Introduction to National Climate

Based in a critical examination of normative principles expressed in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it considers how conceptions and principles of justice can guide international burden-sharing approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and applies these to controversies within international climate politics.

Specifically, we are interested in whether observable variation in public demand for climate change mitigation can help explain variation in adopted national climate policies.

Thus, we assert some of the main features of traditional political approach to climate change include: an emphasis on costs and the impact of measures to address climate change in the American economy and its economic growth; the questioning of climate science as insufficient to justify the costs of the action; the questioning of the differentiation between developed and developing countries as a valid argument for the US to take the lead in international climate action; the resistance to assume mitigation commitments that collide with the principle * Este artículo fue realizado en el contexto de una estancia de investigación en el Georgetown Climate Center, apoyada por el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Argentina y la Comisión Fulbright.

In recent years, the importance of mobilizing citizens and local stakeholders in efforts to address climate change has been highlighted in both research and international climate governance.

This study aims to 1) determine if the relevant fisheries national management documents address climate change and adaptation, 2) determine if the relevant national climate change documents address climate change and adaptation in the fisheries sector and 3) evaluate the extent to which fisheries management documents address climate change and adaptation.

Fourth National Climate Assessment (“NCA”) recently sounded the alarm on climate change’s “super-wicked” and destabilizing security impacts.

ABSTRACT The Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) is the most comprehensive report to date assessing climate change science, impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States.

To analyze climate variability trends and variabilities, the monthly Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Rainfall with Station data (CHIRPS), and Enhancing National Climate Service (ENACTS) Maximum (Tmax) and Minimum (Tmin) Temperature data from the period 1983 to 2016 at moderate spatial resolution (4km–by–4km) were acquired from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia.

Both monthly Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitations with Station data (CHIRPS) and Enhancing National Climate Service (ENACTS) temperature data (1983–2016) at moderate spatial resolution (i.

This current study continues the refinement and improvement in analysis techniques for sea level research beyond the Fourth US National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report by incorporating further advancements in the time series analysis of long tide gauge records integrated with an improved vertical land motion (VLM) assessment.

The 3rd US National Climate Assessment pointed to a need for a system of indicators of climate and global change based on long-term data that could be used to support assessments and this led to the development of the National Climate Indicators System (NCIS).

Constraining urban emissions is gaining more attention because of the important role of cities in reaching national climate mitigation targets.

Despite significant increases in low CO2-emission electricity generation from renewable energy sources, Germany seems off-track for reaching national climate targets for 2020.

These findings highlight the importance of energy service demand reduction measures for meeting national climate goals in addition to technological options.

It is concluded that the Finnish forest industry can contribute significantly to meeting national climate policy targets, and forest industry in general can play a role in mitigating global change.

Analysis and discussion on national climate policies and laws must take into account the constitutio.

When presenting their national climate policies, countries often showcase their target trajectories against fictitious so-called baselines.

Emissions trading schemes (ETSs) have been a central component of international climate change policies, as a carbon pricing tool to achieve emissions reduction targets.

Under national climate change countermeasures, some Japanese firms have set science-based targets (SBT) for carbon emission to achieve the goal of keeping global warming below 2°C.

To accomplish the national and international climate goals, building renovation and optimisation of their energy and resource efficiency are essential.

Offshore geological carbon storage (GCS) is a rapidly developing technology essential for meeting international climate goals.

Fourth National Climate Assessment (“NCA”) recently sounded the alarm on climate change’s “super-wicked” and destabilizing security impacts.

Our results show that projected changes in extreme precipitation are at least one order of magnitude greater than projected changes in mean precipitation; this finding is geographically consistent over the seven CONUS National Climate Assessment (NCA) regions and between the pair of dynamically downscaled global climate model (GCM) forcings.

The results suggest that environmental policy stringency and oil prices are effective drivers of environment-related technology innovation, and that commitment to international climate agreements also spurs green innovation.

