Chestnut Blight(栗枯病)研究综述
Chestnut Blight 栗枯病 - Chestnut blight, Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr, was reported in Portugal in 1989. [1] The inadvertent introduction and rapid spread of chestnut blight (caused by Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr. [2] Chestnut blight, a disease that has spread rampantly among American (Castanea dentata (Marsh. [3] Chestnut blight has spread throughout Europe since the introduction of its causal agent Cryphonectria parasitica over 70 years ago. [4] This species is susceptible to two major diseases, ink disease and chestnut blight, caused by Phytophthora spp. [5] ABSTRACT The recovery of the European chestnut from chestnut blight in Europe is attributed to hypovirulence, a viral disease that reduces the virulence of its host – Cryphonectria parasitica. [6] Prior to the first occurrence of chestnut blight in 1976, leaf spot caused by Cylindrosporium castaneae was one of the most important diseases of European chestnut trees in Slovakia. [7] quantified the effects of non-native pests, such as the emerald ash borer, Dutch elm disease, and chestnut blight in forests of the United States. [8] Recently, intensive infestation of gall wasp decreased the production of chestnut, and makes the plants more susceptible to Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. [9] The invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, is able to survive and sporulate on the bark of fresh dead Castanea sativa wood for at least 2 years. [10] We previously reported that CHV1-CN280 was more aggressive and had a higher horizontal transmission ability between Cryphonectria parasitica isolates belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups than two other CHV1 hypoviruses (namely, CHV1-EP713 and CHV1-Euro7), thus displaying greater potential for biological control of chestnut blight. [11] BACKGROUND Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, is controlled in many European countries by the naturally occurring mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). [12] In Tras-os-Montes, despite the strong increase in the cultivation area, phytosanitary problems, such as the chestnut ink disease (Phytophthora cinnamomi) and the chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), along with other threats, e. [13] Our study showed that the released biological control hypoviruses persisted in the treated cankers, which is promising for the biological control of chestnut blight in Turkey. [14] The loss of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in eastern North America to chestnut blight, a disease caused by the fungal pathogen (Cryphonectria parasitica), has devastated ecological and utilitarian processes and functions. [15] American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was a foundation species in the eastern United States until chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) infestation resulted in range-wide catastrophic reduction. [16] Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. [17] Transmissible hypovirulence associated with Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) has been used for biological control of chestnut blight, devastating disease of chestnut caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. [18] Here, we investigated the effects of a potential intraspecific invasion in Europe of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. [19]栗疫病，Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr，于 1989 年在葡萄牙报道。 [1] 栗疫病（由 Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr. [2] 栗疫病，一种在美国人中猖獗传播的疾病（Castanea dentata (Marsh. [3] 自 70 多年前引入病原菌 Cryphonectria parasitica 以来，栗枯病已蔓延到整个欧洲。 [4] 该物种易患由疫霉属引起的两种主要疾病，墨病和栗枯病。 [5] 摘要欧洲板栗从欧洲板栗枯萎病中恢复是由于低毒力，一种降低其宿主 Cryphonectria parasitica 毒力的病毒性疾病。 [6] 在 1976 年首次发生板栗枯萎病之前，由栗柱孢子引起的叶斑病是斯洛伐克欧洲板栗树最重要的病害之一。 [7] 量化了非本地害虫的影响，例如美国森林中的翡翠灰螟、荷兰榆树病和栗枯病。 [8] 最近，瘿蜂的密集侵扰减少了板栗的产量，使植物更容易受到板栗枯萎病的病原体 Cryphonectria parasitica 的影响。 [9] 侵入性真菌 Cryphonectria parasitica 是栗疫病的病原体，它能够在新鲜死板栗树的树皮上存活并形成孢子至少 2 年。 [10] 我们之前报道过 CHV1-CN280 比其他两种 CHV1 次病毒（即 CHV1-EP713 和 CHV1-Euro7）更具攻击性，并且在属于不同植物相容性组的 Cryphonectria parasitica 分离株之间具有更高的水平传播能力，因此显示出更大的生物潜力。防治板栗疫病。 [11] 背景 由 Cryphonectria parasitica 引起的栗疫病在许多欧洲国家受到天然存在的真菌病毒 Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) 的控制。 [12] 在 Tras-os-Montes，尽管种植面积大幅增加，但植物检疫问题，如栗墨病 (Phytophthora cinnamomi) 和栗疫病 (Cryphonectria parasitica) 以及其他威胁，例如。 [13] 我们的研究表明，释放的生物防治次病毒持续存在于处理过的溃疡病中，这对土耳其栗疫病的生物防治很有希望。 [14] 北美东部的美洲板栗 (Castanea dentata) 因板栗枯萎病而丧失，这是一种由真菌病原体 (Cryphonectria parasitica) 引起的疾病，破坏了生态和实用过程和功能。 [15] 美洲板栗 (Castanea dentata) 是美国东部的基础物种，直到板栗枯萎病 (Cryphonectria parasitica) 侵染导致大范围的灾难性减少。 [16] 2016 年 12 月在英国德文郡发现了由 Cryphonectria parasitica 引起的栗枯病。 [17] 与 Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) 相关的传染性低毒力已被用于生物防治板栗枯萎病，这是由真菌 Cryphonectria parasitica 引起的板栗毁灭性疾病。 [18] 在这里，我们调查了在欧洲潜在的种内入侵 Cryphonectria parasitica 的影响，Cryphonectria parasitica 是栗疫病的病原体。 [19]
Mitigating Chestnut Blight 减轻栗枯病
These concepts were examined in relation to breeding (breed the AC with chestnut trees from Asia) and GE (add the oxalate oxidase [OxO] gene from bread wheat to the AC) approaches for mitigating chestnut blight and restoring AC trees. [1] Results showed somewhat positive attitudes toward all three GE applications (change existing AC genes, add genes from distantly related organism to AC, add oxalate oxidase [OxO] gene from bread wheat to AC) for mitigating chestnut blight (CB) and restoring AC trees. [2]这些概念与育种（用来自亚洲的板栗树培育 AC）和 GE（将来自面包小麦的草酸氧化酶 [OxO] 基因添加到 AC）方法进行了检查，以减轻板栗枯萎病和恢复 AC 树。 [1] 结果表明，对所有三种 GE 应用（改变现有的 AC 基因，将来自远缘生物的基因添加到 AC，将草酸氧化酶 [OxO] 基因从面包小麦添加到 AC）以减轻栗疫病 (CB) 和恢复 AC 树的态度都有些积极。 [2]
chestnut blight fungu 栗枯病菌
In this study, transcriptome analysis was used to infer mechanisms activated during barrage formation in vic3-incompatible strains of Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus. [1] It is known to induce hypovirulence in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, and encode an RNA silencing suppressor. [2] In this study, we have shown distinct biological functions of two DNA methyltransferases from the chestnut blight fungus C. [3] The chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica first decimated the North American chestnut, and a more recent outbreak threatens European chestnut stands. [4] In this study, two unrelated mycoviruses [Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1, genus Hypovirus, and single-stranded RNA) and Mycoreovirus 1 (MyRV1, genus Mycoreovirus, double-stranded RNA)] that originated from Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight fungus) were singly or doubly introduced into V. [5] Restoration of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) depends on combining resistance to both the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) and Phytophthora cinnamomi, which causes Phytophthora root rot, in a diverse population of C. [6] The unique phenotypic changes in sporadic sectorization in mutants of CpBck1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) gene, and CpSlt2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene, in the cell wall integrity pathway of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica have been previously studied. [7] American chestnut (Castenea dentata), once dominant throughout the eastern deciduous forest of North America, was extirpated from its native range by chestnut blight fungus. [8] Field-collected US strain C18 of Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus, was earlier reported to be infected by a double-stranded RNA virus, mycoreovirus 2 (MyRV2). [9] Here we developed a protoplast fusion-based protocol for horizontal transfer of the prototype mitovirus, Cryphonectria parasitica mitovirus 1 (CpMV1), which was isolated from strain NB631 of the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), a model filamentous fungus for studying virus-host interactions. [10] Intensive appearance of chestnut gall wasp creates a possibility of expansion of chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectriaparasitica (Murr. [11]在这项研究中，转录组分析用于推断在 vic3 不相容的 Cryphonectria parasitica（栗枯病真菌）菌株的弹幕形成过程中激活的机制。 [1] 已知在栗疫病真菌 Cryphonectria parasitica 中诱导低毒力，并编码 RNA 沉默抑制因子。 [2] 在这项研究中，我们展示了来自栗疫病真菌 C 的两种 DNA 甲基转移酶的不同生物学功能。 [3] 板栗枯萎病菌 Cryphonectria parasitica 首先摧毁了北美板栗，最近的一次爆发威胁到欧洲板栗林。 [4] 在这项研究中，两种不相关的真菌病毒 [Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1, genus Hypovirus, 和单链 RNA) 和 Mycoreovirus 1 (MyRV1, genus Mycoreovirus, 双链 RNA)] 单独来源于 Cryphonectria parasitica (栗疫病真菌)或双重引入V。 [5] 美洲板栗 (Castanea dentata) 的恢复依赖于对栗疫病菌 (Cryphonectria parasitica) 和肉桂疫霉（导致疫霉根腐病）在不同种群的 C. [6] 板栗枯萎病菌细胞壁完整性通路中 CpBck1 突变体的独特表型变化，丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶 (MAPKKK) 基因和 CpSlt2，丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK) 基因先前已研究过 Cryphonectria parasitica。 [7] 美洲板栗 (Castenea dentata) 曾经在北美东部落叶林中占主导地位，但后来被栗枯病菌从其原生范围内灭绝。 [8] 早先有报道称，在田间采集的美国 C18 株 Cryphonectria parasitica（栗疫病真菌）感染了双链 RNA 病毒 mycoreovirus 2 (MyRV2)。 [9] 在这里，我们开发了一种基于原生质体融合的协议，用于水平转移原型有丝分裂病毒 Cryphonectria parasitica mitovirus 1 (CpMV1)，它是从栗疫病菌 (Cryphonectria parasitica) 菌株 NB631 中分离出来的，这是一种用于研究病毒宿主的模型丝状真菌互动。 [10] 栗瘿蜂的密集出现为栗疫病菌（Cryphonectriaparasitica (Murr. [11]
chestnut blight disease 栗疫病
Cryphonectria parasitica, causing the Chestnut blight disease, is an invasive fungal pathogen species associated with several recent host shifts during its successive introductions from Asia to North America and Europe. [1] Chestnut breeding programs have been using a backcross breeding technique to produce trees with a predominantly American chestnut (Castanea dentata) genome and chestnut blight disease resist. [2] Restoration of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is underway using backcross breeding that confers chestnut blight disease resistance from Asian chestnuts (most often Castanea mollissima) to the susceptible host. [3] In this study, by using electron microscopy, we observed that hypovirus CHV1-EP713 infection of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causative agent of chestnut blight disease, caused proliferation of autophagic-like vesicles. [4] The highly destructive chestnut blight disease can be successfully controlled by infecting the virulent strain of C. [5]引起栗疫病的 Cryphonectria parasitica 是一种侵入性真菌病原体物种，在其从亚洲连续引入北美和欧洲期间，与最近的几次宿主转移有关。 [1] 板栗育种计划一直在使用回交育种技术来生产具有主要美国板栗（Castanea dentata）基因组和板栗枯萎病抗性的树木。 [2] 美国板栗（Castanea dentata）的恢复正在进行中，使用回交育种将亚洲板栗（最常见的是板栗）的板栗枯萎病抗病性赋予易感宿主。 [3] 在这项研究中，我们通过电子显微镜观察到，低病毒 CHV1-EP713 感染了栗疫病的病原体 Cryphonectria parasitica，导致自噬样囊泡增殖。 [4] 通过感染 C. [5]
chestnut blight caused 栗枯病引起
) is chestnut blight caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr which induces yield reduction in Europe and North America. [1] However, it was nearly eliminated by chestnut blight caused by the Ascomycetous fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. [2] American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is critically endangered by chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica. [3] Two catastrophic diseases, chestnut blight caused by the ascomycete fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr. [4]) 是由真菌 Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr 引起的板栗枯萎病，可导致欧洲和北美的产量下降。 [1] 然而，它几乎被由子囊菌类真菌 Cryphonectria parasitica 引起的栗疫病所消灭。 [2] 美国板栗 (Castanea dentata) 受到由 Cryphonectria parasitica 引起的板栗枯萎病的严重危害。 [3] 由子囊菌真菌 Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr. [4]