Introduction to Hydrous Pyrolysis

What is/are Hydrous Pyrolysis?

Hydrous Pyrolysis - Pyrolysis experiments were conducted by combining flash pyrolysis with hydrous pyrolysis. ^[1] Late Paleozoic coal samples were collected for organic geochemical analysis, a high-volatile bituminous coal was used for hydrous pyrolysis, to propose the thermal evolution characteristics, gas generation characteristics, thermal evolution, and free gas accumulation model, and the Ordos Basin is compared. ^[2] This was conducted on untreated material and after hydrous pyrolysis, a process that simulated the physical and thermal decomposition of organic material that occurs during late diagenesis. ^[3] The saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) percentages of oils under the current semi-open pyrolysis experiments were similar to those of natural oils recovered from the Lucaogou Formation, suggesting that semi-open pyrolysis can achieve the same purpose as hydrous pyrolysis to simulate natural oil composition. ^[4] Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) or hydrous pyrolysis is a thermochemical de-polymerisation process in conversion of wet biomass into bio-crude oil and chemicals at moderate temperatures and high pressures. ^[5] Both natural and synthetic ferrihydrite samples were subjected to hydrous pyrolysis to observe the effects of long-term burial on the mineralogy and organic content of the samples. ^[6] , hydrous pyrolysis). ^[7] The samples were subjected to hydrous pyrolysis to investigate the evolution of organic-hosted pores and mineral-hosted pores. ^[8] %) were investigated in their initial immature state as well as in different thermal maturities induced by hydrous pyrolysis under both unstressed and stressed conditions in order to investigate hydrocarbon generation and primary migration. ^[9] However, kinetic calculations indicate that Ea for the generation of methane and C2–5 in pyrolysis in hydrothermal conditions are essentially identical with those in anhydrous pyrolysis. ^[10] , by hydrous pyrolysis), and, if the increases in OM reflectance were thermally driven (by BIB milling), they should have been observed in the above experiments. ^[11] 5%) Boquillas Shale collected from a roadcut near Del Rio, Texas was imaged both before and after hydrous pyrolysis (HP) at 300 and 330 °C for 72 hours using optical microscopy (reflectance), field emission scanning electron microscopy along with micro-Raman spectroscopic methods [2-7]. ^[12] In addition, hydrous pyrolysis (HP) experiments using pre-extracted shales at 330 °C and H-isotopically distinct waters were performed for comparison. ^[13] As for isotopic compositions, the manganese catalysis caused a decrease in the 13CCH4 and an increase in the 13CC2H6 over 475 °C; the δD values of methane generated during anhydrous pyrolysis with manganese carbonate are much lower than those produced by the pyrolysis of kerogen alone. ^[14] The systematic differences between the compositions of the main aromatic hydrocarbons in bitumens and expelled oils could be predominantly controlled by the fractionation effect at a lower-temperature stage and differentiated decomposition at a higher-temperature stage during the hydrous pyrolysis of coal. ^[15] The main purpose of the geochemical studies is simulation of generation of thermogenic gases from the autochthonous Miocene strata of CF beneath the Carpathian nappes with the use of hydrous pyrolysis (HP) experiments of 330C/72 hrs and 355C/72 hrs. ^[16] We previously reported that pentane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are major products of hexyl sulfide desulfurization in SCW, but not in the anhydrous pyrolysis of hexyl sulfide. ^[17] Hydrous pyrolysis was applied to four low-maturity aliquots from the Utica, Excello, Monterey, and Niobrara Shale Formations in North America to create artificial maturation sequences, which could be used to study the impact of maturation on geochemical and microstructural properties. ^[18] The fluorescence evolution of oils has been measured by simulation of petroleum generation and expulsion in a half-closed system using hydrous pyrolysis based on four oil-prone source rocks (Type I and II kerogens) from the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China. ^[19] A remarkable number of scientific papers are available in the literature about the process of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), also called wet or hydrous pyrolysis, applied to biomass substrates. ^[20] Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling immaturity marine oil shale with type II kerogen in Zhangjiakou of Hebei, China, was chosen for anhydrous pyrolysis to simulate the maturation process. ^[21] Natural mixtures of acidic iron- and sulfur-rich stream sediments and their associated microbial populations and remains were subjected to hydrous pyrolysis, which simulated the increased temperatures and pressures of burial alongside any promoted organic/mineral interactions. ^[22] Hydrous pyrolysis of biomasses was performed in a high-pressure autoclave for the temperature range 250–400°C and at a pressure of 20 bar with 30 min of residence time. ^[23] The process of oil seeps transformation from the Uzon volcano caldera under the influence of hydrous pyrolysis at a temperature of 350 °C in argon and oxygen was investigated. ^[24] Compared to anhydrous pyrolysis where oil expulsion is limited, gas yields are much lower, and the gas at high maturity is dry, consistent with actual shales. ^[25] Here, by focusing on tracking and evaluating the impact of thermal maturity on basic polar compounds, a set of hydrous pyrolysis (HP) products was analyzed using an ESI(+) 7. ^[26] —The paper presents data on the transformations of oil from seeps in the caldera of Uzon volcano under the effect of hydrous pyrolysis at a temperature of 350°C in an argon and oxygen atmosphere. ^[27]