1 maps the political problem of climate change in broad terms, beginning at the level of the individual and moving to development of and compliance with an international climate agreement.

In the second part, the rationale and methodologies for reconfiguring international climate governance are discussed in more detail.

By studying and interpreting the guiding principles of President Xi Jinping’s important speeches at the Leaders Summit on Climate and the video summit between China, France and Germany, this paper goes over the basic thinking of China’s participation in international climate governance and the Chinese approach to tackling global climate change, and sums up China’s achievements in the fields such as transition to green and low-carbon development, energy structure adjustment, greenhouse gases control, the construction of national carbon market, as well as its contribution to tackling global climate change.

These have largely been developed under short-term funding streams and, as a consequence do not currently deliver the robust, near real time, sustainable estimate of ocean C uptake that we believe is necessary to support international climate negotiations and the development of adaptation/mitigation strategies.

The results call for greater 20 participation of religious institutions in the international climate negotiations in order for society 21 to address the planetary emergency of climate change.

The meteorological data of 613 cities published by National Climate Center of China was applied in this research.

5) is employed to explore the large-scale atmospheric indices from National Climate Center (NCC) associated with each cluster during the preceding spring season as a predictor.

National climate targets must be decomposed into key areas to guide mitigation actions.

We used the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) software tool to build a power-system expansion model for Sumatra and simulated four scenarios representing a business as usual development, the current development plans, and two mitigation pathways in line with the national climate targets.

An additional sustainable development package, including international climate finance, progressive redistribution of carbon pricing revenues, sufficient and healthy nutrition and improved access to modern energy, enables a more comprehensive sustainable development pathway.

In the context of international climate finance, the focus has been on mobilizing private finance for adaptation and in addressing barriers that prevent investments from materializing.

In light of this challenge, this paper proposes a simple method for quantifying the synergies and trade-offs between national climate actions and the SDGs.

Thus, we assert some of the main features of traditional political approach to climate change include: an emphasis on costs and the impact of measures to address climate change in the American economy and its economic growth; the questioning of climate science as insufficient to justify the costs of the action; the questioning of the differentiation between developed and developing countries as a valid argument for the US to take the lead in international climate action; the resistance to assume mitigation commitments that collide with the principle * Este artículo fue realizado en el contexto de una estancia de investigación en el Georgetown Climate Center, apoyada por el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Argentina y la Comisión Fulbright.

Determining international climate mitigation response strategies is a complex task.

ABSTRACT Strong climate institutional governance is necessary for countries to meet their international climate mitigation commitments.

What are the implications of different perceptions of justice for the emission reduction policies of the three major polluting countries, the United States, China and India? And how do they shape the development of the international climate regime? Based on an independently developed analytical framework, this theory-driven comparative study is one of the first to examine international and national negotiating positions according to different dimensions of climate justice.

Global climate governance is also no longer restricted to multilateral negotiations under the UN Climate Convention: it increasingly extends beyond the international climate regime to climatize other areas of global politics.

Based in a critical examination of normative principles expressed in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it considers how conceptions and principles of justice can guide international burden-sharing approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and applies these to controversies within international climate politics.

This paper identifies complementary and conflictual dynamics between industrial policy and environmental policy in both domestic and international climate politics.

<p>The French National Climate Service &#8220;Drias, futures of climate&#8221; was launched in 2012, as a response of the French scientific community to society&#8217;s need for climatic information.

To analyze climate variability trends and variabilities, the monthly Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Rainfall with Station data (CHIRPS), and Enhancing National Climate Service (ENACTS) Maximum (Tmax) and Minimum (Tmin) Temperature data from the period 1983 to 2016 at moderate spatial resolution (4km–by–4km) were acquired from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia.

President Biden, as pledged during the election, is seeking to regain leadership in international climate cooperation as well as promoting net- zero emissions and energy transition in the United States.

Therefore, a better understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that the interactions between domestic and international policy pose for the design of successful international climate cooperation is of utmost importance.

