Introduction to Dissociation Rate

What is/are Dissociation Rate?

Dissociation Rate - Results demonstrated that the peak frequency f m reveals the dissociation rate between nanopore and ions, while a m depicts the number of combined ions with nanopore after an interaction equilibrium. ^[1] The monitoring of the granulation recipe containing cocrystals during wet granulation was performed over time with high-performance LF-Raman spectrometry and the dissociation rate was calculated from the results of multivariate analysis of LF-Raman spectra. ^[2] To overcome the limitation in linker design, we reported herein dual responsive dynamic covalent peptide tags combining a pH responsive boronate ester with fast association and dissociation rates, and a redox-active disulfide with slow formation and dissociation rate. ^[3] The results indicate that the dissociation rate of hydrate during flow process can be divided into rapid dissociation stage and weakened dissociation rate stage. ^[4] In spite of intensive studies on FABP-membrane interactions, the interaction mode remains elusive and the protein-membrane association and dissociation rates are inconsistent. ^[5] Administration of d-fenfluramine during PET acquisition indicates changes in occupancy from 10% (thalamus) to 31% (gray matter of cerebellum) even though the dissociation rate of [18F]F13640 over the 90 min acquisition time was modest. ^[6] Thermodynamic and kinetic Ca2+ binding studies showed that BP2 addition increased the Ca2+-binding affinity of CaM and slowed its Ca2+ dissociation rates (koff) in both the C- and N-lobe EF-hand domains, respectively. ^[7] It has been observed that change in amplitude of dissociation rates leads to non-monotonic behavior of stationary phase diagrams and significant modifications in the dynamic properties. ^[8] Forced convection increases the dissociation rate. ^[9] While the dissociation rate of enthalpy-driven crosslinks is accelerated at elevated temperatures, the dissociation rate of entropy-driven crosslinks is negligibly affected or even slowed under these conditions. ^[10] 4 MPa), the dissociation rate of CH4 hydrate was slower at a higher temperature, whereas under a constant temperature-based driving force (ΔT = 1. ^[11] hydrate formation and dissociation rates) and the storage capacity. ^[12] More specifically, the decrease in the formation rate of electron donors is caused by the decrease in the photo-dissociation rate of CO₂ because of UV-shielding due to haze particles, and also by removal of C- and H-atom, which are supposed to be converted to CO and H₂ if the haze is not formed, due to rainout of haze particles. ^[13] The dissociation rates of RBC- and HWPP-bound 212Bi were (0. ^[14] The flow characteristics with particle behaviors and dissociation rate under different hydrate volume fractions and flow velocities are investigated. ^[15] Our results indicate that the activation level of phot1 and the corresponding phosphorylation level of NPH3 determine the dissociation rate and the reassociation rate of NPH3 on the plasma membrane, respectively. ^[16] The dissociation rate between different interface of gas-hydrate and liquid-hydrate at different simulation time is compared and the mechanism is analyzed with the result that the difference increased first and then decreased (three stages of 13. ^[17] Si-Si, C–C and Si-C are considered to be unstable dimers and the dissociation rates are determined by their binding energies, substrate temperature and the geometry of adsorption sites of Si and C on the surface. ^[18] Labeling of analytes does not affect their association and dissociation rates (on and off rates) from GMR biosensors which enables kinetic measurements in biologically relevant matrices. ^[19] We use quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and develop novel temperature perturbation experiments based on differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) to measure the temperature dependence of the fibril growth and dissociation rates, allowing us to quantitatively describe the thermodynamic stability of PI3K-SH3 amyloid fibrils between 10 and 75°C. ^[20]

