Protective Masks(防護口罩)到底是什麼？
Protective Masks 防護口罩 - During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of protective masks has been essential to reduce contagions. [1] Methods: At the end of February 2021, a survey addressing demographic characteristics of the participants, (pain-associated) utilization of dental services, worries regarding a potential COVID-19 infection, the individual use of protective masks, and difficulties regarding the access to information on COVID-19 (by using the modified European Health Literacy Questionnaire [HLS-EU-Q16]) was developed. [2] The dust suppression effect of the spray system and application of protective masks in construction work were considered for the first time. [3] With the introduction of protective anti-epidemic measures such as protective masks, the rapid increase and progression of dry eye disease has begun, which leads to decreased ocular surface immune mechanisms, and could potentially increase the risks of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission. [4] The aim of the work is to explain and model the process of fluid penetration through protective masks, as well as to optimize the properties of repulsion and resistance. [5] Methods We analyzed the role of protective masks on the elimination of upper airways complaints in healthcare workers of the University Hospital of Catania. [6] 1 In order to mitigate the virus spread, HCWs are bound to adopt stringent preventive measures such as hand hygiene practices and use of personal protective equipments (PPE) in the form of protective masks, gloves, gowns, goggles or face shield, and respirators (i. [7] Protective masks based on a photoresist layer and TiOx/SiO2 were developed. [8] The findings show that regular use of protective masks was linked to their positive appraisal, with a higher frequency and a longer history of wearing a mask predicting increased mask attractiveness. [9] Conclusions: These observations support the hypothesis according to which male individuals are more efficient virus transmitters than females, independently of the use of protective masks. [10] , textile substrates, opening up new horizons for novel applications such as new types of protective masks with thin conformal antimicrobial coatings. [11] This review paper discusses the capabilities of 3D printing in making protective equipment such as helmets, protective masks, prosthesis, knee braces, goggles, test swabs, fire fighting gears and earplugs. [12] In the current COVID-19 pandemic scenario, the worldwide shortage of protective masks and goggles may exploit this ready-to-use and low-cost solution, especially for high-risk surgical procedures. [13] Protective masks ? worn properly - have become the key to wither away the COVID-19 pandemic. [14] The questions that were included in the survey were related to use of protective masks, equipment and difficulties in behaviour management techniques. [15] With regard to non-pharmaceutical strategies, prehospitalisation screening and the use of protective masks were identified as both an effective strategy and cost-saving. [16] A discussion of the most recent technologies providing antimicrobial properties to protective masks (by the introduction of natural bioactive compounds, metal-containing materials, metal-organic frameworks, inorganic salts, synthetic polymers, and carbon-based 2D nanomaterials) is presented. [17] Only 10% of drivers considered that the current solutions to protect passengers (and drivers themselves) are sufficient, therefore they called for an increase in the scope of protective measures: an increase in the number of public transport