Alloy Phase(合金相)研究综述
Alloy Phase 合金相 - During the pyrometallurgical production of industrial metals such as ferromanganese in electric smelting furnaces, molten slag and alloy phases are removed from the unit by tapping at regular intervals. [1] Combined with the characterization analysis, it can be proposed that the dehydrogenation performance of 12H-NECZ is dependent on the alloy phases, reasonable electronic structures and nanoparticle size of catalysts. [2] In this study, the Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber layer was prepared by first depositing a copper–zinc–tin (CZT) precursor film with a metal stack order of Zn–Sn–Cu–Zn through magnetron sputtering, followed by a preannealing process on the CZT precursor, to promote the interdiffusion of elements for the transfer of the metal phase into the alloy phase. [3] Manganese ore reduction is complex at intermediate reaction temperatures of 1100°C - 1400°C due to the formation of liquid oxide and/or alloy phases in varying phase proportions and distributions. [4] The influence of compositions on alloy phases, grain sizes, film surface roughness, and magnetic domains of the films and magnetization of magnetron sputtered Fe100-xGax films was investigated. [5] In particular, the uniform distribution of nanoparticles and alloy phases in β-In3Sn phase was critical for the control of mechanical strength of excessively ductile In-48Sn solder. [6] Detailed structure analysis revealed that the NbSe2 bonding structures in the alloy phase are more disordered than the MoSe2 ones. [7] Ferromagnet-semiconductor (FM-SC) alloy phase with room temperature ferromagnetic properties at the interfaces of FM/SC heterostructures are believed to improve the electron spin injection from the FM to the SC for the realization of spintronic devices. [8] As for the CuNiHfTiZr additive, the B precipitates to form the B particles that are absorbed on the surface of the alloy, while the B can also be trapped in the alloy phase and thus formed a homogeneous phase. [9] It is then argued that entropy variation among a group of alloy phases can be exclusively related to molar volume, only when both thermal pressure (pth) and thermal entropy terms assume common values for all members. [10] Moreover, the toxicity leaching results of the slag indicate that the Cr, F, and Cu are stable, while Ni is easily leached from the (Fe,Ni)(Fe,Cr)2O4 and alloy phases. [11] Nanoindentation tests were used to examine the mechanical properties of each alloy phase and the results showed that the nano-hardness of Al2Cu phase was 5. [12] Detailed investigations indicate that IDTP-4F can form an alloy phase with Y6, resulting in the optimized morphology, which can facilitate the charge transport and reduce recombination, leading to enhanced open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) simultaneously. [13] Some impurities with a low segregation coefficient segregated in the solid Si/liquid Si–Fe interface and were finally enriched in the alloy phase. [14] The alloy phase between Pd and Cu was formed by deposition of organometallic Pd- and Cu-precursors on the Al2O3 support followed by thermal reduction under H2. [15] Accounting by the dissolution of Cu in the alloy