Introduction to Greenhouse Gases

Atmospheric water vapor is one of the primary greenhouse gases, and it plays a critical role in weather forecasting, micrometeorology, and global climate change.

Global climate change can harm the food production globally by varying intensity and frequency of rainfall, occurrence of extreme weather and increment in greenhouse gases.

Major greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide.

Due to reduction of trees the earth undergoes the phenomenon of ‘Green House Effect’, wherein the greenhouse gases majorly carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide and chlorofloro carbons, traps the sun’s light (IR range) in the atmosphere more than required to maintain an equilibrium, which cause the earth to heat up, proving fatal for life forms on earth.

This would be predicted from global warming caused by greenhouse gases, temperature increase across the globe is broadly spread, impacting almost all areas of land and oceans.

Climate changes that occur as a result of global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) released into the atmosphere are an alarming issue.

Based on global measurement of greenhouse gases, several models have been created that attempt to explain how emissions transform into concentrations, how concentrations imply radiative forcing and global warming potential, how the latter cause ecological and economic impacts, and how mitigation and/or adaptation can influence these impacts.

The datafiles on crops and livestock contain model outputs for three greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) and their global warming potential, which are linked, to the information on crop/livestock management, soil and climatic conditions presented in the supplementary data of the associated manuscript.

In the atmosphere greenhouse gases concentration has rapidly increased due to anthropogenic activities which cause global warming.

Fossil fuels are nonrenewable and produce greenhouse gases, which cause global warming and climatic changes.

EVs offer several benefits over internal combustion engines, especially in terms of lower emission of greenhouse gases, higher energy efficiency, and less dependency upon fossil fuels.

However, large percentages of the transport sector currently rely on internal combustion engine vehicles, causing an increase in greenhouse gases and air pollution.

However the implementation of biofuel technologies, depending on the type of feedstock utilised, may have significant drawbacks, such as indirect land use change (entailing deforestation and considerable greenhouse gases emissions) and competition with food production (entailing higher food prices).

, emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land use change, etc) has increased the likelihood of such drought onset speed by 42±19%.

Despite low per capita emissions, with over a billion population, India is pivotal for climate change mitigation globally, ranking as the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases.

<p>The treatment of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases is central for scientific assessments of effective climate change mitigation and climate policy.

However, keeping into consideration the international commitments pledged by Argentina under the Paris Accord and the Sustainable Development Goals agenda, it is pertinent for this South American country to curb its energy production-based emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide.

In recent years, green roofs have become the subject of increasing interest because of their good aesthetic qualities, energy conservation, and ability to reduce thermal island effect and absorb greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2).

Municipal-solid waste (MSW) in towns and cities of Nigeria are either allowed to rot or burnt which causes the release of greenhouse gases in the process.

Nowadays, municipal solid waste disposal sites and their management create climate challenges worldwide, with one of the main problems being high biowaste content that has direct repercussions on greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions.

32526/ennrj/19/2020138 The change of anthropogenic peatlands to agricultural lands could have negative impacts, namely soil subsidence due to oxidation processes, and reduce the stock of soil organic carbon due to the increase of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) emissions which contribute to global warming.

With the rising concerns about greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and soil degradation due to intensive agriculture and climate change effects, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration might change heavily over time.

<p>Nitrous oxide, N₂O, is the leading cause for stratospheric ozone depletion and one of the most potent greenhouse gases.

Stratospheric ozone depletion, along with increases in long-lived greenhouse gases, is well known to cause a strengthening of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the leading mode of variability in the Southern Hemisphere.

Global warming effect caused by excessive emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO2 from modern industries, are emerging as serious environmental problem nowadays.

Fluorinated gases are considered greenhouse gases and have a global warming effect up to 22,800 times greater than that of carbon dioxide.

Agricultural areas under integrated production systems, such as Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest System (CLFS), have the potential to sequestrate carbon (C) since both Soil Organic Matter (SOM) content and trees biomass increase thus mitigating the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from agriculture.

