene from bread wheat to the AC) approaches for mitigating chestnut blight and restoring AC trees. [4] The fungal findings were observed in an area of the Park characterised by a forest composed in prevalence of chestnut trees and underwood of Ilex aquifolium and Ruscus aculeatus. [5] Introduction: The chestnut tree has enormous economic, social, cultural and environmental benefits in the Tras-os-Montes region of Portugal, as well as contributing to its characteristic landscape. [6] The chestnut tree (Castanea spp. [7] These vascular alterations impact the normal formation of tissues in distal regions of the leaf, which reduces the productivity of chestnut trees. [8] Moreover, the survival models confirm the pioneer-like characteristics of the chestnut tree such as its low shade tolerance and poor competitiveness in comparison to late-successional species. [9] The proposed BBCH scale uses eight of the ten principal growth stages for fruit trees and secondary growth stages that are specific to chestnut trees. [10] Anne Frank’s chestnut tree can be found on the pages of children’s books, in the frame of a video, as a digital leaf on a cyber-trunk or as a seedling shared throughout the world. [11] We studied the possible effects of an alien-alien relationship (formed by the Horse-chestnut tree, Aesculus hippocastanum, and the Horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella) on litter-dwelling invertebrates in the Czech Republic. [12]The chestnut trees are well adaptated to temperate and humid climates, with moderate annual thermal contrast and without long and severe summer droughts.
[13] Introduction: The chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), is a gall inducing insect original from China that attacks the Castanea genus and can significantly hinder production of chestnut trees. [14] kuriphilus induces insect galls on chestnut trees, and fungi can cause the necrosis of chestnut trees and the death of D. [15] The analysis was carried out over a decade, which allowed for creating the best models illustrating the impact of selective factors related to air and soil pollution on the health status of small-leaved limes, maples, oaks, and chestnut trees in the city. [16] In 2017 in north-western Poland, samples from 30 horse-chestnut trees for the dendrochronological analysis were taken with help of a Pressler increment borer. [17] We report for the first time differences in hormone and proline content in leaves and fine roots of chestnut trees of humid and xeric origins exposed to drought. [18] Research Highlights: Chestnut trees’ (Castanea sativa Mill. [19] The present study has evaluated the indirect, top-down effects of a parasitoid wasp, Torymus beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), of a gall-maker, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), on the characteristics of the chestnut tree, Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. [20] Sixteen isolates were from apple trees and 3 from chestnut trees. [21] The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, is an invasive pest causing significant damage to chestnut trees (Castanea spp. [22] As a result, chestnut trees must be fertilized with macronutrients for