phase, the performance of the CuPt alloy was elevated after yielding hydrogen for 1. [16] These pretreatments influence the alloy phases, which play a key role in the development of new eco-friendly chromium-free conversion coatings, but also in the susceptibility to localized corrosion in chloride medium. [17] We demonstrate our approach by providing evidence that the Pt3Ni(111) surface, one of the best catalysts for an important reaction in fuel cells, likely draws its excellent catalytic properties from the formation of an alloy phase in which the Pt and Ni atoms are well-ordered. [18] EDS analysis unveils that the alloy phase is very close to the assumed Sn40–Bi60 [wt%]. [19] This study has investigated the effects of T6 heat-treatment on the microstructures, the local mechanical properties of alloy phases and the fracture behavior of high vacuum die-cast AlSiMgMn alloys using in-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with nano-indentation testing. [20] Sequential injection of Mo and S precursors, which does not yield any MoS2 on SiO2 /Si, grows atomically thin MoS2 on Au, indicating the formation of an alloy phase. [21] This increase in strength and hardness values is attributed to the distribution of hard and brittle aluminum-based alloy phases in the ductile Al matrix. [22] Residual S in the RGC significantly changed the alloy phases. [23] The FFC mechanism is explained in terms of the relative susceptibility of alloy phases to anodic dissolution, determined using scanning electron microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. [24] After chemical etching, many active sites and alloy phases are exposed to the electrochemical environment, which leads to enhanced electrochemical activity. [25] The XRD data evident that Zn2GeO4 alloy hexagonal structure along with GeO2 and ZnO phases were observed at annealing temperatures 600 and 700 °C but below this temperature no alloy phase was detected by XRD and Raman Spectroscopy. [26]在电熔炉中生产锰铁等工业金属的火法冶金过程中，通过定期出钢将熔渣和合金相从装置中去除。 [1] 结合表征分析，可以提出12H-NECZ的脱氢性能取决于合金相、合理的电子结构和催化剂的纳米粒径。 [2] 在这项研究中，Cu2ZnSnS4 吸收层是通过首先通过磁控溅射沉积具有 Zn-Sn-Cu-Zn 金属堆叠顺序的铜-锌-锡 (CZT) 前驱体薄膜，然后在 CZT 前驱体上进行预退火工艺制备的。 ，促进元素的相互扩散，使金属相转移到合金相中。 [3] 在 1100°C - 1400°C 的中间反应温度下，锰矿石还原是复杂的，因为会形成不同相比例和分布的液态氧化物和/或合金相。 [4] 研究了成分对合金相、晶粒尺寸、薄膜表面粗糙度、薄膜磁畴和磁控溅射Fe100-xGax薄膜磁化强度的影响。 [5] 特别是，β-In3Sn 相中纳米颗粒和合金相的均匀分布对于控制过度延展的 In-48Sn 焊料的机械强度至关重要。 [6] 详细的结构分析表明，合金相中的 NbSe2 键合结构比 MoSe2 更无序。 [7] 在 FM/SC 异质结构的界面处具有室温铁磁特性的铁磁体-半导体 (FM-SC) 合金相被认为可以改善从 FM 到 SC 的电子自旋注入，以实现自旋电子器件。 [8] 对于CuNiHfTiZr添加剂，B析出形成吸附在合金表面的B颗粒，同时B也可以被困在合金相中，从而形成均相。 [9] 然后有人认为，一组合金相之间的熵变化只能与摩尔体积有关，只有当热压 (pth) 和热熵项都假定所有成员的值相同时。 [10] 此外，渣的毒性浸出结果表明，Cr、F和Cu是稳定的，而Ni很容易从(Fe,Ni)(Fe,Cr)2O4和合金相中浸出。 [11] 采用纳米压痕试验检测各合金相的力学性能，结果表明Al2Cu相的纳米硬度为5。 [12] 详细研究表明，IDTP-4F 可以与 Y6 形成合金相，从而优化形貌，促进电荷传输并减少复合，同时提高开路电压 (Voc) 和填充因子 (FF)。 [13] 一些偏析系数低的杂质偏析在固态Si/液态Si-Fe界面，最终富集在合金相中。 [14] Pd 和 Cu 之间的合金相是通过在 Al2O3 载体上沉积有机金属 Pd 和 Cu 前体，然后在 H2 下热还原形成的。 [15] 由于 Cu 在合金相中的溶解，CuPt 合金的性能在产氢 1 后提高。 [16] 这些预处理会影响合金相，这在开发新的环保无铬转化涂层方面起着关键作用，而且在氯化物介质中对局部腐蚀的敏感性方面也起着关键作用。 [17] 我们通过提供证据证明我们的方法，即 Pt3Ni(111) 表面是燃料电池中重要反应的最佳催化剂之一，它可能从 Pt 和 Ni 原子良好的合金相的形成中汲取其优异的催化性能-订购。 [18] EDS 分析揭示合金相非常接近假定的 Sn40–Bi60 [wt%]。 [19] 本研究利用原位扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 结合纳米压痕研究了 T6 热处理对高真空压铸 AlSiMgMn 合金的显微组织、合金相的局部力学性能和断裂行为的影响。测试。 [20] Mo 和 S 前驱体的连续注入，在 SiO2 /Si 上不产生任何 MoS2，在 Au 上生长原子级薄的 MoS2，表明合金相的形成。 [21] 这种强度和硬度值的增加归因于韧性铝基体中硬脆铝基合金相的分布。 [22] RGC 中的残留 S 显着改变了合金相。 [23] FFC 机制是根据合金相对阳极溶解的相对敏感性来解释的，使用扫描电子显微镜和扫描开尔文探针力显微镜确定。 [24] 化学蚀刻后，许多活性位点和合金相暴露在电化学环境中，从而导致电化学活性增强。 [25] XRD 数据表明，在 600 和 700°C 的退火温度下观察到 Zn2GeO4 合金六方结构以及 GeO2 和 ZnO 相，但低于该温度，通过 XRD 和拉曼光谱没有检测到合金相。 [26]
