Introduction to Climate Changes

There are several effects of climate changes such as the increase in temperature (increase rate of evaporation, forest fire), melting of ice (increase in flood, adverse effect the migration of fishes) and sea-level rise, the decline in freshwater availability.

Global climate changes have accelerated sea-level rise (SLR), which exacerbates the risks of coastal flooding and erosion.

In this study, the state-of-the-art regional climate model RegCM4 with a horizontal resolution of 25 km was used to dynamically downscale future climate changes, which were derived from the global climate model FGOALS-g3, under multiple SSP scenarios over the CORDEX East Asia Phase II domain.

In this paper, projections derived from seven regional climate models (RCMs) are used to examine future climate changes in the Aegean area to identify areas most vulnerable to climate change and to prioritize future interventions in the agricultural sector.

The developed model will then be used to analyze the impact of land use and climate changes on dynamics of hydroperiods of ephemeral pools of the Saumon River watershed (68 km²) in the Canadian Shield of the Outaouais region (Quebec, Canada).

&#160;&#160;</p> </div><div> <p>These results provide a good framework to analyse further the relationship between abrupt climate changes and meltwater discharge and to highlight the key parameters to trigger climate transitions in state-of-art climate models in the context of the last deglaciation.

The emergent constraint approach is a way of using multi-model ensembles to identify the linkage between current/past climate variability and future climate changes, which has been widely used for narrowing down the uncertainty of multi-model projections of future climate change.

There is substantial spatial heterogeneity in the exposure of ecosystem services to future climate changes, and high levels of future climate change increase the intensity of exposure.

Subsoils contain > 50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) globally yet remain under-investigated in terms of their response to climate changes.

As the climate changes, the rate at which the Earth’s climate warms depends in part on the persistence of soil organic carbon.

It is important to consider where, when, and how the evolution of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) plays significant roles in regional or global climate changes.

Variation of the documented LDG through time resulted primarily from fluctuations in annual sea-surface temperature and long-term climate changes.

The study is aimed at identifying the regional features of the surface air temperature in the coastal zone and over the Pacific Ocean (to the north of 40° N) manifested as a result of global climate changes at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries, and at assessing their trends and possible causal relationships with the processes in the atmosphere and on the ocean surface.

The study is aimed at identifying the regional features of the surface air temperature in the coastal zone and over the Pacific Ocean (to the north of 40° N) manifested as a result of global climate changes at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries, and at assessing their trends and possible causal relationships with the processes in the atmosphere and on the ocean surface.

It then describes how HCS scholars &#8220;reconstruct&#8221; past climate changes by combining what they call the &#8220;archives of nature&#8221; &#8211; paleoclimatic proxy sources such as tree rings, ice cores, or marine sediments &#8211; with the texts, stories, and ruins that constitute the &#8220;archives of society.

<p>As climate changes &#8211; potentially to a warmer state than any time during the evolution of humans &#8211; heat extremes threatening human health, global ecosystem and socio-economic fabric of our society are occurring at increasing frequency and intensity in most parts of the world.

Background: As the global climate changes, the number of cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is increasing year by year.

As the global climate changes, biological populations have to adapt in place or move in space to stay within their preferred temperature regime.

The emergent constraint approach is a way of using multi-model ensembles to identify the linkage between current/past climate variability and future climate changes, which has been widely used for narrowing down the uncertainty of multi-model projections of future climate change.

Here, we investigated the potential impact of future climate changes on the long-term position of the DSL in a subhumid Mediterranean headwater catchment.

Although sea turtles have survived through past climate changes, these projections raise concerns about future recruitment success and the persistence of sea turtle populations.

Ice core archives are well suited for reconstructing rapid past climate changes at high latitudes.

Understanding the regional surface temperature responses to different anthropogenic climate forcing agents, such as greenhouse gases and aerosols, is crucial for understanding past and future regional climate changes.

How availability of the wind and solar resource will change in the future in response to regional climate changes is an important and underdiscussed topic of the decarbonization process.

Current Earth system models (ESMs) seem overly stable against external perturbations and incapable of reproducing most abrupt climate changes of the past (Valdes, 2011).

<p>The last deglaciation (from &#8776;19 kyr BP to the onset of the Holocene) is a time interval characterized by major and abrupt climate changes mostly caused by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) which is responsible for redistributing heat on a planetary scale, including the Iberian Peninsula.

In a period of ongoing climate changes, identifying drivers of overall and endemic species diversity is a key element in constructing new ecological patterns and determining the main goals of conservation.

We suggest that a long-term genetic monitoring is needed to understand the population structure and dynamics of toothfish in response to ongoing climate changes.

This paper aims to assess the level of awareness, perception, and willingness of different stakeholders toward current practices and the prospect of urban water reuse in Khulna City - one of the most vulnerable cities located in the southwest of Bangladesh due to the consequences of rapid climate changes in the Bengal delta.

Due to recent rapid climate changes, the natural Ottelia populations have declined significantly.