efficient and profitable production. [23] Due to the long juvenile phase of chestnut trees, the selection of desired characteristics at early developmental stages represents a major challenge for chestnut breeding. [24] The municipality of Navezuelas (Caceres, Spain) is regionally known for the cultivation of chestnut trees on steep slopes, which form a landscape of bocage dominated by small farms (family property). [25] It all starts under a chestnut tree:. [26] Rice hulls were removed from a total mixed ration with a 54:46 forage:concentrate ratio (% of dry matter; DM), and a tannin extract mixture from quebracho and chestnut trees (2:1 ratio) was included at 0, 0. [27] The reaction of chestnut trees to decreasing D. [28] neoformans was screened on chestnut trees (Castanea spp. [29] Chestnut trees are economically exploited in temperate regions of Asian countries, Oceania and the European Iberian Peninsula. [30] The application of gibberellin (GA) and its inhibitor (Paclobutrazol, PP333) to chestnut trees revealed that these exert a significant effect on the number and length of the male and female chestnut flowers. [31] Branch and main stem defects of horsechestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum L. [32] Phytophthora cinnamomi is a highly aggressive Phytophthora species associated with the forest decline and responsible for the ink disease in chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Miller), a culture which is extremely important in Europe. [33]这项工作的主要目的是确定板栗树是否可以容纳类似的物种组成、丰富度和多样性的附生地衣，例如加那利群岛原生森林中的那些。 [1] 一种飞蛾，七叶树潜叶虫的入侵，导致树的审美价值下降，并对欧洲的七叶树构成威胁。 [2] 在土耳其森林中发现的大多数栗树，其中大部分来自具有巨大表型多样性的种子。 [3] 这些概念与育种（用来自亚洲的板栗树培育 AC）和 GE（将来自面包小麦的草酸氧化酶 [OxO] 基因添加到 AC）方法进行了检查，以减轻板栗枯萎病和恢复 AC 树。 [4] 真菌的发现是在公园的一个地区观察到的，该地区的特点是一片森林，由板栗树和冬青和 Ruscus aculeatus 的林下组成。 [5] 简介：栗树在葡萄牙特拉斯-奥斯-蒙特斯地区具有巨大的经济、社会、文化和环境效益，并有助于其独特的景观。 [6] 栗树 (Castanea spp. [7] 这些血管变化会影响叶片远端区域组织的正常形成，从而降低板栗树的生产力。 [8] 此外，生存模型证实了板栗树的先驱特征，例如与晚演物种相比，它的耐荫性低和竞争力差。 [9] 拟议的 BBCH 量表使用了果树十个主要生长阶段中的八个和板栗树特有的次生生长阶段。 [10] 安妮弗兰克的栗树可以在儿童读物的页面上找到，在 视频的帧，作为网络树干上的数字叶子或作为共享的幼苗 遍及世界。 [11] 我们研究了外星人与外星人关系（由七叶树、七叶树和七叶树潜叶虫 Cameraria ohridella 形成）对捷克共和国垃圾无脊椎动物的可能影响。 [12] <p>板栗树很好地适应了温带和潮湿的气候，每年的热反差适中，没有长期严重的夏季干旱。 [13] 简介： 板栗瘿蜂，Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu（膜翅目：Cynipidae），是一种原产于中国的诱发瘿虫，攻击板栗属，可显着阻碍板栗树的生产。 [14] kuriphilus在板栗树上诱发虫瘿，真菌可引起板栗树坏死和D. [15] 该分析进行了十多年，创建了最佳模型，说明与空气和土壤污染相关的选择性因素对城市中小叶酸橙、枫树、橡树和栗树健康状况的影响。 [16] 2017 年，在波兰西北部，在 Pressler 增量钻孔器的帮助下，从 30 棵七叶树中采集了用于树木年代学分析的样本。 [17] 我们首次报告了暴露于干旱的潮湿和干旱来源的板栗树的叶子和细根中激素和脯氨酸含量的差异。 [18] 研究亮点：栗树（Castanea sativa Mill. [19] 本研究评估了寄生蜂 Torymus beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) 对板栗树特性的间接、自上而下的影响。 , 板栗 Siebold & Zucc。 [20] 16 个分离株来自苹果树，3 个来自栗树。 [21] 亚洲板栗瘿蜂（Dryocosmus kuriphilus）是一种入侵性害虫，对栗树（Castanea spp. [22] 因此，板栗树必须用大量营养素施肥，才能实现高效和有利可图的生产。 [23] 由于板栗树的幼年期较长，在早期发育阶段选择所需特性是板栗育种面临的主要挑战。 [24] Navezuelas 市（西班牙卡塞雷斯）以在陡峭的山坡上种植栗树而闻名，形成了以小农场（家庭财产）为主的绿松石景观。 [25] 这一切都始于一棵栗树下：。 [26] 从具有 54:46 的草料：浓缩物比（干物质的百分比；DM）的总混合日粮中去除稻壳，并以 0、0 的比例加入来自北美雀和栗树的单宁提取物混合物（2:1 的比例）。 [27] 栗树对减少的反应 D. [28] 在栗树（Castanea spp. [29] 板栗树在亚洲国家、大洋洲和欧洲伊比利亚半岛的温带地区进行经济开发。 [30] 赤霉素 (GA) 及其抑制剂 (Paclobutrazol, PP333) 对板栗树的应用表明，这些对雄性和雌性板栗花的数量和长度有显着影响。 [31] 七叶树（Aesculus hippocastanum L. [32] Phytophthora cinnamomi 是一种高度侵袭性的 Phytophthora 物种，与森林衰退有关，并导致栗树 (Castanea sativa Miller) 的墨水病，这种文化在欧洲极为重要。 [33]