Hydrate Dissociation Rate

15 K, the hydrate dissociation rate can be less affected by dissociation temperature if it continued to increase. ^[1] Meanwhile, the time-dependent interfacial parameters would significantly impact on the hydrate dissociation rate, which are considered to enhance the predictive precision of the decomposition kinetic model. ^[2] The mass-transfer-limitation in the diffusion-limited regime indicated that the enriched methane on the hydrate-water interface decreased the hydrate dissociation rate with the increasing water saturation. ^[3] Additionally, although there was hydrate dissociation rate of 0. ^[4] During its conventional production process by depressurization, ice behaviors and heat transfer characteristics are two key factors affecting the hydrate dissociation rate. ^[5] Subsequently, the soaking through electrical heating was performed at a pressure below the equilibrium pressure at the ambient temperature, which increased the averaged hydrate dissociation rate by 7. ^[6] It was found that there could be an optimum water saturation (Sw,op), at which the hydrate dissociation rate reached to the maximum value. ^[7] The results in this study demonstrate that vacating of pore spaces of sediments is of determining significance for increasing hydrate dissociation rate in water-saturated sediments and provide important implications for developing methods to enhance the gas production from marine hydrate deposits. ^[8] If the ice point is reached, the extra latent heat generated from ice will contribute to the increase of the hydrate dissociation rate. ^[9]

Slow Dissociation Rate

Real-time kinetic analysis of the ULD/AB protein complex to the BAP1-UCH domain, based on surface plasmon resonance, indicated that formation of the ULD/AB complex with the UCH domain is a single-step event with fast association and slow dissociation rates. ^[1] 42 nM, and a dramatically slow dissociation rate (koff, 4. ^[2] Notably, ceftazidime had a slow dissociation rate from S-RBD (2. ^[3] However, they show similar slow dissociation rates leading to pseudo-irreversible binding kinetics at DAT. ^[4] This system's slow dissociation rate and low critical micelle concentration (CMC of approximately 1–2 mM) make extraction of cluster free energies directly from simulation results using the “partition‐enabled analysis of cluster histogram” (PEACH) method impractical. ^[5] Binding kinetic data, high-resolution structures and mutagenesis data support the role of hydrophobic interactions of inhibitors with the DFG-helical region, providing a structural rationale for slow dissociation rates from FAK and kinetic selectivity over PYK2. ^[6] 72 nM) and an extremely slow dissociation rate (koff, 4. ^[7] SPR analysis revealed the extremely slow dissociation rate of tislelizumab from PD‐1. ^[8] Remarkably, surface plasmon resonance assays revealed that this viral protein binds to host 2B4 with high affinity and slow dissociation rates. ^[9]

Slower Dissociation Rate

8 had higher binding affinity with a slower dissociation rate for the rα6/α3β2β3 subtype compared to rα3β2. ^[1] Surface plasmon resonance further indicated that N501Y mutation had a faster association rate and slower dissociation rate. ^[2] Remarkably, RBD with the N501Y mutation exhibited a considerably stronger interaction, with a faster association rate and a slower dissociation rate. ^[3] A new voltage-gated Ca2+ channel α2δ ligand, mirogabalin, has a high specific binding affinity for the α2δ subunit, with a slower dissociation rate for α2δ-1 than α2δ-2 compared to that of pregabalin. ^[4] The ligand selectivity of mirogabalin for α2δ-1 and α2δ-2 and its slower dissociation rate for α2δ-1 than for α2δ-2 subunits of VGCC may contribute to its strong analgesic effects, wide safety margin, and relatively lower incidence of adverse effects compared to pregabalin and gabapentin. ^[5]

Lower Dissociation Rate

The origin of this lies in the lower dissociation rate of the charge transfer complexes (CTCs) formed between the tightly bound ionized dopants and generated charges. ^[1] 4-fold lower dissociation rate constants to B. ^[2] This led to a lower dissociation rate for the hydrate distributed at the location near the mining well, which was different from the results in gas/petroleum reservoirs and numerical simulations. ^[3] We show that the SARS-CoV-2 RBD:ACE2 interaction has higher mechanical stability, larger binding free energy, and a lower dissociation rate in comparison to SARS-CoV-1, which helps to rationalize the different infection patterns of the two viruses. ^[4]