courses (to keep existing passengers), the obligatory use of protective masks (instead of ineffective loosely obligation to cover the face and nose), or the introduction of closed driver cabins in buses (as in trams). [18] In order to reduce the community-transmission of the novel coronavirus, precautionary measures require major attention Reducing coronavirus transmission in the Indian population has included utilization of protective masks, which ranked in the first level, followed by hand hygiene, self-observations, respiratory manners, social distancing, and environmental cleanliness and ventilation, respectively But the Indian Government has taken a good initiative by ordering a lockdown to provide safety to its population and sustainability to the environment or nature People in some sectors are doing work from home to still the rate of transmission, but the financial transactions also stop In some sectors (product/service), it is also not possible to work from home, and in India, the infrastructure or facilities or science is not that developed Hence, the Indian economy is suffering In this paper, an effort is taken to find the financial crises in India due to Pandemic COVID-19 and prioritize it by Topsis method. [19] The multi-layered melt blown filtration material developed here would be potentially applied in the field of protective masks. [20] Experimental studies have been conducted to determine the operational properties of fabrics used for the manufacture of protective masks. [21] The use of protective masks in public is shown to be an important preventive measure to lower disease transmission rate. [22] Aircrew performance and safety while using protective masks in response to coronavirus disease. [23] Objective Determine the targets and methods of psychological and pedagogical work that aimed increasing the specific normativity of students' behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular, on compliance with the mask regime Background Due to the situation with COVID-19 pandemic many countries all over the world, including in Russia, introduced the number of tough measures which restricted the behavior and interaction of people The study focuses on such acute issues as the attitudes of different social groups toward both the disease itself and the measures to combat it, clarification of the reasons and motivations for individuals' compliance/non-compliance with normative behavior during the pandemic The coronavirus pandemic actualizes the problems of providing practical psychological assistance to people, including young people, who experience stress and who have difficulties with coping with this situation Study design The study was conducted during the increasing spread of the disease and the introduction of an isolation regime The data obtained was analyzed with reference to the time of the research participants' questionnaire completion: the first group of students filled the Google forms from 9th to 23rd November 2020 (stage 1);the second group - from 24th November to 8th December 2020 (stage 2) The research analyzed students' social representations of the pandemic and measures to combat it;peculiarities of attitudes toward various aspects of COVID-19 and toward the normative behavior of young people during the pandemic;subjective experience of danger of the disease and the dominant coping strategies associated with them Participants 565 undergraduate students from various faculties of the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education (MGPPU): 504 females, 61males Measurements Anonymous survey included closed questions;method of prototypical