Introduction to Polyelectrolyte Layer

What is/are Polyelectrolyte Layer?

Polyelectrolyte Layer - We theoretically investigate the feasibility of enhancing the reverse electrodialysis power generation in nanochannels by covering the surface with a polyelectrolyte layer (PEL). ^[1] The article dealt with an analytic study on the electroosmotic flow and mass transport of an electro neutral solute through polyelectrolyte layer (PEL)-coated canonical nanopore under the imposed alternative current electric field for Maxwell fluids. ^[2] Herein, we proposed a new type of surface-charged MXene (SC-MXene) membrane for water desalination, which was facilely fabricated by laminar stacking of MXene nanosheets and subsequent surface-coating with polyelectrolyte layer. ^[3] Nanochannels covered with a polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) are recently shown to increase the power generation by reverse electrodialysis (RED) considerably. ^[4] Although there are conjectures, it is not yet fully understood where the polyelectrolyte layering takes place when modifying porous membranes, either within the pores or on top of the porous material. ^[5] To amplify the fluorescence signal we used polyelectrolyte layers to control the distance between metal nanoparticles and fluorophore. ^[6] It was concluded that the polyelectrolyte layers are mixed in the entire shell of the capsules with a dissolved CaCO3 core. ^[7] The formation of the polyelectrolyte layers led to charge reversal of the carrier and the saturated PDADMAC and PSS layers stabilized the dispersions, in particular, their resistance against salt-induced aggregation was especially excellent. ^[8] This delay was dependent on the number of polyelectrolyte layers. ^[9] FINDINGS PAH/PSS multilayers, show a polarity similar to water with DX/PSS as top layer, decreasing to I1/I2 ratios similar to organic solvents as the number of polyelectrolyte layers assembled on top increases. ^[10] The successful construction of the drug delivery system relied on tea saponin grafted on chitosan (TS/CTS) via formatted ester bonds or amido bonds as a polyelectrolyte layer of PEGylated dihydromyricetin-loaded liposomes (DMY lips), which achieved controlled release of DMY in weak acidic and neutral physiological environments. ^[11] Polyelectrolyte layers of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) are deposited onto the Al surface using a layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption technique. ^[12] We demonstrate how to tailor membrane pore size and thickness using polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer assembly by alternately applying two strong polyelectrolytes, PDADMAC and PSS, to a polysulfone substrate while systematically controlling the polyelectrolyte and salt concentrations in the deposition solution. ^[13] The results reveal that the growth of polyelectrolyte layer in nanochannels is quite different from that on flat substrates. ^[14] An alternative has been proposed, in which the electrodes are coated with a polyelectrolyte layer, also of suitable polarity. ^[15] Via a simple 3-step layer-by-layer coating process, few-layered MoS2 nanoflakes are incorporated into the polyelectrolyte layer, and open the organic solvent pathways which are otherwise closed without MoS2. ^[16] The soft microchannel, also called as the polyelectrolyte-grafted microchannel, is denoted as a rigid microchannel coated with a polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) on its surface. ^[17] Here, we cost-efficiently prepared large-area Au nanocube arrays (NCAs) using only the electrostatic forces between colloidal Au nanocubes and polyelectrolyte layers. ^[18] Surface chemistry strategies for coating nanocrystals with smooth or rough shells are detailed; specific examples include mesoporous silica and metal-organic framework shells for porous (rough) coatings and polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer wrapping for "smooth" shells. ^[19] Manufacturing such “iontronic” devices generally involves classical thin film processing of polyelectrolyte layers and insulators followed by application of electrolytes. ^[20] Another approach that has been tested is based on coating the carbon with polyelectrolyte layers, converting them into “soft electrodes” (SEs). ^[21] The number of polyelectrolyte layers, the deposition technology, the nature of the interactions between the components and the chosen components, as well as the produced systems, make LbL a versatile technique. ^[22] Using the method of time-lapse confocal microscopy, we observed a prolonged lag phase, dependent on the number of polyelectrolyte layers. ^[23] A soft nanochannel involves a soft interface that contains a polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) sandwiched between a rigid surface and a bulk electrolyte solution. ^[24] Then, polyelectrolyte layers composed of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) were capped on Fe3O4 NCs to construct the Fe3O4 NC/PAH/PSS/DOX hybrid nanostructures via LBL method. ^[25] For the first time, it was shown that primary modification of the Au surface influences the rate of the multilayer assembling and the shape of appropriate dependence of the SPR signal on the number of polyelectrolyte layers. ^[26] Soft nanochannels are defined as nanochannels with a polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) on the rigid walls. ^[27] We show that an increase in the thickness of the polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) increases the transverse electrostatic potential, which upon interacting with the externally applied electric field alters the flow dynamics non-trivially in a rotating platform. ^[28] Three compositions were considered: with MWCNTs incorporated between polyelectrolyte layers; with MWCNTs inserted into the hollow of the microcapsule; and with MWCNTs incorporated simultaneously into the hollow and between polyelectrolyte layers. ^[29] The main challenge is controlling the electrophoretic translocation velocity of DNA and one remedy is covering the inner wall of the nanopore with a polyelectrolyte layer (PEL). ^[30] Incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles into polyelectrolyte layers renders HC-MFs visible for MRI and induces the red-shift in their transmission spectra. ^[31] The core is considered to have an arbitrary charge, and the charge of the polyelectrolyte layer is assumed to be homogeneous and independent of the electrolyte properties. ^[32]

Charged Polyelectrolyte Layer

Electrophoresis of core-shell composite soft particles possessing hydrophobic inner core grafted with highly charged polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) has been studied analytically. ^[1] The rigid walls of the undertaken channel are coated with ion and fluid penetrable charged polyelectrolyte layers (PELs). ^[2]

Outer Polyelectrolyte Layer

In addition, the inner core and the outer polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) bear pH-regulated basic and acidic functional groups, respectively. ^[1] We consider a typical situation where the outer polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) carries zwitterionic functional group (e. ^[2]

Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Layer

Here CdS photocatalysts are coated by non-conjugated polyelectrolyte layers, and the influence of the polymer on charge transfer over CdS is explored. ^[1] In addition, the roughness of ZnO barely changed after coating with PFEO SO3 Li, and the surface became more hydrophobic, which demonstrates that the thin conjugated polyelectrolyte layer exhibits good adhesion with both ZnO and the active layer. ^[2]

Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte Layer

The hydrodynamic thickness of the adsorbed polyelectrolyte layer (δH) and electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of particles as a function of concentration ratios of the two polyelectrolytes were measured to clarify the effect of negatively charged molecules on the structure of the positively charged adsorbed layer at various ionic strengths. ^[1] The response of the adsorbed polyelectrolyte layer was monitored upon changing the electrolyte pH and ionic strength. ^[2]

Dense Polyelectrolyte Layer

Space electroosmotic thrusters (EOTs) are theoretically investigated in a soft charged nanochannel with a dense polyelectrolyte layer (PEL), which is considered to be more realistic than a low-density PEL. ^[1] We theoretically study the hydrodynamic dispersion by fully developed electroosmotic flow in soft slit microchannels of dense polyelectrolyte layer (PEL). ^[2]