Horse Chestnut Tree 七叶树
Horse chestnut leaf blotch is a fungal disease caused by Guignardia aesculi (Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae) that also seriously damages horse chestnut trees in Europe. [1] Bleeding cankers on horse chestnut trees (Aesculushippocastanum and Aesculus × carnea), caused by Pseudomonassyringae pv. [2] The saponin β-aescin from the seed extract of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum has demonstrated a beneficial role in clinical therapy which is in part related to its strong interaction with biological membranes. [3] The horse chestnut leaf blotch Guignardia aesculi (Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae) is a fungal disease that also seriously damages horse chestnut trees in Europe. [4] Escin, a natural triterpene saponin mixture obtained from the horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum), has been used for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), hemorrhoids, and edema. [5] The aim of the conducted study was to assess the chemical composition of soils and the nutritional status of lime and horse chestnut trees in selected sites and the influence of these factors on the condition and health of these tree species in urbanised areas. [6] The data obtained show that horse chestnut trees can specifically respond to mechanical damage by C. [7] This review discusses recent progress in physicochemical understanding of the action of the saponin β-aescin (also called β-escin), the biologically active component in the seeds of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum. [8] The saponin aescin, a mixture of triterpenoid saponins, is obtained from the seeds of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum. [9] ABSTRACT Defoliation caused annually by Cameraria ohridella has a considerable impact on the general condition of horse chestnut trees. [10] The Horse Chestnut Tree AR experience follows, presenting a miniature 3D model of a tree that is a vital part of the outdoor museum grounds. [11]七叶树叶斑病是一种由七叶树（Botryosphaeriales：Botryosphaeriaceae）引起的真菌病害，在欧洲也严重损害了七叶树树。 [1] 由 Pseudomonassyringae pv. 引起的七叶树 (Aesculushiippocastanum 和 Aesculus × carnea) 上的出血溃疡。 [2] 七叶树七叶树种子提取物中的皂苷 β-七叶皂苷已证明在临床治疗中具有有益作用，这部分与它与生物膜的强相互作用有关。 [3] 七叶树叶斑病 Guignardia aesculi (Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae) 是一种真菌病害，在欧洲也严重损害七叶树树。 [4] Escin 是一种从七叶树 (Aesculus hippocastanum) 中提取的天然三萜皂甙混合物，已用于治疗慢性静脉功能不全 (CVI)、痔疮和水肿。 [5] 所进行研究的目的是评估选定地点的土壤化学成分和石灰树和七叶树树的营养状况，以及这些因素对城市化地区这些树种状况和健康的影响。 [6] 获得的数据表明，七叶树树可以对 C. [7] 本综述讨论了七叶树七叶树种子中的生物活性成分皂甙 β-七叶皂苷（也称为 β-七叶皂苷）作用的物理化学认识的最新进展。 [8] 皂甙七叶皂甙是三萜皂甙的混合物，是从七叶树七叶树的种子中获得的。 [9] 摘要 每年由Cameraria ohridella 引起的落叶对七叶树的一般状况有相当大的影响。 [10] 接下来是七叶树 AR 体验，展示了作为户外博物馆场地重要组成部分的树的微型 3D 模型。 [11]
American Chestnut Tree 美国板栗树