Ligand Dissociation Rate

This structural evidence is accompanied by a marked enhancement of both ligands dissociation rate constants. ^[1] The ability of DcpG to differentially control GGDEF and EAL domain activity in response to ligand binding is likely due to the unusual properties of the globin domain, including rapid ligand dissociation rates and high midpoint potentials. ^[2] τRAMD yields relative ligand dissociation rates in good accordance with experiments across this diverse set of complexes that differ with regard to measurement temperature, ligand identity, protein mutation and binding cavity. ^[3]

Exciton Dissociation Rate

The enhanced photovoltaic performance, realized by virtue of the improved shortcircuit current density, can be attributed to the slightly enhanced electron mobility, higher exciton dissociation rates, more efficient charge collection and better nanoscale phase separation of the PBDTbased device. ^[1] Through a combination of photoelectric measurements, enhanced exciton dissociation rate, suppressed charge recombination, higher carriers mobilities and more efficient charge transfer were observed in Pt-based devices. ^[2]

Higher Dissociation Rate

Antipsychotics with lower affinity and higher dissociation rates from the D2 receptor tend to induce less dopamine supersensitivity (Servonnet and Samaha, 2020) and can lead to a faster recovery of the neuroadaptation processes. ^[1] Park’s two temperature model predicted higher dissociation rates and a higher degree of dissociation leading to lower peak vibrational temperatures compared to those predicted by the new nonequilibrium models. ^[2]

Increased Dissociation Rate

The IAA2-DT deletion reduced binding to TIR1 in vitro with both natural and synthetic auxins, causing reduced association and increased dissociation rates. ^[1] Quantitation of drug-binding kinetics using live-cell imaging of Flutax-2 (fluorescently-labeled taxane) in native cytoskeletons, showed that CLIP1S caused Flutax-2 to have significantly reduced affinity and increased dissociation rates from MTs, as compared with cells expressing only the canonical CLIP1. ^[2]

Drug Dissociation Rate

For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which mediate signaling over a wide range of timescales, the drug dissociation rate is often a better predictor of in vivo efficacy than binding affinity, although it is more challenging to compute. ^[1] For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which mediate signaling over a wide range of time scales, the drug dissociation rate is often a better predictor of in vivo efficacy than binding affinity, although it is more challenging to compute. ^[2]

Ion Dissociation Rate

Humidity has a minor impact on the degradation energy barriers due to the similar ion removal pathway by water solvation, but strongly affects the ion dissociation rates through the frequency of attempts to attack surface ions. ^[1] Moreover, the increase in temperature gradient, moisture content, and oil-impregnated paper thickness will enlarge the ion dissociation rate, conductivity, and trap density, and thus promote the generation of heterocharge. ^[2]

Faster Dissociation Rate

Eight patients showed ADA only with SPR, and these ADA had significantly faster dissociation rate constants than those detectable by both SPR and ELISA. ^[1] We were able to obtain ∼30 times faster dissociation rates when compared to the WT without appreciably affecting overall affinity and specificity by targeting a single paratope that is known to contribute to the binding interaction. ^[2]

Nonequilibrium Dissociation Rate

The Macheret–Fridman (MF) model provides analytical expressions for nonequilibrium dissociation rates assuming the collision of molecules to be in the impulsive limit. ^[1] It is shown that the elimination of frozen-rotation collisions changes the high energy distribution of vibration energy in nonequilibrium conditions which may slightly decrease the nonequilibrium dissociation rate when restricted exchange is used with the quantum-kinetic method for dissociation reactions. ^[2]

High Dissociation Rate

Compared to H2, FA can much more rapidly reduce LA because of its low dissociation energy barrier and high dissociation rate. ^[1] , in order to keep high dissociation rate. ^[2]