scanning electron microscopy 扫描电子显微镜
The optimized nickel strike Zn-Co-Ni alloy phases are obtained at 4 A/dm2 current density and were subjected to XRD, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and EDS techniques. [1] The microstructures were analysed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the alloy phases and distribution. [2]在 4 A/dm2 电流密度下获得了优化的镍触击 Zn-Co-Ni 合金相，并对其进行了 XRD、场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FE-SEM)、原子力显微镜 (AFM) 和 EDS 技术。 [1] 通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析微观结构以确定合金相和分布。 [2]
Cu Alloy Phase 铜合金相
The presence of bimetallic Pd-Cu alloy phase with relatively high H2 uptakes was observed, enabling to preferentially hydrogenate C=O rather than to C=C bonds under mild reaction conditions. [1] It was further confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and TEM, which showed the presence of metallic Fe and Fe-Cu alloy phases in the reduced Fe-Cu(0. [2] Differences in the catalytic activity evolve because of (i) the in situ formation of Ni–Cu alloy phases (in a composition of >7:1 = Ni:Cu) for La2Ni0. [3] The improved catalytic performance is related to the easy formation of Pt–Cu alloy phase, excellent resistance to sintering, and coke deposits of active components modified by CeO2. [4] AgZn3, Ag3Sn, and Sn–Ag–Cu alloy phases were formed during prealloying stage at 250 °C. [5]观察到具有较高 H2 吸收的双金属 Pd-Cu 合金相的存在，能够在温和的反应条件下优先氢化 C=O 而不是 C=C 键。 [1] 通过 X 射线吸收光谱 (XAS) 和 TEM 进一步证实，还原后的 Fe-Cu(0. [2] nan [3] 催化性能的提高与易于形成 Pt-Cu 合金相、优异的抗烧结性和 CeO2 改性的活性组分积炭有关。 [4] AgZn3、Ag3Sn 和 Sn-Ag-Cu 合金相在 250 °C 的预合金化阶段形成。 [5]
Si Alloy Phase
2012, (207) 150] has been further optimized on static (Li$_x$Si alloy phases and point defect energies) and on dynamic properties (Li diffusion) to reproduce the lithiation of small crystalline Si nanowires calculated at the {\it ab initio} level. [1] We demonstrated that the homogeneously distributed Si lithiation-delithiation, phase-transition control from the Si to Li-rich Li-Si alloy phases, formation of a surface film with structural and/or mechanical stability, and faster Li+ diffusion contribute to suppressing Si volume expansion. [2] We demonstrated that the homogeneously distributed Si lithiation−delithiation, phase-transition control from the Si to Li-rich Li-Si alloy phases, and formation of a surface film with structural and/or mechanical stability contribute to suppressing Si volume expansion. [3]2012, (207) 150] 对静态（Li$_x$Si 合金相和点缺陷能量）和动态特性（Li 扩散）进行了进一步优化，以重现在 {\it ab initio} 级别。 [1] 我们证明了均匀分布的 Si 锂化-脱锂、从 Si 到富锂 Li-Si 合金相的相变控制、具有结构和/或机械稳定性的表面膜的形成以及更快的 Li+ 扩散有助于抑制 Si 体积扩张。 [2] 我们证明了均匀分布的Si锂化-脱锂、从Si到富锂Li-Si合金相的相变控制以及具有结构和/或机械稳定性的表面膜的形成有助于抑制Si体积膨胀。 [3]
Sn Alloy Phase 锡合金相
