Introduction to Rape Myth

What is/are Rape Myth?

Rape Myth - INTRODUCTION Acceptance of the rape myths (ARM) refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes that tend to make women responsible for rapes or sexual assaults, and to rationalize, minimize or justify the behaviors of sexual offenders. ^[1] We also measured participants on mating effort, aggression, socioeconomic status (SES), the dark triad traits (psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism), and endorsement of sexual coercion through acceptance of rape myths. ^[2] Nevertheless, in cases of sexual violence, the implementation of these mechanisms in criminal proceedings leaves much to desire due to the affect of gender stereotypes and rape myths. ^[3] Rape myths are cultural beliefs that invalidate, blame, and stigmatize rape survivors, thereby perpetuating sexual violence. ^[4] She argues, from her own experience, that the reliance on rape myth, the defence of limitations and the use of biased ‘expert’ medical witnesses are deeply offensive, especially when used by the Church. ^[5] The prevalence of rape myths, or false beliefs about rape that blame victims of sexual violence and excuse perpetrators of sexual violence, has been documented throughout a wide range of media content. ^[6] Rape culture is a provocative topic in Malaysia; the public discourse on it is plagued by gender stereotyping, sexism, misogyny, and rape myths. ^[7] These evaluations entail emotions and stereotypes about gender and sexuality, pertaining to rape myths – leading to inconsistent outcomes. ^[8] The purpose of this study was to find out how effect does the second-stage which is the intensive course program for sexual offenders of three-stage(basic, intensive and advanced remedial) on impulsivity, anger expression, rape myth and self-esteem of sexual offenders. ^[9] The authors show how legal decisions regarding ‘negligent rape’ are influenced by rape myths drawing on stereotypes about gender and sexuality. ^[10] The acceptance of rape myths is related to gender equality attitudes, and is also an ＂explanatory predictor of the actual perpetration of sexual violence＂ (Hinck & Thomas, 1999). ^[11] In this paper, I aim to shed some light on what rape myths are and what we can do about them. ^[12] However, little is known about prevalence and predictors of rape myths in these settings or their association with survivors’ disclosure, stigmatization and psychopathology. ^[13] This study examined how employees’ selective engagement with the #MeToo movement influenced their acceptance of rape myths and their perceptions of the movement’s impact on gender dynamics in the workplace (i. ^[14] The present study aimed to investigate whether hostile sexism, benevolent sexism influence acceptance of rape myths. ^[15] The findings are interpreted within the contexts of rape myths and stereotypes and unique characteristics of the police subculture. ^[16] The acceptance of rape myths persists at varying levels across societies, which creates a hostile environment in which rape is justified and victims are blamed for being assaulted. ^[17] A prevalent intervention paradigm has centered around re-educating young people around consent and reduce endorsement of "rape myths," based on the correlation between rape myths and sexual violence incidents. ^[18] Finally, we conclude by discussing the scene’s implications in terms of contemporary Western understandings of consent, sexual assault, and (male) rape myths. ^[19] to explore how gendered stereotypes and rape myths are activated and deployed across liberal and conservative news media sites. ^[20] Analysis of the regression findings shows that gender role stereotypes significantly predict acceptance of rape myths among both men and women. ^[21] rape myths). ^[22] The power of patriarchal norms and rape myths, the impact of trauma, and the systemic sexism in the medical and legal systems are also discussed. ^[23] , perceived peer support for sexual violence and perceived peer endorsement of rape myths) display associations with three forms of aggression (physical dating violence perpetration, perpetration of bullying in-person, and cyberbullying perpetration). ^[24] This study aimed to determine the prevalence of rape myths and sexual double standards among Pakistani university students. ^[25] A detailed analysis of the series indeed reveals that its causative narrative reinforces the rape myth by putting the blame on girls for events that happen to them. ^[26] Each study was coded for associations between exposure to sexual media and one of six outcomes including sexual attitudes (permissive attitudes, peer norms, and rape myths) and sexual behaviors (general sexual behavior, age of sexual initiation, and risky sexual behavior). ^[27] Drawing on the rape myths literature, this article argues that naturalised and stereotyped understandings of the causes and implications of street harassment provide discursive resources to excuse harassers and blame victims for the harassment they suffer. ^[28] Rape myths are false beliefs about sexual violence that encourage blaming the victim and exonerating the offender. ^[29] Rape myths also appeared in the discourse as a backlash against the #MeToo movement. ^[30] Gender-stratified logistic regression models generated odds ratios adjusted for demographics, substance use, history of suspension/expulsion, gender equitable attitudes, and tolerance of rape myths to identify significant associations between violent pornography exposure and self-reported physical, sexual, and threatening TDV perpetration and victimization. ^[31] While there is a plethora of research into ‘rape myths’ as they pertain to cisgender women’s experiences of sexual violence perpetrated by cisgender men, comparatively little research examines how myths and stereotypes about sexual violence might impact LGBTQ victims/survivors. ^[32] The study examines the similarities and differences between China and the United States with regard to rape myths. ^[33] A survey using online questionnaire was used to collect data on rape myth, masculinity and its subcomponents from 107 men. ^[34] Rape myths play a pivotal role in the social construction of rape. ^[35] Students exposed to the BITB-HSC demonstrated significant short-term changes in victim empathy and bystander barriers/facilitators, and long-term changes in rape myths, media literacy, bystander readiness, and knowledge relative to youth in the control condition. ^[36]