The economic implications of extreme climate changes are found to impact sub-Saharan Africa negatively.

Comparison of the climate, especially extreme climate changes between the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the present, could provide important information for the predication of extreme climate change in the future.

As climate changes resulted from emission growth have significant policy implications for sustainable development, this cannot be neglected in policy-making.

As climate changes, PBI-CBR’s historical cases become less useful in predicting future grass growth.

While the two approaches mostly produce comparable results, they give in combination greater insight into the phenological responses to predicted climate changes.

Importantly, insect-based foods and cultured meat can provide additional benefits in the context of ecological footprint, an aspect important in light of predicted climate changes.

LW-WAPLS shows advantages over both the traditional modern analogue technique and non-linear transfer-function methodologies such as WAPLS for reconstructing the broad-scale climate changes for the Zoige Basin, by combining the strength of both methods.

Multi-centennial–scale climate changes in the Asian monsoonal region significantly affect nearly half of the global population and they have also influenced the evolution of civilizations.

We used 3 years of Pennsylvania beekeepers' survey data to assess the importance of weather, topography, land use, and management factors on overwintering mortality at both apiary and colony levels, and to predict survival given current weather conditions and projected climate changes.

Changes in riverine hydrography and reduced aquifer recharge due to projected climate changes in arid and semi-arid regions are the main issues of water supply, especially in the Nile Delta, Egypt.

This knowledge can then be used to select better adapted genotypes in order to help face the challenges of the expected climate changes in the near future.

Prospective data based on future climate projections from Worldclim were input to the model to get the prospective distribution of the plant taxon considering expected climate changes under different RCPs".

The Tibetan Plateau, also known as the “Water Tower of Asia” because of its function as a water storage and supply region, responds dramatically to modern climate changes.

It is determined that modern climate changes in the Polissia region of Ukraine are manifested in uneven distribution of precipitation during the growing season, abnormal jumps in average daily air temperature, and low night temperatures (.

This study demonstrated the stability of AM fungi community under short-term climate changes.

In this regard, during the early-middle Holocene, the Seymareh area, as well as the entire Middle East, was affected by short-term climate changes at the millennial-scale, as testified by both paleoecological and archaeological evidence.

The effects of the observed climate changes constitute a real problem in the surrounding environment due to the scale and frequency of natural catastrophic events.

Majority of the respondents observed climate changes in the last 10–20 years and perceived them to have affected their capital assets in the process of forming livelihoods.

In the past decades, the high growth rate of industrialization, urbanization, and anthropogenic activities has resulted in adverse climate changes, significantly affecting the global temperature, increased greenhouse gases, seasonal variation, and irregular precipitation patterns.

Wild edible varieties from marginal land have shown great characteristics and resistance to the adverse climate changes.

In general, we find a coherent pattern of ice marginal variations between the GrIS and GICs, which coincides with the major Holocene climate changes.

We reconstructed the early-mid Holocene climate changes in the southeastern margin of the Mu Us Desert by combining magnetic susceptibility (MS) and total organic carbon (TOC) analyses.

This study highlighted that the Sr/Ca ratios from Tridacna shells can be used as a potential high-resolution indicator of past seasonal climate changes.

All analyses are conducted with a 1-h time-step throughout the entire year so that seasonal climate changes are accounted for precisely.

The aim of this study is to examine mood swings and depression caused by sudden climate changes that have not yet given the humans a chance to adapt.

Weather conditions, in particular sudden climate changes from departure to arrival and daily temperature variance, were found to be predisposing factors for many of the pathogens.

Although the NWPac Ocean has gradually warmed due to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions since the mid&#8208;20th century, the extent to which anthropogenic climate changes increase the occurrence likelihood of such regionally unprecedented warm SSTs is unclear yet.

The existing built environment is subject to growing global challenges, including decarbonising heating and cooling as well as the construction process, rapid population growth, anthropogenic climate changes and resource scarcity.

Global warming, related climate changes, and increased traveling in tropical countries may contribute to the worldwide diffusion of new fly species.

The most important reason for the rapid increase of global warming and the occurrence of related climate changes is the contamination caused by greenhouse gases released into the air.

The subarctic shelf of the Eastern Bering Sea (EBS) is one of the world's most productive marine environments, exposed to drastic climate changes characterized by extreme fluctuations in temperature, sea ice concentration, timing, and duration.

The five superfamilies radiated in the Jurassic, when geological reconfigurations and drastic climate changes occurred.

The striated unconformity at the base of the Pliocene sequence may be the result of a major tectonic uplift event or significant climate changes.

Environmental conditions have a big role to play in supporting this inhibition, especially with the significant climate changes that have occurred in recent years.

Conspectus Fossil fuel shortage and severe climate changes due to global warming have prompted extensive research on carbon-neutral and renewable energy resources.

The coastal zone, an area of extreme dynamism due to the interaction between marine and continental systems, also subject to climatic phenomena, has been undergoing consequent changes due to increasingly recurrent and severe climate changes and this has directly implied the shoreline, either in the form of erosion or progradation.