The important insight offered in this short article is that a fundamental difference exists between international climate law and domestic climate law that goes beyond the difference in prescriptive and incentivizing law and has to do with the logic of the problem of climate change, viz.

The paper also contains an overview of reactions to the Paris Agreement by analysts and experts in international climate law.

Data on meteorological factors were obtained from the National Climate Data Center of the Korea Meteorological Administration.

METHODS We used health data from the China Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), and meteorological data from the Global Surface Summary of Day (GSOD) product by National Climate Data Center.

<p>The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) is a major international climate modelling initiative.

In this study, we investigate the 3 largest volcanic enhancements to the stratospheric aerosol layer in the last 100 years (Mt Agung 1963; Mt El Chichón 1982; Mt Pinatubo 1991), comparing coordinated simulations within the so-called HErSEA experiments (Historical Eruptions SO2 Emission Assessment) several national climate modelling centres carried out for the model intercomparison project ISA-MIP.

Ground-based Ka-band cloud radar (KaCR) measurements collected at the Motuo National Climate Observatory in 2019 were used to analyze the physical properties of clouds at the front of the water vapor channel over the TP.

The paper uses the minute-by-minute photovoltaic power data of a photovoltaic power station in Lanzhou of Huadian from June 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019 and the meteorological observation data of the Lanzhou National Climate Observatory in the same period to analyze the impact of meteorological elements on the power of photovoltaic power plants.

This paper examines how climate policies in these two arenas are related and to what extent domestic and international climate ambitions are complementary or disparate.

The panel will focus on the role of carbon markets amidst increasing international climate ambition and cooperation, touching upon integration, interdependence, arbitrage and carbon leakage aspects.

To reduce CO2-emissions following global and national climate protection plans, the deployment of Carbon Capture and Utilization technologies (CCU), where CO2-emissions can be captured and used as raw materials to produce valuable products, is driven forward.

It is revealed that a precise alignment of the expansion of renewable energies with international climate protection targets would strongly mechanise rural areas and significantly transform their land use patterns.

But on the other hand, there is still no specific national climate legislation in China, which is currently the main barrier and challenge in China’s legal system for an individual to bring a case against the government for allegedly not complying with its international climate change obligations.

Starting from the premise that domestic politics and national governments have a key role to play in climate policymaking, this literature has focused on the politics of national climate legislation (Carter and Jacobs 2014, Lorenzoni and Benson 2014, Fankhauser et al.

The latest UK Climate Projections include an ensemble of convection-permitting model (CPM) simulations which provide credible climate information at the city-scale, the first of their kind for national climate scenarios.

The latest UKCP products include the first UK national climate scenarios at a resolution consistent with weather forecasting.

The study includes more than 147 thousand cases with diverse combinations of building characteristics and all international climate zones.

The purpose of this study was to provide a guideline for the selection of technologies suitable for ASHRAE international climate zones when designing high-performance buildings.

A number of countries have established national climate funds to finance climate actions.

It examines the performance of nine types of climate finance policies, namely target lending, green bond policy, loan guarantee programmes, weather indexed insurance, feed-in-tariffs, tax credits, national development banks, disclosure policies and national climate funds, through a literature review and case studies.

Moreover, the National Climate Research Center Community Climate System Model version 4 is employed for the mid-21st century under representative concentration pathways 4.

To predict the future climate, the Weather Research and Forecasting model was run in Xinjiang using National Climate Research Center Community Climate System Model version 4 for the mid-21st century under representative concentration pathways 4.

It was found that Turkey has been demanding to be recognized as a developing country in the international climate instruments.

The absence of a legally binding international instrument specifically protecting the human rights of older persons and minimal references to older persons in key international climate instruments attest to the lack of attention to and visibility of older persons in national and international law.

This China-based study, with a special focus on judicial practice in the largest developing country, will shine a light on China's contribution to transnational climate litigation.