5)/C catalyst can be attributed to the formation of bimetallic Pd-Sn alloy phases (e. [1] The Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) method was used in conjunction with the XAS data to determine the amount of Sn present in the Pt-Sn alloy phase and the phase of the alloy itself: after a single step reduction 42% of all Sn goes into Pt3Sn alloy, participating in the reaction, with the remainder being SnOx. [2] Bi–Sn alloy phase diagram under pressure was re-calculated using the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams method by applying new density data. [3]5)/C 催化剂可归因于双金属 Pd-Sn 合金相的形成（例如 [1] 多元曲线分辨率 - 交替最小二乘法 (MCR-ALS) 方法与 XAS 数据结合使用，以确定 Pt-Sn 合金相和合金本身相中存在的 Sn 量：单步还原后 42所有 Sn 的 % 进入 Pt3Sn 合金，参与反应，其余为 SnOx。 [2] 通过应用新的密度数据，使用 CALculation of PHAse Diagrams 方法重新计算压力下的 Bi-Sn 合金相图。 [3]
Li Alloy Phase
In contrast, the typical peaks induced by growth of solid Ga-Li alloy phase and Li metal phase were observed on solid Ga substrates. [1] Electrochemical measurements and post-mortem analysis reveals the effectiveness of the Li alloy phases for promoting uniform Li deposition and inhibiting Li dendrite growth. [2]相反，在固态Ga衬底上观察到由固态Ga-Li合金相和Li金属相生长引起的典型峰。 [1] 电化学测量和尸检分析揭示了锂合金相对于促进锂均匀沉积和抑制锂枝晶生长的有效性。 [2]
Cofe Alloy Phase
In combination with structural characterizations and reaction results, it was unveiled that during the CO2 hydrogenation over ternary ZnCoxFe2-xO4 catalysts, the formation of electron-rich Fe0 atoms in the CoFe alloy phase significantly promoted in situ the generation of active iron-cobalt carbide, Co2C, and θ-Fe3C phases, thereby improving the reactivity of catalysts for the production of hydrocarbons and simultaneously inhibiting both the CO2 methanation and the secondary hydrogenation of olefins. [1] Results show that LSCF NPs, which are partially decomposed to (Sr,La)2(Co,Fe)O4 with CoFe alloy phase and disperse on the anode as a very thin layer in fuel atmosphere, dramatically enhance the coking resistance of anode. [2]结合结构表征和反应结果，揭示了在三元 ZnCoxFe2-xO4 催化剂上 CO2 加氢过程中，CoFe 合金相中富电子 Fe0 原子的形成显着促进了活性铁钴碳化物的原位生成， Co2C 和 θ-Fe3C 相，从而提高用于生产烃类的催化剂的反应性，同时抑制 CO2 甲烷化和烯烃的二次加氢。 [1] 结果表明，LSCF NPs在燃料气氛中部分分解为具有CoFe合金相的(Sr,La)2(Co,Fe)O4并以极薄的层分散在阳极上，显着提高了阳极的抗结焦能力。 [2]
Al Alloy Phase
The presence of Cr–Al alloy phases is essential for the formation of protective Al2O3 scale. [1] Large planar shear cracks propagated throughout the fine structured materials while the coarser specimens exhibited networks of branching cracks propagating preferentially along Al alloy-Ti2AlC phase interfaces and through shrinkage pores in the Al alloy phase. [2]Cr-Al 合金相的存在对于保护性 Al2O3 氧化皮的形成至关重要。 [1] 大的平面剪切裂纹在整个精细结构材料中传播，而较粗的试样表现出分支裂纹网络，优先沿铝合金-Ti2AlC 相界面和通过铝合金相中的收缩孔传播。 [2]
Binary Alloy Phase
Recent literature on Au-La, Ce-Pt, Co-Pt, Cr-S, Cu-Sb, Fe-Ni, Lu-Pd, Ni-S, Pd-Ti, Si-Te, Ta-V, and V-Zn phase diagrams is reviewed in this article in order to update the 1990 compilation Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, by T. [1] The XRD results alongside with the binary alloy phase diagram suggest that the resulted NPs are bimetallic, composed of CoPt and amorphous Co. [2]近期有关 Au-La、Ce-Pt、Co-Pt、Cr-S、Cu-Sb、Fe-Ni、Lu-Pd、Ni-S、Pd-Ti、Si-Te、Ta-V 和 V- 的文献本文回顾了 Zn 相图，以更新 1990 年编译的二元合金相图，第 2 版，由 T. [1] XRD 结果与二元合金相图一起表明，所得纳米颗粒是双金属的，由 CoPt 和非晶 Co 组成。 [2]
Zn Alloy Phase