Illinoi Rape Myth

This study explores the factor structure and the other psychometric properties of the updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS), in the Indian context. ^[1] Psikopati diukur dengan Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, sedangkan penerimaan mitos pemerkosaan diukur dengan Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale Short Form. ^[2] The Updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (UIRMAS) has been widely used for measuring rape myth acceptance. ^[3] Participants classified the scenario as either representing a sexual assault or not and completed the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale and demographic information. ^[4] Using a convenience sample of 378 respondents from two cross-sectional studies, the present analyses examined confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and gender invariance in the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA) Scale in Nigeria. ^[5] Additional measures included the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMA) and questions about personal experience with sexual assault. ^[6]

Greater Rape Myth

Men, participants with greater rape myth acceptance, and men with lower levels of rape empathy rated the victim’s believability as significantly lower than women, participants with less rape myth acceptance, and men with higher rape empathy. ^[1] college undergraduate sample of 120 women and 82 men in Study 1, exposure to these metaphors led to greater rape myth acceptance among men (but not among women). ^[2] Men reported greater rape myth acceptance, anti-fat attitudes, and victim responsibility and endorsed significantly more perpetrator mitigating factors and expressed more negative affect toward the victim. ^[3]

Male Rape Myth

This may be related to underreported or insufficient data on male survivors or possibly the acceptance of male rape myths. ^[1] The present work utilises a large and diverse participant sample over two studies (Study 1 N = 510, Study 2 N = 527) to validate a new Male Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (MRMAS), measuring myths falling under six principle themes: masculinity, sexuality, pleasure, perpetrators, context, and effect. ^[2] The author concludes that ‘socially aware’ TV shows like American Crime could serve as a form of ‘edutainment’: they have the strong potential to push back against dominant male rape myths and offer a better insight into the victims’ experiences, getting audiences much more emotionally involved than pertinent factual sources of information. ^[3]

Endorsed Rape Myth

Results indicated that participants who confirmed a recent history of SA endorsed rape myths to a greater degree, held more adversarial sexual beliefs, reported higher levels of sociosexuality, and were less likely to construct the SA encounters as rape when compared with women who do not report recent SA or coercion. ^[1] This study used a cognitive dissonance mechanism that required college students to write essays dispelling previously endorsed rape myth beliefs. ^[2]

Reducing Rape Myth

The study aimed at determining the effectiveness of rape prevention education facilitated by a police officer and/or a school nurse at reducing rape myths acceptance, improving rape victim empathy, and reducing rape risk behaviors among school adolescents. ^[1] With this mixed-methods documentary intervention research study, we assessed the impact of the short, educational documentary My Masculinity Helps (MMH) on Black male high school students in reducing rape myth acceptance and affirming active bystander attitudes and behaviors. ^[2]