Effective Dissociation Rate

The model has shown to produce the effective dissociation rate of CO2 under conditions of thermal equilibrium close to that obtained experimentally. ^[1] As the formation of successive complexes (such as Ni(NTA)2) proceeds, the availability of the metal decreases, which is quantitatively explained by reducing the formulation to a case with only one complex, but with an effective dissociation rate constant that decreases as the concentration of NTA increases. ^[2]

dissociation rate constant

In the context of stochastic single-substrate enzyme kinetics, such a behavior has recently [PNAS 111 (2014) 4391] been demonstrated; specifically, rate is noted to increase with increasing dissociation rate constant of the enzyme-substrate complex, contrary to standard expectation. ^[1] The dissociation rate constant of IF1 in early 30S complexes was 14-fold slower for Tig than Dem or Otc. ^[2] This structural evidence is accompanied by a marked enhancement of both ligands dissociation rate constants. ^[3] The dissociation rate constants (kd) of ligand A1, A2 to AT1R and B1, B2 to ETAR were 9. ^[4] The association and dissociation rate constants (ka and kd) showed that RESAn1 inclusion and its dissociation from β-CD-NH2 were faster than a similar process for RES ( [Formula: see text]  = 3. ^[5] The fragment ion yield produced by ESI in-source CID can be estimated by the dissociation rate constant and internal energy of the analyte ion, determined by employing density functional theory calculations and the survival yield method using a thermometer ion, respectively. ^[6] PriA binds dynamically, and its association and dissociation rate constants can be determined using the appearance and disappearance of the fluorescence signal. ^[7] Herein we demonstrate that given similar equilibrium binding constants, hydrogels containing dynamic crosslinks with a large dissociation rate constant enable cell force-induced network reorganization, which results in rapid stellate spreading, assembly, mechanosensing, and differentiation of encapsulated stem cells when compared to similar hydrogels containing dynamic crosslinks with a low dissociation rate constant. ^[8] When ERs were immobilized on the biosensor, the force of the binding of micro-plastics to ERs under an ultra-low background was equivalent to the dissociation rate constant shown as follows: PS (0. ^[9] Dynamic quantitates such as diffusion coefficients and hydrodynamic radii obtained from an FCS study along with association and dissociation rate constants estimated from intensity time trace analyses further substantiate the stronger binding affinity of EPR to the thermally less stable mismatched DNA, formed by the most discriminating nucleobase (viz. ^[10] Such quantities include layer thickness, refractive index, optical anisotropy (and molecular orientation derived therefrom), degree of hydration, viscoelasticity, as well as association and dissociation rate constants and occupied area of subsequently adsorbed species. ^[11] In addition, various chromatographic methods are used to obtain interaction information such as the binding constant, binding-site number, and dissociation rate constant. ^[12] Release of substrate from P-gp back into the cytosolic monolayer occurs with a dissociation rate constant kr (s-1) or, much less frequently, into the apical aqueous chamber with an efflux rate constant k2 (s-1). ^[13] Furthermore, we demonstrate that by monitoring cellular protein complexes over time after cell lysis, we can measure the dissociation rate constant of a cellular protein complex, providing information about binding affinity and kinetics. ^[14] Eight patients showed ADA only with SPR, and these ADA had significantly faster dissociation rate constants than those detectable by both SPR and ELISA. ^[15] 4-fold lower dissociation rate constants to B. ^[16] In comparison with the columns prepared by linker S-1 (6-chlorocaproic acid) and histidine tagged β2-AR, the drugs on the linker S-4 column gave greater dissociation rate constants (e. ^[17] The dissociation rate constants(K_(off)) were 10. ^[18] The binding rate constant (kb) and the dissociation rate constant (kd) of the affinity reaction reach 39. ^[19] Specifically, the association and dissociation rate constant of AFM probe-conjugated E-selectin and glass-conjugated PSGL-1 are measured as 9. ^[20] Calculations of the dissociation rate constants from the simulation trajectories suggest a differential binding pattern of fish EpCAM and other organisms. ^[21] Defining long residence time drugs with acceptable association and dissociation rate constants required for sufficient target occupancy and sustained efficacy, which we termed "balanced internal energetics", provides an important criterion for successful progression during