The Pd‐Zn alloy phase has usually been considered as the active phase, though mechanistic studies under operando conditions have not been conducted to verify this. [1] Because of the formation of a solid solution buffer layer and Li-Zn alloy phases, the Li nucleation overpotential was dramatically reduced, realizing a uniform Li nucleation and a smooth Li plating morphology. [2]nan [1] 由于固溶缓冲层和锂锌合金相的形成，锂成核过电位显着降低，实现了均匀的锂成核和平滑的锂镀层形态。 [2]
Formed Alloy Phase 成形合金相
It also highlights the relationship between the formed alloy phases and electrodeposition parameters, including applied potential, current, and ion concentration. [1] Benefiting from the in situ formed alloy phase, the [email protected] anode achieves stable cycling for over 1700 h with a very low polarization voltage of about 21 mV at 0. [2]它还强调了形成的合金相与电沉积参数之间的关系，包括施加的电位、电流和离子浓度。 [1] 受益于原位形成的合金相，[email protected] 阳极实现了超过 1700 小时的稳定循环，在 0 时具有约 21 mV 的极低极化电压。 [2]
Single Alloy Phase 单合金相
Multi-Principal Element Alloys (MPEA) have been hypothesized to maintain a stable single alloy phase and resist corrosion at high temperatures, which are desirable in various functional applications, including material of turbine blades. [1] Chemical complexity may indeed help stabilize single alloy phases relative to other lower-entropy competing solid phases. [2]多主元素合金 (MPEA) 被假设为在高温下保持稳定的单合金相并抗腐蚀，这在包括涡轮叶片材料在内的各种功能应用中是理想的。 [1] 相对于其他低熵竞争固相，化学复杂性确实有助于稳定单一合金相。 [2]
Co Alloy Phase 钴合金相
It was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy with elemental mapping that bimetallic Ni–Co alloy phase was formed. [1] It should be noted that the synthesis of a high-temperature (∼1300 °C) Cu-Co alloy phase was carried out at 170 °C. [2]通过元素映射的 X 射线衍射和透射电子显微镜证实，形成了双金属 Ni-Co 合金相。 [1] 应该注意的是，高温（~1300°C）Cu-Co合金相的合成是在170°C下进行的。 [2]
alloy phase diagram 合金相图
The Alloy Phase Diagram International Commission (APDIC) promotes the effective dissemination of data on phase diagrams and thermodynamics of phases in accordance with the required quality standards and furthers the application of phase diagrams in research and industry. [1] The concept of “high entropy” was first proposed while exploring the unknown center of the metal alloy phase diagram, and then expanded to oxides. [2] It is therefore rarely used for calculating temperature dependent free energies of alloy phases or for calculating alloy phase diagrams. [3] Consequently, the alloy phase diagram was found to transform to the eutectic form with pressure and is predicted here in the pressure range of 3–6 GPa. [4] Cluster Variation Method (CVM) has been widely employed to calculate alloy phase diagrams. [5] However, quantifying errors in an alloy phase diagram with a single figure-of-merit is a considerably more complex problem. [6] Recent literature on Au-La, Ce-Pt, Co-Pt, Cr-S, Cu-Sb, Fe-Ni, Lu-Pd, Ni-S, Pd-Ti, Si-Te, Ta-V, and V-Zn phase diagrams is reviewed in this article in order to update the 1990 compilation Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, by T. [7] Bi–Sn alloy phase diagram under pressure was re-calculated using the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams method by applying new density data. [8] The As-Sn (Arsenic-Tin) system // Bulletin of alloy phase diagrams, 1990, v. [9] Au/Ir bimetals are