Data from two studies examined the: (a) attitudes and behavioral intentions of the public regarding the use of genetic engineering (GE) for addressing chestnut blight and helping to restore American chestnut trees (AC); and (b) extent that these attitudes and intentions are susceptible to message framing. [1] Transgenic American chestnut trees expressing a wheat gene for oxalate oxidase (OxO) can tolerate chestnut blight, but as with any new restoration material, they should be carefully evaluated before being released into the environment. [2] We describe how genetic approaches to the restoration of functionally extinct American chestnut trees—by non-profit organizations, for the restoration of a wild, heritage forest species, and with unconventional intellectual property protections—are challenging precedents in the political economy of plant biotechnology. [3] In spring 2018, root fragments were excised from beneath three American chestnut trees in three separate plots where basidiocarps were observed. [4] To help restore this important canopy tree, blight-tolerant American chestnut trees have been developed using an oxalate oxidase-encoding gene from wheat. [5] The restoration plan for the American chestnut tree includes the potential wild release of a genetically engineered tree in close proximity to the sovereign Haudenosaunee communities of Central and Upstate New York. [6]来自两项研究的数据检查了： (a) 公众对使用基因工程 (GE) 解决板栗枯萎病和帮助恢复美国板栗树 (AC) 的态度和行为意图； (b) 这些态度和意图易受信息框架影响的程度。 [1] 表达草酸氧化酶 (OxO) 小麦基因的转基因美国板栗树可以耐受板栗枯萎病，但与任何新的修复材料一样，在释放到环境中之前应仔细评估它们。 [2] 我们描述了通过非盈利组织恢复功能性灭绝的美国板栗树的遗传方法，用于恢复野生的遗产森林物种，以及非常规的知识产权保护 - 在植物生物技术的政治经济学中是具有挑战性的先例。 [3] 2018 年春季，在观察到担子果的三个独立地块中，从三棵美国板栗树下切除了根碎片。 [4] 为了帮助恢复这棵重要的冠层树，耐枯萎病的美国栗树已经使用来自小麦的草酸氧化酶编码基因进行了培育。 [5] 美国板栗树的恢复计划包括在靠近纽约中部和北部的主权豪德诺索尼社区的地方放生一棵转基因树。 [6]
Sweet Chestnut Tree
The sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill. [1] Sweet chestnut trees and coppice stools from 237 sites across England and Wales were assessed using genetic, dendrochronological, palaeoenvironmental, archaeological, and historical analyses. [2] In Turkey, the sweet chestnut tree population (Castanea sativa Mill. [3]甜栗树 (Castanea sativa Mill. [1] 使用遗传、树木年代学、古环境、考古和历史分析对来自英格兰和威尔士 237 个地点的甜栗树和矮林凳进行了评估。 [2] 在土耳其，甜栗树种群（Castanea sativa Mill. [3]
European Chestnut Tree
Prior to the first occurrence of chestnut blight in 1976, leaf spot caused by Cylindrosporium castaneae was one of the most important diseases of European chestnut trees in Slovakia. [1] In the early 1980′s, the European chestnut tree (Castanea sativa, Mill. [2] Portugal stands out in the production of the European chestnut tree. [3]在 1976 年首次发生板栗枯萎病之前，由栗柱孢子引起的叶斑病是斯洛伐克欧洲板栗树最重要的病害之一。 [1] 1980 年代初期，欧洲栗树 (Castanea sativa, Mill. [2] 葡萄牙在欧洲板栗树的生产中脱颖而出。 [3]
chestnut tree aesculu
The saponin β-aescin from the seed extract of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum has demonstrated a beneficial role in clinical therapy which is in part related to its strong interaction with biological membranes. [1] This review discusses recent progress in physicochemical understanding of the action of the saponin β-aescin (also called β-escin), the biologically active component in the seeds of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum. [2] The saponin aescin, a mixture of triterpenoid saponins, is obtained from the seeds of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum. [3]七叶树七叶树种子提取物中的皂苷 β-七叶皂苷已证明在临床治疗中具有有益作用，这部分与它与生物膜的强相互作用有关。 [1] 本综述讨论了七叶树七叶树种子中的生物活性成分皂甙 β-七叶皂苷（也称为 β-七叶皂苷）作用的物理化学认识的最新进展。 [2] 皂甙七叶皂甙是三萜皂甙的混合物，是从七叶树七叶树的种子中获得的。 [3]