Assessing rivers' and hillslopes' sensitivity to external forcing is paramount to understand landscape evolution, in particular as a response to Quaternary climate changes.

The Chinese loess is one of the most important terrestrial records of the Quaternary climate changes.

Thus, latent regularities of the local climate changes become visual and it becomes possible to query whether it is possible to restore the balance of Nature and production.

These results may be related to the local climate changes as, according to the Thornthwaite classification, it went from sub-humid with great water excess (C1B2s2b4) in the climate normal 1951/1980 to sub-humid with moderate water excess (C1B2sb4) in 1981/2010 to semi-arid with little to none water excess (DB2db4) in 1991/2020.

, significant wave height and mean wave period) can mask information about the sign, magnitude, and robustness of the actual wave climate changes due to the offset of positive and negative variations within the spectrum, leading to a significant underestimation of the change associated with certain wave systems.

Based on this initiative, this study investigated UK offshore wave climate changes by performing a longer timescale analysis of changes of wave direction patterns.

Carbon emissions have caused serious climate changes such as global warming, glacier melting, and sea level rise.

During glacial times, the North Atlantic region was affected by serious climate changes corresponding to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles that were linked to dramatic shifts in sea temperature and moisture transfer to the continents.

Reconstruction of the historical population size showed a slow continuous contraction, probably related to Cenozoic climate changes.

A major obstacle in understanding the role of the opening Drake Passage and ACC in Cenozoic climate changes has been the lack of continuous records spanning the EOT from the region.

Chronological constraints link these changes to the regional advances and retreats of the Pleistocene alpine glaciers, suggesting that the intermediate-rank surfaces are mostly dependent on the major climate changes, while the low-rank ones relate to depositional unsteadiness, either autocyclic or short-term allocyclic.

We recognized the existence of ferromagnetic-based variabilities related to something besides the adverse diagenetic effects, and have examined possible relationships with sea-level and major climate changes during the Holocene.

In this research, two ice cores retrieved from regions on the TP with different climate regimes were studied to explore climate changes at high elevations from 1942 to 2011 and possible impacts on glacier behavior.

This paper explores climate changes in Italy over the last 30 years.

Our results indicate that the PNA pattern is important for projections of Arctic climate changes, and that greenhouse warming and the resultant persistent positive PNA trend is likely to increase Arctic sea-ice loss.

<p>The Arctic climate changes faster than the ones of other regions, but the relative role of the individual feedback mechanisms contributing to Arctic amplification is still unclear.

Inter-annual variability can be analyzed by meeting a number of requirements for the composition and conditions of use of reference groups of mollusks, as well as by considering climate changes.

However, higher temperatures, especially during summer heatwaves, can also cause COPD exacerbation and it is expected that this will be an even more important health problem in the future considering climate changes.

However, emerging diseases as well as unpredictable climate changes affecting agriculture over the entire globe force scientists to find alternative solutions required to quickly overcome seasonal crises.

CMS systems are mainly restricted by the narrow restorer resources that make it difficult to breed superior hybrids, while PTGMS systems are limited by conditional sterility of the male sterile lines that makes the propagation of both PTGMS seeds and hybrid seeds vulnerable to unpredictable climate changes.

The sedimentary record of the maar lake succession at Camp dels Ninots (Pliocene, NE Spain) reflects mineralogical shifts that correlate with orbitally forced climate changes.

This cyclicity is interpreted as a reflection of orbitally forced climate changes, where the longest-period variations correspond to short eccentricity cycles (100 ky).

The manufacturers, their products’ consumers, the governments, and even various stakeholders in the supply chains affect the low-carbon and low-emission actions facing climate changes.

Energy transition from traditional generation sources into new renewable energy generation has become essential for facing climate changes.

Relative humidity also dominated ignition over years, with fuel conditions relatively stable and playing a minor role in contrast to the inter-annual climate changes.

Inter-annual climate changes deeply affect grapevine productive cycle determining direct impact on the onset and duration of phenological stages and, ultimately, on the grape harvest and yield.

Agriculture and animal husbandry are important sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and contribute to climate change, but the carbon sink function of cropland and grassland plays an important role in mitigating climate changes.

The increasing interest in agroforestry practices for improving carbon sequestration and mitigating climate changes suggests the need to assess soybean response to variations of light availability and direction.

Non-invasive assessments are usually predicated on the measurement of CO2 concentrations in the air, usually using an infrared analyzer, and these data are clearly important regarding climate changes as well as regulations of air quality in buildings to ascertain adequate ventilation.

The articulations needed for an adaptation regarding climate changes are also important in medium and small size cities, which reproduce logics similar to those of metropoles.

Rapid and regionally contrasting climate changes have been observed around Antarctica.

Moreover, decision-makers need to adopt performance-based strategies for contrasting climate changes and increasing the resilience of the system.

Therefore, Kashkooli nomadic livelihood survived climate changes using ACSs.

However, there are major interspecific variations among the ways by which they survived climate changes.