However, due to the relatively low indigenous soil organic matter (SOM), it is worth pondering whether the introduction of integrated cropland management measures will affect the soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming potential (GWP) in the arid areas.

Sustainable buildings are highly important in achieving sustainable development goals due to their excellent ability to reduce energy consumption, increase building efficiency, and reduce harmful emissions of greenhouse gases.

Smart energy technologies, services, and business models are being developed to reduce energy consumption and emissions of CO2 and greenhouse gases and to build a sustainable environment.

Detection, identification, and quantification of greenhouse gases is essential to ensure compliance with regulatory guidelines and mitigate damage associated with anthropogenic climate change.

Anthropogenic climate change is one of the consequences of an increase in the emission of greenhouse gases.

&#171; Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air Paths&#160;&#187;.

&#160; While there&#8217;s a need to increase crop production to provide for a fast-increasing population, it is equally essential to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) from agricultural production to protect the environment.

In this study, we propose a new approach to update and improve a comprehensive spatial EI for major short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) ( SO2 , NOx , CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), PM 10 , PM 2.

Many of the anthropogenic contributors to air pollution are also sources of greenhouse gases including CO2 and other short-lived climate pollutants, such as Ozone and black carbon, which greatly contribute to the climate change phenomenon and its adverse effects on human health.

Atmospheric stagnation and continuous inflow of pollutants are introduced because of the extreme climate change caused by the increase in air pollutants such as greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter (PM).

Scientists have warned humanity about the urgency of climate change caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

For the purpose of exploring the long-term variation of regional SST, this paper studies the historical SST in local sea areas and the emission pattern of greenhouse gases and proposes a gray model of regional SST based on atmospheric reflection which can be used to predict SST variation in a long time span.

com School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article For the purpose of exploring the long-term variation of regional SST, this paper studies the historical SST in local sea areas and the emission pattern of greenhouse gases and proposes a gray model of regional SST based on atmospheric reflection which can be used to predict SST variation in a long time span.

Based on the localized data of environmental load, this study has established the life cycle assessment (LCA) model of battery electric passenger vehicle (BEPV) that be produced and used in China, and has evaluated the energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission during vehicle production and operation.

In this chapter, comprehensive evaluations of NOx emission, associated health impacts, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission are described for producing concrete paving blocks through the life cycle assessment technique by considering a “cradle-to-site” system boundary.

Low temperature methane dry reforming by Ni-based catalysts is an economic way to convert greenhouse gases of CH4 and CO2, but carbon deposition is a great challenge.

Development of methane dry reforming catalyst is very important for economical production of syngas from CH4 and CO2 and reduction of greenhouse gases.

, ESDD, 2020) is a multiple linear regression, energy balance model that accounts for the natural influences on global mean surface temperature due to ENSO, the 11-year solar cycle, major volcanic eruptions, as well as the anthropogenic influence of greenhouse gases and aerosols and the efficiency of ocean heat uptake.

Continuous emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols in the last 160 years have resulted in an increasing trend of global mean surface temperatures (GMSTs).

A key factor behind these risk factors is greenhouse gases, which emit mainly carbon dioxide (CO2).

The excessive global emission of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2 and methane, CH4), especially due to the burning of fossil fuel for energy and power generation, is the main cause to the air pollution and greenhouse effect.

Currently, the highly efficient conversion of biomass resources into highly valuable chemicals and biofuels is one of the most prospective approaches to reduce greenhouse gases emission and environmental pollution caused by excess consumption of fossil fuels.

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction into valuable chemicals and fuels using solar energy is an attractive approach to solve environmental pollution caused by the emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2) and the fossil fuels depletion.

Hydrochar (HC), an environment-friendly material, enhances soil carbon sequestration and mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in croplands.