analysis of social representations (P Verges);Self-perceived flexible coping with stress (SFCS);The Fear of COVID- 19 Scale;SPSS Statistics 20 package (contingency tables with the calculation of the Pearson χ2 test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests) Results Students showed a diverse and often controversial views on COVID-19 and ways prevent its spread At the core of social representations of the pandemic and protective masks, the most popular are those that reflect the personal restrictions imposed by the pandemic, the inconvenience and displeasure resulted from the compliance with these restrictions To a smaller extent, there is a fear of getting sick There are practically no social representations associated with concern over other people, that express a pro-social position In relation to the mechanisms of compliance with restrictive measures, the opinions of students are heterogeneous: some support the introduction of strict restrictions and consider it rational to have strict external control, while others believe that the fulfillment of sanitary and epidemiological requirements should be an independent decision of a person The study found the predominant choice of situational and multiple coping strategies by students in response to the emergence of the pandemic situation and the relationship between these types of coping with low level of subjective fear Nevertheless, with the deterioration of the pandemic situation, students' assessments of the means of informing about COVID-19 and strategies to combat it changed: at the first stage of the study students considered specialists (doctors, scientists) as a reference group, at the second stage - parents and close circle Social media turned out to be the most insignificant source of information Main conclusions The data obtained make it possible to identify the main targets of psychological and pedagogical work with students and to determine the main methods of this work which should include the activity-based inclusion in the solution of group tasks aimed at optimizing the life of people in a pandemic According to the results of the study a group of students stood out with a high level of fear experience (32%) and a tendency to non-constructive ways of coping These students require targeted psychological assistance As an illustration of the active involvement of students to the problem of COVID prevention, the article describes a competition of creative works of different directions organized by the Faculty of Social Psychology of Moscow State University of Psychology and Education on the topic medical masks use in the context of the "Marathon of Masks" pandemic © 2021 Moscow State University of Psychology and Education All rights reserved. [24] The device will be used to determine the parameters of the microenvironment under protective masks of a different type. [25] 56), availability of protective masks (AR 0. [26] Accessories such as the so-called “ear saver” and “anti-contact keys” can be produced by 3D printing with a general CAD/CAM and allow users in hospitals, and schools, such as medical and teaching staff and society in general to extend the life of N95 respirator fasteners (protective masks) and avoid contagion. [27] The preparation of BSA/PVB NMs are completely up to the requirements of the core layer of N95 grade personal protective mask, making it a new choice of multi-functional bioprotective masks. [28] Nonconformity with the use of protective masks, hand sanitizer and few other measures by the operational staff of the boarding facilities while rendering services to persons with disabilities may get the