lead optimization. ^[22] The ILs valency indeed correlated with the dissociation rate constant (Koff), but not with the association rate constant (Kon). ^[23] Analysis of the homodimerization kinetics led to the recovery of the association and dissociation rate constants for DD12. ^[24] Additional analysis of the temperature and number density time-histories allowed inference of rate parameters in the Marrone and Treanor CVDV model, including vibrational relaxation time ( τ O 2 − O 2), average vibrational energy loss (e), vibrational coupling factor (Z), and dissociation rate constants ( k d O 2 − O 2 and k d O 2 − O). ^[25] We introduce the option of using multiple structures to describe each ligand-protein complex in COMBINE analysis and apply this to study the effects of protein flexibility on the derivation of dissociation rate constants (koff) for inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, which has a flexible binding site. ^[26] It has turned out that the model is significantly more sensitive to parameters which can be considered as phenomenological (such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis rates) than to parameters which are directly related to specific processes (such as dissociation rate constants, and maximum concentrations of the involved factors). ^[27] We introduce the option of using multiple structures to describe each ligand-protein complex in COMBINE analysis and apply this to study the effects of protein flexibility on the derivation of dissociation rate constants (koff) for inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, which has a flexible binding site. ^[28] Here, we describe the process of setting up and running COMBINE analysis to derive a Quantitative Structure-Kinetics Relationship (QSKR) for the dissociation rate constants (koff) of inhibitors of a drug target. ^[29] Furthermore, we demonstrate that by monitoring cellular protein complexes over time after cell lysis, we can measure the dissociation rate constant of a cellular protein complex, providing information about binding affinity and kinetics. ^[30] As the formation of successive complexes (such as Ni(NTA)2) proceeds, the availability of the metal decreases, which is quantitatively explained by reducing the formulation to a case with only one complex, but with an effective dissociation rate constant that decreases as the concentration of NTA increases. ^[31] Flanking disorder additionally lowers transcription factor binding-affinity without affecting the dissociation rate constant, in accordance with similar bound-states assessed by NMR. ^[32] We demonstrate that simple and intuitive matching of weak/strong organoborane LA and amine LB pairs offers access to a large set of binding equilibrium constants, Keq, that span ~6 orders and dissociation rate constants, kdiss, that span ~7 orders of magnitude. ^[33] A correlation was observed between the probe-specific datasets for the kinetic binding affinities, association rate constants and dissociation rate constants. ^[34] However, it is the low dissociation rate constant ( k-) of ∼104 s-1 that is mainly responsible for the stability of the KF-Pu22 complex. ^[35] With the QCM setup, the association and dissociation rate constants and the associated equilibrium constants of the interactions could be estimated, and the results used to delineate the multivalency effects of the lectin-nanostructure interactions. ^[36] By fitting the experimental induction period data and the final measured weight fractions of eflucimibe polymorphs with the proposed model, the association and dissociation rate constants for two polymorphs are determined. ^[37] The binding capacity of the drug to plasma proteins (βi) and dissociation rate constant of protein drug complex (Kβ) were 2. ^[38] Biochemical measurements indicate that this variant has a dissociation rate constant essentially equivalent to the wild type, implying that dethreading is likely the predominant mechanism for dissociation. ^[39] To estimate the association and dissociation rate constants, a biomolecular interaction analysis was performed within the kinetically limited regime of the association process. ^[40] The apparent dissociation rate constant (koff) of the JHBP-JH III complex was greater at acidic pH, suggesting that low pH favors ligand release by opening of the binding pocket. ^[41] The photoinduced release of the alkyne ligand was studied in detail by in situ 1H NMR measurements, which revealed correlation of the photodissociation rate constant (2 b>2 a>2 c) with the elongation of the alkyne C≡C bond in the molecular structures. ^[42]

dissociation rate coefficient

The measured in-cell dissociation rate coefficients were up to 2 orders of magnitude larger, whereas no change in the measured association rate coefficient was observed.