This review summarizes the general findings of the impacts of biochar application on different aspects from soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties, to soil nutrient availabilities, plant growth, biomass production and yield, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and soil carbon sequestration.

This is a topically relevant paper, given how little is known about peatlands in South America, and growing interest in understanding how tropical peatland management worldwide influences regional and global exchanges of greenhouse gases.

This is a topically relevant paper, given how little is known about peatlands in South America, and growing interest in understanding how tropical peatland management worldwide influences regional and global exchanges of greenhouse gases.

We describe the change in operational instrument for the routine measurement of column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of several greenhouse gases (denoted Xgas ) at the Lauder Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) site and the steps taken to demonstrate comparability between the two observation systems following a systematic methodology.

We examined biases in the global GEOS-Chem chemical transport model for the period of February–May 2010 using weak-constraint (WC) four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation and dry-air mole fractions of CH4 (XCH4) from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT).

The state of the environment is most affected by the emission of greenhouse gases, in particular, carbon dioxide, which is formed during the combustion of fossil fuels.

The major reason is attributed to emission of greenhouse gases and in particular carbon dioxide, CO2.

This sequestering effect of biochar has another advantage to mitigate climate change by reducing emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from soil.

This biomass-to-fuel chain can contribute to mitigate climate change, avoiding the accumulation of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.

Animal production inevitably causes the emission of greenhouse gases and the generation of large amounts of slurry, both representing a serious environmental problem.

Methane, one of the six major greenhouse gases, poses a serious environmental problem with the potential for global warming 20 times that of CO2.

478Environment — Treaties — Interpretation — Climate change — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Annex I — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — Greenhouse gases — Emissions reduction targets — Whether Netherlands obliged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenario — Treaty interpretation Human rights — Treaties — Interpretation — Application — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 — Right to life — Article 8 — Right to private and family life — Climate change — Greenhouse gases — Emissions reduction targets — Whether Netherlands having positive obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions — Principle of effective interpretation of treaties — Right to effective protection State responsibility — Partial responsibility — Climate change — Human rights — Global problem — Treaties — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Paris Agreement, 2015 — Whether Netherlands partially responsible for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions — Individual responsibility Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Decisions of Conference of the Parties — Whether having effect in interpretation and application of domestic law — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Right to life — Right to private and family life — The law of the Netherlands.

535Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Treaty not incorporated into municipal law — Whether minister required to take treaty into account — Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 — Decision to designate third runway at Heathrow Airport — Airports National Policy Statement — Planning Act 2008 — Directive 2001/42/EC — Paris Agreement not taken into account — Whether Secretary of State obliged to take Paris Agreement into account — Whether taking Paris Agreement into account would give effect to unincorporated international agreement in domestic law Environment — Treaties — Climate change — Greenhouse gases — Paris Agreement, 2015 — Whether failure to take Paris Agreement into account vitiating decision to designate third runway — Whether Directive 2001/42/EC requiring unincorporated international agreements to be taken into account — The law of England.

Estimates of the contribution of direct radiative forcing (DRF) to the surface air temperature trends over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) continents for the period 1979–2012 have been obtained based on an ensemble of numerical experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model using the prescribed historical sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration data with and without time-varying concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere.

In fact, the WAM presents strong variability at several timescales which has focused the attention of many works that mainly attribute such changes to variations in the sea surface temperature, the emerging increase of greenhouse gases concentration and to alterations in land use.

The greenhouse gases (GHGs) listed by the IPCC are CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.

The Republic of Serbia must make significant efforts to promote and exploit renewable energy sources and increase energy efficiency in all energy sectors to ensure energy security and economic competitiveness, reduce the negative impact on the environment from energy production and use, and contribute to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gases.

The use of biochar as soil amendment has been boosted in the last years due to its possible influence on fertility, including its potential ability to lower mineral nitrogen losses, but specially for its potential to reduce greenhouse gases and to increase carbon sequestration in soil.