not easy to obtain because alloy phase diagrams are not available for these material combinations (Ronald et al. [10] Combining density functional theory, cluster expansion theory and potential renormalization theory, we derive the free energy as a function of compositions and construct a parameter-free PFM, which can predict microstructures in high-temperature regions of alloy phase diagrams. [11] The XRD results alongside with the binary alloy phase diagram suggest that the resulted NPs are bimetallic, composed of CoPt and amorphous Co. [12] The constructed maps were generally consistent with the corresponding isothermal section of Fe-Cr-Ni ternary alloy system in the ASM Alloy Phase Diagram Database except the inexistence of the σ phase under the insufficient annealing. [13] , The Al-Pt (AluminumPlatinum) System, Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1986, vol. [14]合金相图国际委员会 (APDIC) 根据所需的质量标准促进相图和相热力学数据的有效传播，并促进相图在研究和工业中的应用。 [1] “高熵”的概念最早是在探索金属合金相图的未知中心时提出的，后来扩展到氧化物。 [2] 因此它很少用于计算合金相的温度相关自由能或计算合金相图。 [3] 因此，发现合金相图随压力转变为共晶形式，并在此预测在 3-6 GPa 的压力范围内。 [4] nan [5] 然而，用单一品质因数量化合金相图中的误差是一个相当复杂的问题。 [6] 近期有关 Au-La、Ce-Pt、Co-Pt、Cr-S、Cu-Sb、Fe-Ni、Lu-Pd、Ni-S、Pd-Ti、Si-Te、Ta-V 和 V- 的文献本文回顾了 Zn 相图，以更新 1990 年编译的二元合金相图，第 2 版，由 T. [7] 通过应用新的密度数据，使用 CALculation of PHAse Diagrams 方法重新计算压力下的 Bi-Sn 合金相图。 [8] As-Sn（砷-锡）系统 // 合金相图公告，1990 年，v. [9] Au/Ir 双金属不容易获得，因为这些材料组合没有合金相图（Ronald et al. [10] 结合密度泛函理论、团簇膨胀理论和势重整化理论，我们推导出自由能与成分的函数关系，并构建了一个无参数的 PFM，它可以预测合金相图高温区域的微观结构。 [11] XRD 结果与二元合金相图一起表明，所得纳米颗粒是双金属的，由 CoPt 和非晶 Co 组成。 [12] nan [13] nan [14]
alloy phase composition 合金相组成
Increasing the irradiation dose does not qualitatively change the alloy phase composition, but affects the quantitative characteristics of the formed secondary phases. [1] Results also indicated that the grain refinement did not affect the alloy phase composition since β-Ti and Ti4Nb phases were present in the microstructure before and after the HPT deformation. [2] Furthermore, in practical alloys, depending on concentration, solubility, solidification rate and processing regimes, replacing Nd with Ce or La induces changes in the Nd2Fe14B phase (Φ-phase) crystal lattice and in the alloy phase composition and microstructure, affecting the intrinsic (composition-dependent) and extrinsic (microstructure-dependent) magnetic properties. [3] It is shown that the use of scrap does not fundamentally change the alloy phase composition at both during vacuum induction melting and vacuum arc melting. [4]增加辐照剂量不会使合金相组成发生质的变化，但会影响所形成的第二相的数量特征。 [1] 结果还表明，晶粒细化不影响合金相组成，因为在 HPT 变形前后的显微组织中都存在 β-Ti 和 Ti4Nb 相。 [2] 此外，在实际合金中，取决于浓度、溶解度、凝固速率和加工方式，用 Ce 或 La 代替 Nd 会导致 Nd2Fe14B 相（Φ 相）晶格和合金相组成和微观结构发生变化，从而影响本征（成分相关）和外在（微观结构相关）磁性。 [3] 结果表明，在真空感应熔炼和真空电弧熔炼过程中，废钢的使用不会从根本上改变合金相组成。 [4]
alloy phase formation
This work presents the influence of high-energy milling time on characteristics such as porosity, microhardness and Cu-13Al-4Ni alloy phase formation by the powder metallurgy process. [1] Also, we found out that doping of the SnO2 films with Pd leads to alloy phase formation. [2] Co – deposition of Pt and Ag leads to alloy phase formation. [3]这项工作展示了高能铣削时间对粉末冶金工艺的孔隙率、显微硬度和 Cu-13Al-4Ni 合金相形成等特性的影响。 [1] 此外，我们发现用 Pd 掺杂 SnO2 薄膜会导致合金相的形成。 [2] Pt 和 Ag 的 Co 沉积导致合金相形成。 [3]