individuals infected with Covid-19 and persons with disabilities respectively. [29] Although social distancing and the use of protective masks were suggested all over the world, the cases seem to rise, which led to worldwide lockdown in different phases. [30] Some dismissed the existence of the pandemic while others declared that the vaccine is the dreaded 666 mark of ‘the beast’ or the protective masks were blamed the masks of ‘the beast’. [31] The use of protective masks will continue to accompany humans for an indefinite period of time, and therefore there is an urgent need for a safe method to extend their usability by reusing them under perspective with minimal loss of protective properties. [32] We have been spectators of neverending television debates on the efficacy and economic impact of lockdown and protective masks, with supporters on both sides often lacking scientific evidence. [33] The protective masks based on photoresist layer and TiOx/SiO2 were developed. [34] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, states and local governments have enforced the use of protective masks in public and work areas to minimize the disease spread. [35] 1% of respondents reported that they had their own copy of MDR-TB management guidelines, used the protective masks and were individually involved in educating patients about MDR-TB respectively. [36] Introduction: There are few studies which aim towards the awareness of using protective masks and respiratory problems among street peddlers in India. [37] This randomized study consisted of one hundred (100) male sawmill workers who have been exposed to wood dust by working in these environments without any form of protective masks, for over two years as test subjects and fifty male individuals randomly selected who were not exposed to wood dust as controls. [38] The necessary social distance should be maintained, protective masks should be worn and hand-hygiene procedures should be respected. [39] The present study aimed to evaluate the size and concentration of PMs produced by drilling and grinding teeth, and to assess the efficiency of central vacuum system and protective masks for the removal of PMs. [40] Air filtration materials such as protective masks can protect humans from airborne pathogens; however, most of the existing protective filtration materials are aimed to intercept bacteria. [41] Conclusion Preventive measures against ophthalmic diseases onboard a large naval surface vessel may include better cabin ventilation, encouragement of the initiative for active physical exercise and proper rest, better education on eye health care, wearing of protective masks during special operations, self-protection against exercise injury, enhancing awareness of the ship environment against accidental injuries, regular reexamination and follow-up after refractive laser surgery. [42] Among the systems aimed to support the smart manufacturing, the protective masks based on smart glass able to adapt their optical properties to the light condition, where operators work, are analyzed. [43]在 COVID-19 大流行期間，使用防護口罩對於減少傳染至關重要。 [1] 方開發了有關 COVID-19 的信息（通過使用修改後的歐洲健康素養問卷 [HLS-EU-Q16]）。 [2] 首次考慮了噴塗系統的抑塵效果和防護口罩在施工作業中的應用。 [3] 隨著防護口罩等防疫措施的出台，乾眼症的迅速增加和發展已經開始，導致眼表免疫機制下降，並可能增加 SARS-CoV-2 病毒傳播的風險。 [4] 這項工作的目的是解釋和模擬流體通過防護面罩的滲透過程，以及優化排斥和阻力的特性。 [5] 方法 我們分析了防護口罩在消除卡塔尼亞大學醫院醫護人員上呼吸道疾病症狀方面的作用。 [6] 1 為了減少病毒傳播，醫護人員必須採取嚴格的預防措施，例如手部衛生習慣和使用個人防護設備 (PPE)，包括防護口罩、手套、防護服、護目鏡或面罩以及呼吸器（一世。 [7] 開發了基於光刻膠層和 TiOx/SiO2 的保護掩模。 [8] 研究結果表明，經常使用防護口罩與他們的積極評價有關，戴口罩的頻率更高且歷史更長，預示著口罩的吸引力會增加。 [9] 結論：這些觀察結果支持了這樣的假設，即男性比女性更有效地傳播病毒，與使用防護口罩無關。 [10] ，紡織基材，為新型應用開闢了新視野，例如具有薄保形抗菌塗層的新型防護口罩。 [11] 這篇評論文章討論了 3D 打印在製造防護裝備方面的能力，例如頭盔、防護面罩、假肢、護膝、護目鏡、測試拭子、消防裝備和耳塞。 [12] 在當前的 COVID-19 大流行情況下，全球範圍內防護口罩和護目鏡的短缺可能會利用這種即用型和低成本的解決方案，特別是對於高風險的外科手術。 [13] 防護口罩？正確佩戴 - 已成為消滅 COVID-19 大流行的關鍵。 [14] 調查中包含的問題與防護口罩的使用、設備和行為管理技術的困難有關。 [15] 在非藥物策略方面，院前篩查和使用防護口罩被認為是一種有效的策略和節省成本的策略。 [16] 介紹了為防護口罩提供抗菌性能的最新技術（通過引入天然生物活性化合物、含金屬材料、金屬有機框架、無機鹽、合成聚合物和碳基二維納米材料）。 [17] 只有 10% 的司機認為當前保護乘客（和司機本身）的解決方案已經足夠，因此他們呼籲擴大保護措施的範圍：增加公共交通路線的數量（以保留現有乘客），強制使用防護口罩（而不是籠罩面部和鼻子的無效鬆散義務），或在公共汽車中引入封閉的駕駛室（如電車）。 [18] 為了減少新型冠狀病毒的社區傳播，預防措施需要高度重視 減少冠狀病毒在印度人群中的傳播包括使用防護口罩，排名第一，其次是手部衛生、自我觀察、呼吸方式、社會疏遠、環境清潔和通風，但印度政府採取了很好的舉措，下令封鎖，為其人口提供安全，並為環境或自然提供可持續性傳輸，但金融交易也停止在某些行業（產品/服務），也無法在家工作，而在印度，基礎設施或設施或科學還沒有那麼發達，因此，印度經濟正在遭受損失本文試圖找出印度因 COVID-19 大流行而引發的金融危機，並將其列為優先事項y Topsis 方法。 [19] 這裡開發的多層熔噴過濾材料將潛在地應用於防護口罩領域。 [20] 已經進行了實驗研究以確定用於製造防護口罩的織物的操作特性。 [21] 在公共場所使用防護口罩被證明是降低疾病傳播率的重要預防措施。 [22] 使用防護面罩應對冠狀病毒病時的機組人員性能和安全性。 [23] 目標 確定旨在提高 COVID-19 大流行期間學生行為的具體規範性的心理和教學工作的目標和方法，特別是遵守口罩制度背景由於 COVID-19 大流行的情況，許多國家都在包括俄羅斯在內的世界範圍內，引入了許多限制人們行為和互動的嚴厲措施 該研究重點關注不同社會群體對疾病本身和抗擊措施的態度等尖銳問題，澄清大流行期間個人遵守/不遵守規範行為的原因和動機 冠狀病毒大流行具體化了向人們（包括年輕人）提供實際心理援助的問題，這些人有壓力並且難以應對這種情況 研究設計該研究是在日益普及的疾病和隔離制度的引入 參考研究參與者完成問卷的時間分析獲得的數據：第一組學生於 2020 年 11 月 9 日至 23 日（第一階段）填寫谷歌表格；第二組 - 2020 年 11 月 24 日至 12 月 8 日（第 2 階段） 該研究分析了學生對大流行的社會表徵和應對措施；對 COVID-19 各個方面的態度以及大流行期間年輕人的規範行為的特殊性；主觀疾病危險的經歷和與之相關的主要應對策略 參與者 565 名來自莫斯科國立心理與教育大學 (MGPPU) 各學院的本科生：504 名女性，61 名男性 測量 匿名調查包括封閉式問題；原型分析方法社會表徵（P Verges）；自我感知的靈活應對壓力（SFCS）；對 C 的恐懼OVID- 19 量表；SPSS Statistics 20 軟件包（列聯表，計算 Pearson χ2 檢驗、Spearman 相關係數、Kruskal-Wallis 和弗里德曼檢驗） 結果 學生對 COVID-19 和防止其傳播的方法表現出多樣化且經常引起爭議的觀點在大流行和防護口罩的社會表徵中，最流行的是那些反映大流行施加的個人限制的那些，遵守這些限制所帶來的不便和不快在較小的程度上是害怕得到生病 幾乎沒有與關心他人相關的社會代表，表達親社會立場 關於遵守限制措施的機制，學生的意見各不相同：一些人支持引入嚴格的限制並認為這是合理的有嚴格的外部控制，而其他人則認為衛生和電子產品的履行流行病學要求應該是一個人的獨立決定 研究發現，學生在應對大流行情況的出現時，主要選擇情境和多種應對策略，以及這些應對策略與低水平主觀恐懼之間的關係。大流行情況的惡化，學生對告知 COVID-19 的方式和對抗它的策略的評估發生了變化：在研究的第一階段，學生將專家（醫生、科學家）視為參考組，在第二階段- 家長和親密圈子 社交媒體被證明是最微不足道的信息來源 主要結論 獲得的數據可以確定學生心理和教學工作的主要目標，並確定這項工作的主要方法，其中應包括以活動為基礎的包含在小組任務的解決方案中，旨在優化 pe 的生活大流行中的人 根據研究結果，一群學生表現突出，他們有高度的恐懼經歷（32%）並且傾向於採用非建設性的應對方式 這些學生需要有針對性的心理援助學生參與預防 COVID 問題，文章描述了由莫斯科國立心理與教育大學社會心理學學院組織的不同方向的創意作品競賽，主題是在“馬拉松”的背景下使用醫用口罩口罩”大流行 © 2021 莫斯科國立心理與教育大學保留所有權利。 [24] 該設備將用於確定不同類型防護口罩下的微環境參數。 [25] 56），防護口罩的可用性（AR 0. [26] 所謂的“護耳器”和“防接觸鑰匙”等配件可以通過通用 CAD/CAM 的 3D 打印來製作，讓醫院、學校的用戶，如醫務人員和教職員工以及廣大社會延長 N95 呼吸器緊固件（防護面罩）的使用壽命，避免傳染。 [27] BSA/PVB NMs的製備完全符合N95級個人防護口罩核心層的要求，是多功能生物防護口罩的新選擇。 [28] 寄宿設施的操作人員在為殘疾人提供服務時不遵守使用防護口罩、洗手液和其他少量措施的行為，可能會分別感染 Covid-19 的個人和殘疾人。 [29] 儘管世界各地都建議保持社交距離和使用防護口罩，但病例似乎有所增加，這導致了全球不同階段的封鎖。 [30] 一些人對大流行的存在不屑一顧，而另一些人則宣稱疫苗是“野獸”的可怕666標記，或者將防護口罩歸咎於“野獸”的面具。 [31] 防護口罩的使用將無限期地繼續伴隨人類，因此迫切需要一種安全的方法，通過在透視下重複使用它們來擴展它們的可用性，同時最大限度地減少防護性能的損失。 [32] 我們一直是關於鎖定和防護口罩的功效和經濟影響的無休止電視辯論的旁觀者，雙方的支持者往往缺乏科學證據。 [33] 開發了基於光刻膠層和TiOx/SiO2的保護掩模。 [34] 由於 COVID-19 大流行，各州和地方政府已強制在公共和工作區域使用防護口罩，以盡量減少疾病傳播。 [35] 1% 的受訪者報告說他們擁有自己的耐多藥結核病管理指南，使用了防護口罩，並分別參與了對患者進行耐多藥結核病知識的教育。 [36] 簡介：很少有研究旨在提高印度街頭小販使用防護口罩和呼吸問題的意識。 [37] 這項隨機研究由一百 (100) 名男性鋸木廠工人組成，他們在這些環境中工作而沒有任何形式的防護面具，在兩年多的時間裡暴露於木屑中，作為測試對象，隨機選擇了五十名男性，他們沒有暴露於木屑中。木屑作為對照。 [38] 應保持必要的社交距離，佩戴防護口罩並遵守手部衛生程序。 [39] 本研究旨在評估鑽孔和磨牙產生的 PMs 的大小和濃度，並評估中央真空系統和防護面罩去除 PMs 的效率。 [40] 防護口罩等空氣過濾材料可以保護人體免受空氣傳播的病原體的侵害；然而，大多數現有的保護性過濾材料都是為了攔截細菌。 [41] 結論 大型海軍水面艦艇上針對眼科疾病的預防措施可能包括改善艙室通風、鼓勵主動體育鍛煉和適當休息、加強眼保健教育、在特殊行動中佩戴防護口罩、自我保護免受運動損傷，提高船舶環境對意外傷害的認識，定期復查和激光屈光手術後的隨訪。 [42] 在旨在支持智能製造的系統中，分析了基於智能玻璃的防護口罩，這些防護口罩能夠根據操作員工作的光照條件調整其光學特性。 [43]
cervical flexor endurance 頸屈肌耐力
