Introduction to Lysine Biosynthesis

What is/are Lysine Biosynthesis?

Lysine Biosynthesis - The effect of ammonium (NH4+) concentration on L-lysine biosynthesis was investigated, and the results indicated that the biosynthesis of L-lysine can be promoted in a high NH4+ environment. ^[1] Lysine biosynthesis in plants occurs via the diaminopimelate pathway. ^[2] The hyperosmotic stress inducible gene expression system was applied to regulate the expression of lysE encoding a lysine exporter and repress four genes involved in lysine biosynthesis (gltA, pck, pgi, and hom) by CRISPR interference, which increased the lysine titer by 64. ^[3] Pathway analysis of the most significant changes involved Pyrimidine metabolism, Vitamin B6 metabolism, Arginine biosynthesis, Lysine biosynthesis, and Lysine degradation. ^[4] Participants with low co-occurring symptoms showed enriched abundances of Enterococcus and Lachnospiraceae, as well as pathways for β-D-glucoronosides, hexuronide/hexuronate, and nicotinate degradation, methanogenesis, and L-lysine biosynthesis. ^[5] In addition, KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the early development of the ovary was mainly associated with the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and focal adhesion; the middle developmental period was related to apoptosis, lysine biosynthesis, and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway; the late developmental period was involved with the cell cycle and the p53 signaling pathway. ^[6] These genes mainly encode the ABC transporters, sugar transporter EII and enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, and are rich in the Phosphotransferase system, Fructose and mannose metabolism, Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, Galactose metabolism, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, RNA degradation, Lysine biosynthesis, and Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. ^[7] phymatum wild-type strain revealed that among the approximately 400 measured metabolites, homocitrate and other metabolites involved in lysine biosynthesis and degradation have accumulated in all plant nodules compared to uninfected roots, suggesting an important role of these metabolites during symbiosis. ^[8] Homocitrate synthase is one of the key enzymes in the α-aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis and has preferable sequence conservation in Agaricales. ^[9] GO analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in the “de novo” IMP biosynthetic process, lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate, and pathogenesis; and they were mainly enriched in purine metabolism, lysine biosynthesis, and monobactam biosynthesis in KEGG analysis. ^[10] The results showed reprogramming of bacterial metabolism by transcript regulations in key-metabolic pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and lysine biosynthesis, as well as the content of intracellular metabolites belonging to processes that could also significantly affect the cell physiology. ^[11] Homocitrate synthase (HCS) catalyzes the first step of lysine biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its activity is subject to feedback inhibition by lysine. ^[12] lysA gene encoding meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) decarboxylase enzyme that catalyzes L-lysine biosynthesis in the aspartate pathway in Streptomyces clavuligerus was overexpressed, and its effects on cephamycin C (CephC), clavulanic acid (CA), and tunicamycin productions were investigated. ^[13] Amino acid biosynthetic pathways such as alpha-aminoadipic acid (AAA) pathway of Lysine biosynthesis and Alanine biosynthesis as well as the super-pathway of Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan biosynthesis variation II were added to the Pathway/Genome data base of Sulfolobus solfataricus P2. ^[14] We additionally identified a 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) gene involved in L-lysine biosynthesis as being closely linked to iucundus. ^[15] This endogenous genes-only design can generate strong metabolic driving force to maximize carbon flux toward glutarate biosynthesis by replenishing glutamate and NAD(P)H for lysine biosynthesis, releasing lysine feedback inhibition, and boosting oxaloacetate supply. ^[16] Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) from Campylobacter jejuni is a natively homotetrameric enzyme that catalyzes the first unique reaction of (S)-lysine biosynthesis and is feedback-regulated by lysine through binding to an allosteric site. ^[17] Identified signatures were enriched in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, lysine degradation, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and lysine biosynthesis. ^[18] ) and L-lysine biosynthesis (lys, dap, and etc. ^[19] Metabolomics analysis showed that introducing the StDapDH significantly enhanced carbon flux into pentose phosphate pathway and L-lysine biosynthetic pathway, thus increasing the levels of NADPH and precursors for L-lysine biosynthesis. ^[20] As a result, NADPH—which would otherwise be required for lysine biosynthesis—is channelled into glutathione metabolism, leading to a large increase in glutathione concentrations, lower levels of reactive oxygen species and increased oxidant tolerance. ^[21] Overall, 34 metabolites showed significant concentration changes after intervention for 48 h, mainly involving multiple metabolic pathways, including lysine degradation, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis. ^[22]

novel herbicide target

In this study, we exploited a novel herbicide target, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), which catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in lysine biosynthesis. ^[1] In this study, we exploited a novel herbicide target, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), which catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in lysine biosynthesis. ^[2] In this study, we exploited a novel herbicide target, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), which catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in lysine biosynthesis. ^[3]

rate limiting step

The DHDPS reaction is the rate limiting step in lysine biosynthesis and involves the condensation of l-aspartate-β-semialdehyde and pyruvate to form 2, 3-dihydropicolinate. ^[1]

lysine biosynthesis pathway

In this paper, we studied the lysine biosynthesis pathway in rice (Oryza sativa) to identify the regulators of the lysine reporter gene LYSA (LOC_Os02g24354). ^[1] In this paper, we studied the lysine biosynthesis pathway in rice (Oryza Sativa) to identify the regulators of the lysine reporter gene LYSA (LOC_Os02g24354). ^[2] rosenbergii, including purine metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and phosphonate and phosphate metabolism, and on the terpenoid biosynthesis, lysine degradation, and lysine biosynthesis pathways. ^[3]

lysine biosynthesis gene

The results showed that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pck) was downregulated, and pyruvate kinase (pyk) and other lysine biosynthesis genes were upregulated. ^[1] The results showed that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pck) was downregulated, and pyruvate kinase (pyk) and other lysine biosynthesis genes were upregulated. ^[2]