Closed Hydrous Pyrolysis

Semi-closed hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted to investigate the isotopic evolution of shale gas produced from continental organic-rich shales with increasing thermal maturity and prospecting potential. ^[1] Closed hydrous pyrolysis was carried out to produce a set of kerogen with maturity ranging from 0. ^[2] The efficiency of this new methodology is compared with conventional closed hydrous pyrolysis. ^[3]

Artificial Hydrous Pyrolysis

To analyse the pore structures and fractal characteristics of nano-pores during OM evolution, a series artificial hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted on shale samples at 250℃∼500℃ under 50 MPa water pressure. ^[1] The artificial hydrous pyrolysis was conducted on the same seven columned oil-shale samples at 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C, 375 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C and 500 °C, respectively. ^[2]

hydrous pyrolysis experiment

To avoid the effect of heterogeneity on the researched samples and clearly and intuitively reveal the coupled evolutionary relationship among the hydrocarbon generation of thermal maturation, diagenesis and nanopore structures in shale, this research included hydrous pyrolysis experiments on low mature marine shale samples to achieve various maturities and diagenesis stages. ^[1] Thus, gold-tube nonhydrous pyrolysis experiments of calcium stearate were conducted from 250 to 600 °C at 50 MPa. ^[2] Semi-open hydrous pyrolysis experiments on coal-measure source rocks in the Xihu Sag were conducted to investigate the carbon isotope evolution of kerogen, bitumen, generated expelled oil, and gase. ^[3] Artificial anhydrous pyrolysis experiment simulated the thermal evolution process of the shale sample from low maturity to over maturity. ^[4] Anhydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted in sealed gold tubes at temperatures ranging from 150 °C to 600 °C using heating rates of 2 °C/h and 20 °C/h, and the products were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ^[5] Two series of semiclosed hydrous pyrolysis experiments were performed under in situ geological conditions on Devonian shale sample as comparable analogue to evaluate the generation and preservation potential of shale gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shale in the southeastern Sichuan Basin. ^[6] For evaluating gas hazard surface geochemical survey and determining the origin of soil and coalbed gases, stable isotope analyses and simulation of generation of thermogenic gases by hydrous pyrolysis experiments were performed. ^[7] To analyse the pore structures and fractal characteristics of nano-pores during OM evolution, a series artificial hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted on shale samples at 250℃∼500℃ under 50 MPa water pressure. ^[8] Semi-closed hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted to investigate the isotopic evolution of shale gas produced from continental organic-rich shales with increasing thermal maturity and prospecting potential. ^[9] A series of hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted to assess the role of sulfate minerals on the chemical and isotopic compositions of light hydrocarbons generated during thermal degradation of kerogen. ^[10] To characterize the pore evolution of lacustrine shales containing Type I organic matter, we performed hydrous pyrolysis experiments on a lacustrine shale sample to make it reach various maturities. ^[11] In addition, the hydrocarbon generation and alteration of TOC contents of released organic matters by acid treatment were studied by hydrous pyrolysis experiments. ^[12]