Introduction: World health organization recommends protective mask as a primary preventive measure to offbeat the Covid-19 pandemic There are many commercially available protective masks, in that N-99, N-95, and 3 layer surgical masks are com-monly used among peoples Prolonged usage of this protective mask can cause forward neck posture and weakness of cervical flexors muscles Objective: The objective of this study is to find out the influence of the protective mask on cervical spine dysfunction Methods: An observational study was conducted by screening 237 participants;in that 110 participants were enrolled for the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria All these participants were categorized based on the type of protective mask and underwent forward neck posture assessment by using the Cranio-vertebral angle through Kinovean software and cervical flexor muscle endurance test Results: The mean value of the Cranio-vertebral angle is 42 64 and cervical flexor endurance is 8 5 for the participants using N-99 protective mask, the mean value of the Cranio-vertebral angle is 65 866 and cervical flexor endurance is 19 911 for the participants using N-95 protective mask and the mean value of the Cranio-vertebral angle is 72 193 and cervical flexor endurance is 27 49 for the participants using 3-layer surgical mask Conclusion: The analyzed results prove that patients using N99 type of protective mask reported decreased cervical muscle endurance and Cranio-vertebral angle when compared to N95 and 3 layers protective mask Copyright@IJCRR. [1]簡介： 世界衛生組織建議將防護口罩作為應對 Covid-19 大流行的主要預防措施 市售防護口罩有很多，其中 N-99、N-95 和 3 層外科口罩在人們中普遍使用長期使用這種防護面罩會導致頸前傾和頸屈肌無力 目的：本研究的目的是了解防護面罩對頸椎功能障礙的影響 方法：對237名參與者進行觀察性研究；根據納入和排除標準，共有 110 名參與者參加了研究 所有這些參與者均根據防護面罩的類型進行分類，並通過 Kinovean 軟件使用顱椎角和頸屈肌耐力測試進行頸部前傾姿勢評估結果：顱椎角平均值為42·64，頸屈肌耐力為8 5 對於使用 N-99 防護面罩的參與者，顱椎角平均值為 65 866，頸屈肌耐力為 19 911 對於使用 N-95 防護面罩的參與者，顱椎角平均值為使用 3 層外科口罩的參與者 72 193 和頸屈肌耐力為 27 49 結論：分析結果證明，與 N95 和 3 層防護面罩相比，使用 N99 型防護面罩的患者頸肌耐力和顱椎角降低掩碼 版權所有@IJCRR。 [1]
Wearing Protective Masks 佩戴防護口罩
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between wearing protective masks and goggles and skin injuries in medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. [1] Wearing protective masks (74%) and using disinfectants of the hands several times per day (67%) were the most reported used measures. [2] Among the precautions taken for prophylaxis against infection wearing protective masks (74%) and using disinfectants of the hands several times per day (67%) were the most reported measures. [3] From confusion over the value of wearing protective masks and social distancing (How are viruses transmitted?) to vaccine skepticism (How do vaccines work?), from confusion over the value of hydroxychloroquine (How are data collected and what do they mean?) to doubts about the safety and efficacy of products available through Emergency Use Authorizations (How does the US Food and Drug Administration review process work?), the dearth of health literacy has not only slowed down the US response against COVID-19, it has placed thorny societal problems along the path to victory over the virus. [4] OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between wearing protective masks combined with goggles and skin injuries in medical staff during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. [5] How is the "common good" found in the education and awareness campaigns for wearing protective masks and for frequent sanitation and disinfection? And if Rousseau's "common good" is not fully visible in the mask that "can save your life," is the general goal of the government campaign one of a utilitarian nature? To what extent does the promise of the presence of pleasure and the absence of pain appear, as described by John Stuart Mill, in a campaign built on "saving lives" and "protecting others"? This research advances the proposition of a perception analysis of the meanings conveyed in the television commercials from the official awareness and education campaign regarding the Coronavirus pandemic, between March 2020 and January 2021, decanted in terms of basic semiotic and philosophical concepts and theories. [6] In the current context of involvement in the fight against COVID 19 wearing protective masks are strictly necessary to limit the spread of the virus SARS-CoV2. [7]摘要 目的 探討 COVID-19 大流行期間醫務人員佩戴防護口罩和護目鏡與皮膚損傷的關係。 [1] 戴防護口罩（74%）和每天多次使用手部消毒劑（67%）是報告使用最多的措施。 [2] nan [3] nan [4] 客觀的 探討 2019 年冠狀病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行期間醫務人員佩戴防護口罩和護目鏡與皮膚損傷的關係。 [5] nan [6] nan [7]
Wear Protective Masks 戴上防護口罩
Seropositivity was more common among those who did not universally wear protective masks (10. [1] Due to the controversy related to the necessity to wear protective masks and the negative perceptions of users, an attempt was made to analyze the available scientific research on the physiological consequences of wearing various types of masks. [2] In a web-based experimental study conducted during the first pandemic wave (mid-April 2020), we asked 242 participants to regulate their preferred distance towards confederates who did or did not wear protective masks and gloves and whose COVID-19 test results were positive, negative, or unknown. [3] People with a high occupation volume were more likely to wear protective masks (p < 0. [4]血清陽性在未普遍佩戴防護口罩的人群中更為常見（10. [1] 由於與佩戴防護口罩的必要性有關的爭議和用戶的負面看法，試圖分析現有的關於佩戴各種口罩的生理後果的科學研究。 [2] nan [3] nan [4]
Medical Protective Masks 醫用防護口罩
At 04∶50 on January 1, 2021, a 36-year-old Chinese project manager (Case A), a 29-year-old Chinese worker (Case B), and a 53-year-old Chinese businessman (Case C) returned from Africa (Case A and B from South Africa and Case C from Lesotho) on the same flight and tested coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) RNA positive by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by Baoan District People’s Hospital Shenzhen CDC received their oral nasopharyngeal swabs packages from the hospital and retested COVID-19 RNA positive at 09∶50 Meanwhile, Case D, a close contact of Case A, was transferred to the designated hotel for centralized isolation for 14 days His oral nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and sent for the detection of COVID-19 RNA as routine surveillance testing on the 1, 4, 7, 14 days of quarantine;these were reported back as COVID-19 RNA positive at 22∶50 on January 4, 2021 and at 05∶30 on January 5, 2021 by Shenzhen CDC The four cases were transferred respectively by negative pressure ambulances to the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen for further treatment within five hours of COVID-19 infection confirmation by Shenzhen CDC On admission, chest CT images showed no abnormalities among all cases Epidemiological investigation revealed that the 4 cases had COVID-19 RNA negative test results before departure and self-reportedly had effective protection by wearing medical protective masks (Case A wore a disposable medical mask, while Case B, C, and D wore N95 masks) and protective suits (Case B) during the flight In addition, they reported no history of fever, fatigue, or respiratory symptoms within 14 days prior to their diagnosis However, according to the report of Case A, he was possibly exposed on his return business trip from Cape Town to Johannesburg in South Africa from December 16 to December 30, 2020, when he visited and had dinner with colleagues and had a meal in a fast food restaurant Case B had a history of performing work-related tasks, staying at the dormitory with workmates His roommate, who took the same flight from South Africa to