[ ]like the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change is recognized as a truly global problem, yet one with myriad distinctive impacts and policy responses in different regions, countries, and localities 2 The systemic nature and impacts of environmental problems are some of the features of environmental research that prompted the development of the new discipline of transnational environmental law 3 Research in this area simultaneously requires a broader lens to take into account many different branches of law and policy, and a deepening of study to understand how problems manifest at multiple levels of governance For some, what is important is that culprits are held responsible for climate change harm, including displacement (the ‘ethicist approach’ to corrective justice) 8 Pertinent examples in this regard include the claim by Peruvian farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya against German energy producer RWE, the investigation by the Philippine Commission on Human Rights into the human rights responsibilities of carbon majors, and the claim by a group of Torres Strait Islanders against the Australian government for failure to take action on climate change 9 For others, identifying the ‘culprit’ of climate harm matters less than achieving rectification or reversal of the harm itself (the ‘instrumentalist approach’ to corrective justice) 10 Examples that Thornton discusses here span from the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts11 and dedicated provisions of the Paris Agreement12 for loss and damage, to the climate finance architecture set up to provide funding that addresses climate change harm in developing countries 13 Thornton's ‘corrective justice’ approach to analyzing these examples sheds light on other recent developments involving redress for climate change displacement (and potentially other climate injustices) and also facilitates exploration of ongoing challenges in this domain, as Thornton touches on in her piece 14 These include difficult questions in climate litigation and rectification claims about what ‘harm’ means and how it can be quantified, how causation can be established between the actions of some and the harm suffered by others, and how redress mechanisms can be enforced and against whom In particular, they focus on the tensions that have become apparent through climate change-related disputes arising from China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects in Kenya and Pakistan 17 The authors’ aim is both to make infrastructure projects, and the contestation that they create in local contexts, more visible in environmental law,18 and to show that law provides an important ‘stabilizing’ mechanism for such friction 19 Bogojević and Zou start with the premise that infrastructure, defined as ‘a variety of networks used to provide services and facilitate communication and connections that are essential for the operation of societies and enterprises’,20 is seen largely in a positive light at a macro level, especially in terms of its role in promoting global connectivity [ ]the idea of ‘promoting global connectivity’ is essential for the conceptualization of the BRI 21 More recently, the BRI has employed the use of a ‘green development’ narrative to portray its infrastructure projects 22 However, as Bogojević and Zou highlight, these broader ‘global’ and ‘green’ narratives render invisible the frictions created by infrastructure in local contexts 23 It is climate change, the authors contend, that has the potential to create these large-scale but localized frictions under the BRI 24 Using the case studies of Lamu25 – the community-led challenge to the environmental impact assessment for Kenya's first coal-fired power station decided by the Kenyan National Environmental Tribunal – and Ali v Pakistan26 – a seven-year old's legal challenge to the coal-field development and construction of plants in Pakistan currently pending before the Supreme Court – Bogojević and Zou provide an in-depth analysis of how BRI-related infrastructure causes climate change-related friction in local communities 27 Environmental law, in these circumstances, provides a forum through which ‘such disputes are vocalized and eventually stabilized through adjudication’ 28 While the authors express uncertainty as to whether adjudication by courts will contribute to a long-term ‘greening’ of BRI projects, they suggest that adjudication ‘offers a much-needed platform where local and global infrastructure-related visions and concerns can be vocalized and potentially resolved’ 29 Domestic court challenges to coal-related BRI infrastructure potentially provide a new avenue for transnational climate litigation as this begins to emerge in the global south 30 While Bogojević and Zou qualify their analysis by noting the modest size of their case study sample, their contribution lies in depth of analysis and nuance.

This chapter presents the state of art of gender considerations in international climate agenda, and India’s national policies, projects and local initiatives.

Last year was marked by a historic summit at which environmental justice leaders met with mainstream environmental groups to craft a national climate agenda focusing on the concerns of communities.

's Science to Action Fellowship through the National Climate Adaptation Science Center at the US Geological Survey.

Geological Survey (USGS), National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, VA, USA J.