Subtle Rape Myth

The study aimed to validate the Italian version of the Measure for Assessing Subtle Rape Myths developed by McMahon and Farmer. ^[1] The goal of the present study was to determine whether ambivalent sexism predicts subtle rape myth acceptance. ^[2]

rape myth acceptance

This study explores the factor structure and the other psychometric properties of the updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS), in the Indian context. ^[1] Research in recent years has shown decreased rates of rape myth acceptance. ^[2] Self-report measures of empathy and rape myth acceptance were collected. ^[3] To do so, 742 participants (562 women, 180 men) completed an online questionnaire assessing (1) alcohol-use, (2) perpetration of sexual coercion, and (3) cognitions related to sexuality or alcohol (misperception of sexual intent, alcohol-related expectancies, alcohol-related rape myth acceptance [RMA]). ^[4] A systematic review of research assessing rape myth acceptance (RMA) interventions within institutional settings was conducted. ^[5] Psikopati diukur dengan Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, sedangkan penerimaan mitos pemerkosaan diukur dengan Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale Short Form. ^[6] Literature and attention to rape myth acceptance (RMA) often focuses on female victims, however, studies have found evidence of male rape myth acceptance (MRMA) and linked negative perceptions of male victims to victim blaming attitudes, as well as victim disclosure. ^[7] The Updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (UIRMAS) has been widely used for measuring rape myth acceptance. ^[8] In this study, we compared changes in female rape myth acceptance (RMA) between 1998 and 2018 in two separate samples of college students from the same university in the U. ^[9] However, there is a paucity of research comparing men's and women's risk perception in sexual assault scenarios, risk perception from a victim or perpetrator perspective, or the role of previous sexual violence history, rape myth acceptance, and world assumptions on sexual risk perception. ^[10] Rape myth acceptance and victim blaming negatively predicted reporting to agencies. ^[11] These participants could be statistically differentiated from their non-offending peers on various established indicators of general sexual offending, of which logistic regression analyses highlighted atypical sexual fantasies, general aggression, hostility toward women, and rape myth acceptance as being the most reliable predictors. ^[12] In an on-line survey, 129 staff and students from universities in different regions of Ecuador answered questions about perceptions of seriousness of harassment, rape myth acceptance, actual incidences of being a perpetrator, victim, or a bystander, and the likelihood and difficulties of bystander action. ^[13] ASF were the strongest predictor of sexual aggression beyond other risk factors, including general aggression, psychopathic traits, rape myth acceptance, and violent pornography consumption. ^[14] This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the Fair Play curriculum and facilitation, specifically learning if athletes’ attitudes toward women and/or rape myth acceptance changed as a result of their participation in Fair Play. ^[15] , sexual dominance, hostility toward women, adversarial sexual beliefs, rape myth acceptance, and acceptance of interpersonal violence) have received considerable research attention as predictors of male-perpetrated sexual aggression toward women. ^[16] Chinese students with higher degrees of rape myth acceptance are more likely to experience sexting victimization, but such an association does not exist among U. ^[17] This study examined the consequences of sexualized video game content and cognitive load (moderator) on rape victim blame and rape perpetrator blame (used as a proxy of rape myth acceptance), and whether the degree of humanness of the victim and of the perpetrator mediated these effects. ^[18] Past research has identified Ambivalent Sexism (AS), Rape Myth Acceptance (RMA), and the victim-perpetrator relationship as key constructs influencing rape blame attributions and rape proclivity. ^[19] Among other possible factors, we discuss rape myth acceptance, victim blaming, feminist activism, institutional betrayal, and media representations of rape. ^[20] OBJECTIVE This study examines rape myth acceptance among students attending a Historically Black College (HBCU). ^[21] The present work utilises a large and diverse participant sample over two studies (Study 1 N = 510, Study 2 N = 527) to validate a new Male Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (MRMAS), measuring myths falling under six principle themes: masculinity, sexuality, pleasure, perpetrators, context, and effect. ^[22] The goal of the present study was to determine whether ambivalent sexism predicts subtle rape myth acceptance. ^[23] Traditional rape myth acceptance (RMA) scales can yield low means and skewed distributions, potentially due to containing outdated beliefs and blatant wording. ^[24] We examined predictors of rape myth acceptance (RMA) and bystander attitudes among college women (n = 137). ^[25] With this mixed-methods documentary intervention research study, we assessed the impact of the short, educational documentary My Masculinity Helps (MMH) on Black male high school students in reducing rape myth acceptance and affirming active bystander attitudes and behaviors. ^[26] Participants classified the scenario as either representing a sexual assault or not and completed the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale and demographic information. ^[27] Friends’ reactions may include a variety of emotions and helping behaviors; prior victimization, knowing the accused, and rape myth acceptance may affect these. ^[28] Using a convenience sample of 378 respondents from two cross-sectional studies, the present analyses examined confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and gender invariance in the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA) Scale in Nigeria. ^[29] Findings Results indicated that negative attitudes towards rape survivors could be predicted by rape myth acceptance. ^[30] Previous research results have yielded a consistent link between rape myth acceptance and sexual assault victim blaming: Individuals reporting higher levels of rape myth acceptance also report higher levels of victim blaming. ^[31] METHOD A police department-wide survey (n = 331) determined baseline levels of officer exposure to trauma-informed training, rape myth acceptance, and awareness of community and nationwide sexual assault movements to understand officer attitudes towards factors influencing sexual assault investigations. ^[32] Factors included young college students’ beliefs about rape myth acceptance, perceived norms, efficacy to reduce sexual-assault risk, and exposure to men’s and women’s magazines. ^[33] Using criminal justice and sociology students who either attended a mock sexual assault trial or viewed the trial video in their class, this study examined students’ attitudes toward rape and rape myth acceptance. ^[34] People who endorse rape myths blame victims more and perpetrators less; consequently, rape myth acceptance (RMA) can impede helping behaviors toward sexual assault victims. ^[35] We experimentally examined the impact of male undergraduates’ exposure to real antisexual assault injunctive social norms on their attitudes and intentions related to perceived appropriateness of alcohol-facilitated sexual assault, rape myth acceptance, self-perceived likelihood of committing sexual. ^[36] Television and right-leaning media had the highest levels of rape myth acceptance in their coverage for both time periods. ^[37] Parallel to the established link between rape myth acceptance and rape perpetration, research has emphasized the ways in which stalking myth acceptance, societal attitudes, and false beliefs about stalking, normalize and perpetuate its occurrence (Lippman, 2015; McKeon, McEwan, & Leubbers, 2015). ^[38] Men, participants with greater rape myth acceptance, and men with lower levels of rape empathy rated the victim’s believability as significantly lower than women, participants with less rape myth acceptance, and men with higher rape empathy. ^[39] To examine the Rape Myth Acceptance (RMA) in undergraduate criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) sample, we surveyed 414 CCJ undergraduate students at a large northeastern public university. ^[40] college undergraduate sample of 120 women and 82 men in Study 1, exposure to these metaphors led to greater rape myth acceptance among men (but not among women). ^[41] In the Fall of 2015, the University of Connecticut’s Violence Against Women Prevention Program (VAWPP) implemented interactive workshops in first-year experience (FYE) classes to reduce rape myth acceptance, improve knowledge and understanding of the University’s affirmative consent policy, and increase confidence in interpreting cues related to sexual consent. ^[42] We examined the causal order of relationships between rape myth acceptance (RMA), victim blaming, and memory reconstruction. ^[43] The objective of this study is to characterize changes in rape myth acceptance (RMA) among college students from 2010 to 2017. ^[44] The current study adds to this literature by: (a) examining potential differences in rape myth acceptance, critical consciousness, and willingness to help based on types of self-reported exposure to sexual assault; (b) exploring the previously unexamined mediating role of critical consciousness in the relationship between exposure to sexual assault and willingness to help; and (c) clarifying how the extent of rape myth acceptance impacts the relationship between exposure to sexual assault and willingness to help. ^[45] Rape myth acceptance (RMA) demonstrates association with psychopathic traits, traditional gender role norms, and negative attitudes towards women. ^[46] Additional measures included the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMA) and questions about personal experience with sexual assault. ^[47] Outcomes, including rape myth acceptance, bystander willingness to help, and bystander behavior, were assessed pre- and post-intervention and 1 month after completing the program. ^[48] Theoretical frameworks propose that assault-related stigma conveyed directly through victim blame and indirectly through societal rape myth acceptance leads to shame and self-blame which then contribute to negative psychological outcomes. ^[49] Rape myth acceptance (RMA) is recognized as a risk factor for sexual coercion perpetration. ^[50]

rape myth attitude

Male and female actors were generally perceived to be equally sexually interested, but when gender role and rape myth attitudes were controlled for, the female actor was perceived to be more sexually interested than the male actor (by both male and female participants). ^[1] A significant relationship was found between men’s sexual attitudes and understanding of legal terms and their willingness to intervene if a sexual assault occurred; less legal knowledge and higher rape myth attitudes reduced their probability of being willing to intervene. ^[2]