Oak Woodlands(橡樹林地)到底是什麼？
Oak Woodlands 橡樹林地 - Here, we studied the understory of a Mediterranean dryland ecosystem composed of savanna-like Holm-oak woodlands, along a regional climatic gradient. [1] Paraidemona species are confined to grasslands, from grassy coastal margins to dry thorn scrub and oak woodlands of central and western Texas, and prefer short grasses, sometimes intermixed with various broadleaf forbs. [2] Four forest ecosystems were surveyed: three model sites in oak woodlands with different stages of recreational digression, and the fourth model site in a pine-oak forest. [3] The tarantula spider genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 has received considerable attention in recent years but the group's diversity remains poorly understood in Mexico, particularly in the pine-oak woodlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental and associated Madrean "Sky Islands". [4] Many of these first country records involve species characteristic of oak woodlands, highlighting the need for research in this widespread and vulnerable habitat in Honduras. [5] Almost all of California’s surface water passes through grasslands and oak woodlands (Tate et al. [6]在這裡，我們沿區域氣候梯度研究了由熱帶稀樹草原般的 Holm-oak 林地組成的地中海旱地生態系統的下層。 [1] Paraidemona 物種僅限於草原，從草地沿海邊緣到德克薩斯州中部和西部的干刺灌木和橡樹林地，並且更喜歡短草，有時與各種闊葉雜草混合。 [2] 調查了四個森林生態系統：三個位於橡樹林中的具有不同休閒娛樂階段的模型站點，以及第四個位於松橡林的模型站點。 [3] 狼蛛屬 Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 近年來受到了相當多的關注，但在墨西哥，該群體的多樣性仍然知之甚少，特別是在西馬德雷山脈和相關的馬德雷恩“天空群島”的松橡樹林中。 [4] 這些首批國家記錄中的許多都涉及橡樹林地的物種特徵，突出了對洪都拉斯這個廣泛而脆弱的棲息地進行研究的必要性。 [5] 加利福尼亞州幾乎所有的地表水都流經草原和橡樹林（Tate et al. [6]
Cork Oak Woodlands 軟木橡木林地
In the Alentejo region of Southwestern Portugal the landscape mosaic is composed of three prevalent land cover types: cork oak forests, open cork oak woodlands (montados) and shrublands dominated by Cistus ladanifer. [1] Cork is a high value periodical forest product which ensures the economic, social and ecological sustainability of cork oak woodlands. [2] Mediterranean evergreen cork oak woodlands are the largest planted non timber forest in Europe. [3] This work aims to demonstrate the possibility of using digital cameras instead of field spectroradiometers (FS) to track understory vegetation phenology in Mediterranean cork oak woodlands. [4] In this work, we analyzed recent wildland fire dynamics in cork oak woodlands along the fire-prone areas of Sardinia (Italy), Corsica (France) and Catalonia (Spain). [5] A study was developed to compare soil properties in cork oak woodlands with improved pastures (IP) grazed by cattle and natural understorey management (NU) without grazing. [6] In Spain, natural and managed cork oak woodlands are severely affected by decline caused by the root rot oomycetes Phytophthora cinnamomi and Pythium spiculum. [7] The adopted methodology resulted in a classification with higher accuracy that is suitable for a structurally complex Mediterranean forest ecosystem such as cork oak woodlands, which are characterized by the presence of shrubs and herbs in the understory as well as tree shadows. [8]nan [1] nan [2] nan [3] nan [4] 在這項工作中，我們分析了撒丁島（意大利）、科西嘉島（法國）和加泰羅尼亞（西班牙）的火災多發地區軟木橡樹林中最近的荒地火災動態。 [5] 開展了一項研究，以比較軟木櫟林地的土壤特性與牛放牧的改良牧場 (IP) 和不放牧的自然林下管理 (NU)。 [6] 在西班牙，天然和管理的軟木櫟林地受到根腐病菌的嚴重影響。 [7] 採用的方法產生了一個更準確的分類，適用於結構複雜的地中海森林生態系統，例如軟木橡樹林地，其特點是下層存在灌木和草本植物以及樹影。 [8]
Holm Oak Woodlands
The holm oak woodlands as ecotonic phytocoenoses occur under different ecological conditions, and frequently representing the climax of edaphoxerophilous series of crests and siliceous rocky areas. [1] Consequently, this effective measure should be considered as part of the integrated approach to control this highly destructive pathogen in holm oak woodlands. [2] Located on the north-eastern part of Malta, Selmun also offers shelter to a variety of protected endemic habitats from coastal vegetated sea cliffs to Holm Oak woodlands, through the provision of three Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). [3]nan [1] 因此，這一有效措施應被視為控制聖櫟林地中這種高度破壞性病原體的綜合方法的一部分。 [2] Selmun 位於馬耳他東北部，通過提供三個特殊保護區 (SAC)，還為從沿海植被海崖到 Holm Oak 林地的各種受保護的地方性棲息地提供庇護。 [3]
Mixed Oak Woodlands
The south-western White Carpathians (Czech Republic, Slovakia) are one of the few places in low-elevation Central Europe where a diverse landscape, including extremely species rich meadows, scattered oak trees, and mixed oak woodlands, has escaped modern transformation. [1] BP) characterized by mixed oak woodlands and low anthropogenic impact, climate exerted an evident influence over fire regimes. [2]西南部的白喀爾巴阡山脈（捷克共和國、斯洛伐克）是中歐低海拔地區為數不多的幾個沒有經過現代改造而擁有多樣化景觀的地方之一，其中包括物種極其豐富的草地、散落的橡樹和混交的橡樹林。 [1] BP）以混合橡樹林和低人為影響為特徵，氣候對火災制度產生了明顯的影響。 [2]
Evergreen Oak Woodlands
Since the 1980 s, there have been reports of defoliation and mortality in evergreen oak woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula. [1] Evergreen oak woodlands in the Western Mediterranean exploited as agrosilvopastoral systems have often been considered as a sustainability paradigm. [2]nan [1] 作為農林牧系統開發的西地中海常綠橡樹林地通常被認為是可持續發展的典範。 [2]