Electrical Vehicles can be considered as an essential option for reducing greenhouse gases emission in transport sector.

In order to meet future CO2 emission requirements and to contribute to reducing greenhouse gases of the mobility sector, the vehicle powertrain must prove much better efficiencies than today’s standards.

Such a zonal contrast results from the antagonist effects of the fast (due to enhanced radiative warming over land, and over the North Hemisphere, relative to the South Hemisphere) and slow (associated with long-term changes in oceanic circulation) responses of precipitation to increasing greenhouse gases.

Ozone recovery during the twenty-first century is expected to continue to affect the jet's strength and position, leading to changes in the opposite direction compared to the twentieth century and competing with the effect of increasing greenhouse gases.

Recent studies have claimed that this so-termed Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is instead a manifestation of competing time-varying effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols.

Globally, the rising concentration of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emission in the atmosphere is extremely detrimental to the environment.

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is one of the most important processes allowing transformation of two most potent greenhouse gases into a synthesis gas.

Wetlands are among the earth's most efficient ecosystems for carbon sequestration, but can also emit potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) depending on how they are managed.

Over the years, scientists have established that when fossil fuels are burnt, the resultant effect is pollution of the ambient air with pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), oxides of sulfur (SOX), volatile organic hydrocarbons and particulate matter and atmospheric greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and heat-warming or cooling aerosols such as black soot and sulfate aerosols, respectively.

Figure 1: But if we could reduce, carbon emissions to zero the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases will be what we have now plus what we will be emitting between now and the zero-emission date minus the amount taken up by the oceans.

One promising alternative is the production of hydrogen, which does not emit greenhouse gases and can be produced from agro-industrial wastes.

To date, fossil fuels constitute the primary energy source, but their combustion emits greenhouse gases responsible of global warming.

Methane is one of the main greenhouse gases and is known to be a major cause of global warming.

<p>Methane is one of the main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Methane (CH4) is one of the most important greenhouse gases which can be formed by methanogens and oxidized by methanotrophs, as well as ammonia oxidizers.

Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gases, contributing about 15% of global warming, and agricultural activity is the largest source of methane, accounting for 50.

Major greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide.

Methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are major greenhouse gases (GHG’s) produced from landfill sites.

Agriculture represents about 10 % of total greenhouse gases (GHG) emission in the US, in which carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) can greatly contribute to global warming and climate change.

Agriculture is also a major contributor to the climate problem, as it currently generates about 25% of total greenhouse gases.

ABSTRACT Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are two greenhouse gases with much more warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2).

We apply this framework to reservoir operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile River and evaluate its effectiveness with streamflow simulated from 21 general circulation models (GCMs) for two greenhouse gases emission scenarios.

In this paper, we show that a reduced Arctic land seasonality with increased greenhouse gases is a robust consequence of the smaller surface heat capacity of land (compared to ocean), without recourse to other processes or feedbacks.

In the past decades, the high growth rate of industrialization, urbanization, and anthropogenic activities has resulted in adverse climate changes, significantly affecting the global temperature, increased greenhouse gases, seasonal variation, and irregular precipitation patterns.

However, they produce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulates that increase global warming.

In addition, biogenic degradation of the organic material from so-called “fiberbanks” has a high potential to produce greenhouse gases (GHG).

Electric vehicles play a vital role in energy saving and emission reduction of harmful greenhouse gases.

The oil and gas industry generates a significant amount of harmful greenhouse gases that cause irreversible environmental impact; this fact is exacerbated by the world’s utter dependence on fossil fuels as a primary energy source and low-efficiency oil and gas operation plants.

Hydrochar (HC), an environment-friendly material, enhances soil carbon sequestration and mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in croplands.

Aquatic canopy ecosystems ability to mitigate greenhouse gases (GHG) is currently based on the rate of sedimentary organic carbon accumulation (CA) and the protection of vulnerable stocks from remineralisation.