China, was diagnosed as an asymptomatic carrier of COVID-19 on January 1, 2021 in Shenzhen Case C’s potential exposure might have been a 4-hour-trip in a vehicle from his company in Lesotho to an airport hotel with a local resident without effective protection Case D’s potential exposure was the experience that he took nucleic acid testing in South Africa and shuttle bus from workplace to the airport with Case A before boarding Using the results of the epidemiological investigation, clinical symptoms, and laboratory results, these patients were diagnosed as asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 in coordination with clinicians and experts The specimens of the 4 asymptomatic patients’ were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq Sequencing platform between January 2 to January 5, 2021 On January 4 and January 7, 3 whole genome sequences and 1 were obtained, respectively Compared with the Wuhan reference sequence (EPI_ISL_402119) (1–2), these 4 newly identified Shenzhen strains showed 29 nucleotide variation sites, which contained the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that defined lineage B 1 351 (20H/501Y V2 branch) (3) A maximum of 29 genomic variation sites were detected in the 4 high-quality genomic sequences (for Cases A–D, number of genomic variation sites were 29, 19, 25, and 25, respectively, including G160A, G174T, C241T, C281T, C1059T, C3037T, G5230T, C8660T, C8964T, A10323G, G11230T, T13324A, C14408T, C14925T, T16062C, G19656T, A21801C, G22299T, G22813T, G23012A, A23063T, A23403G, C23664T, T25084C, G25563T, C25904T, C26456T, C28647T, C28887T;sequence coverage ranged from 91 4% to 99 2%) A major difference between the nucleotide sequences of A/D and B/C were detected in the position of 1174 (A1174C for A/D and A1174T for B/C) By online comparison of the assembled sequence with the published COVID-19 database, we obtained the phylogenetic relationship tree (Figure 1) of the virus strains The 4 COVID-19 samples of imported African cases were lineage B 1 351 (20H/501Y V2) variant strains (homology of 99 99% to 100%), which had been circulating in South Africa since October 2020 (4) The cladogram showed that the genome sequences of the 4 cases imported from Africa (Case A–D) all contained the characteristic mutation sites (the mutations of the spike protein D80A, K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G, and A701V) of the South African variant strain B 1 351 The major differences between the A/D and B/C when comparing their amino acid sequences were as follows: L18F was detected in Case C;D215G was detected in Case B/C;R246I was detected in Case A;but data on the same position was missing in Case D These B 1 351 variants strains were imported early to China and might exert a great threat to the prevention and control of COVID-19 in China Systematically tracking higher risk international variants is therefore important as it allows monitoring of the new variants nationally and internationally. [1] CONCLUSION There were no differences between the influence of cotton versus medical protective masks on the skin of healthy volunteers in our study. [2] Because per-oral endoscopy can generate aerosol, all endoscopy staff were required to adopt level III protection according to the National Health Commission’s requirements on the prevention and control of COVID-19, which include disposable caps, medical protective masks (N95), positive-pressure headgear, disposable medical protective clothing, double-layer double-color latex gloves, disposable boot covers, and disposable shoe covers. [3]nan [1] 結論 在我們的研究中，棉花和醫用防護口罩對健康志願者皮膚的影響沒有差異。 [2] nan [3]