Introduction to Mars Climate

Since climate models have difficulty sustaining a liquid hydrosphere at the surface, multiple cycles of runoff episodes may have characterized the ancient Mars climate.

Lobate debris aprons may preserve ice spanning multiple glacial/interglacial cycles, extending Mars climate records back hundreds of millions of years.

Profiles retrieved by the MRO Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) rarely reach the lower atmosphere at the season and location of interest.

With funding from ESA in the context of the preparation of the possible upcoming EnVision mission, we have, in the footsteps of what has been done for Mars with the Mars Climate Database (), built a Venus Climate Database (VCD) based on GCM outputs.

As this scenario is consistent with geologic data that suggest a warm, arid early Mars climate, our results support the cloud greenhouse hypothesis for warming early Mars.

In 1998, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched the Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO) as part of the Mars Surveyor ’98 program.

El 23 de septiembre de 1999, a más de 600 millones de kilómetros de nuestro planeta, la sonda espacial Mars Climate Orbiter se precipitaba contra la superficie de Marte quedando totalmente inoperativa.

Recent mapping of GW amplitudes at ~25 km altitudes, from Mars Climate Sounder 15 μm radiance variations (Heavens et al.

<p><span> </span><span>In the development of Mars climate models, modeling clouds is an important challenge, and especially for CO</span>_{<span>2</span>}<span> clouds</span><span>.

<p>Most Noachian-aged craters on Mars have distinctive morphologic characteristics that suggest they were modified by runoff from rainfall in a predominantly warm and wet early Mars climate.

We consider a 1 bar atmosphere of background CO2, with abundance of N2, hydrogen, and methane varied from 1% to 10% to explore a swath of potential early Mars climates.

This study analyzes some characteristic features associated with the Mars year 34 (2018) global dust storm (GD18) using the retrievals of Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) and Mars Color Imager (MARCI) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).

The Open University modelling group global circulation model is combined with retrievals from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (temperature and water vapour profiles from the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite and water vapour profiles from the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery instrument) and the Mars Climate Sounder (temperature profiles and dust column) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

The dust storm scenarios are based on the observations of the dust optical depth by the Mars Climate Sounder instrument on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Our findings support the thin dust layer hypothesis, providing new constraints on layer composition and geometry for Mars climate researchers.

This tool, in the footsteps and spirit of its Martian equivalent, the Mars Climate Database (MCD) [4], is intended to be useful for engineers and scientists wanting to compare with their models, analyze observations or plan future missions.

The atmosphere was discretised into 50 levels from 0 to 100 km, with atmospheric variables loaded from LMD&#8217;s Mars Climate Database (MCD).

Air Canada managed to have a passenger aircraft run out of fuel in mid-air due to confusion about metric units (Stephenson in Mars climate orbiter mishap investigation board phase I report, NASA, 1999), and NASA lost an entire spacecraft due to a misunderstanding amongst engineers about the units used in the propulsion system design (Witkin in Jet’s fuel ran out after metric conversion errors, The New York Times, 1983).

This study focused on the impact of most recent global dust storm (GDS) of 2018 over the north polar region of Mars using the observations from Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Mars climate engineering includes the use of orbiting solar reflectors to increase the total solar insolation.

Spatial and temporal variations in the Martian carbon monoxide (CO) cycle have been investigated through combining Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) retrievals of carbon monoxide mixing ratio and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) temperature profiles with a Martian global circulation model (GCM) to produce the first global reanalysis of the Martian CO cycle.

Unit errors are known to have caused some costly software engineering disasters, most notably the Mars Climate Orbiter back in 1999.

Two miniaturized Thermal Infrared Spectrometers (TIRS) on two CubeSat satellites, are based on technology previously flown on the Mars Climate Sounder, an instrument on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

An increase in vertically integrated dust opacity derived from the observations of Mars Climate Sounder on board MRO was seen over a large latitudinal extent i.

Morphologic characteristics of the valley networks have been interpreted to indicate the formation of these features through precipitation-derived fluvial activity and therefore as evidence for a relatively warm and wet Noachian Mars climate.

We have reconstructed longitude-latitude maps of column dust optical depth (CDOD) for Martian year (MY) 34 (May 5, 2017 --- March 23, 2019) using observations by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) aboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft.

MRO data in polar regions exhibit a correlation between the density perturbations and the Brunt-Vaisala frequency (or, equivalently, static stability), obtained from Global Climate Modeling compiled in the Mars Climate Database.

Using the GFDL Mars Global Climate Model (MGCM) with the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF), we have created a six year reanalysis of both Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) temperature retrievals, which we name the Ensemble Mars Atmosphere Reanalysis System (EMARS).

Near coincident Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) temperature and aerosol profile measurements for a subset of CRISM mesospheric aerosol measurements indicate near saturation (H2O and CO2) conditions for ice clouds and distinct mesospheric temperature increases associated with mesospheric dust loading.

During daytime the ChemCam vmr is in general close to surface values from the Mars Climate Database (MCD) vmr profiles for the Curiosity site when those profiles are scaled to match the ChemCam PWC.

Here, observations from the Mars Climate Sounder on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO-MCS) are used to study dusty deep convection and its impact on middle atmospheric water content during the MY 34 PEDE (commenced June 2018).

We compare the data with pressure predictions from the Mars Climate Database (MCD) (Forget et al.

Observations that are assimilated include the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) temperature retrievals.

In this paper, multisatellite accelerometer-derived densities and the Mars Climate Database are used to investigate seasonal variations, gravity waves, and coupling effects with the internal and external inputs, including Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission.

The morphology of these systems is supportive of an early Mars climate, which was characterized by prolonged precipitation and runoff.