Introduction to Cancer Testis

What is/are Cancer Testis?

Cancer Testis - INTRODUCTION Cancer testis (CT) antigens are attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy because of their expression restriction and immunogenicity. ^[1] Cancer testis (CT) antigens, under normal circumstances are uniquely expressed in testicular germ cells. ^[2] Results A significantly higher expression of cancer testis (CT)-antigens NY-ESO-1 and WT-1 antigen was detected in TN breast cancers compared with ER-positive tumors. ^[3] A high frequency of MAGE‐CT (cancer testis) antigens are expressed in Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients; however, in other plasma cell dyscrasias, their potential function remains unclear. ^[4] Cancer testis (CT) antigens are expressed in various types of tumors and represent the potential targets for T cell-based immunotherapy. ^[5]

esophageal squamous cell

In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the expressions of two cancer testis antigens (CTA), LY6K (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K) and CDCA1 (cell division cycle associated 1), in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumors and the long‐term outcomes of patients with ESCC to clarify the clinical significance of LY6K and CDCA1 expression in ESCC tumors. ^[1]

Two Cancer Testis

In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the expressions of two cancer testis antigens (CTA), LY6K (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K) and CDCA1 (cell division cycle associated 1), in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumors and the long‐term outcomes of patients with ESCC to clarify the clinical significance of LY6K and CDCA1 expression in ESCC tumors. ^[1] In this study, we aimed to correlate the composition of the tumor immune microenvironment with oncologic outcome and the expression of two cancer testis antigens (CTAs), CT10 and PRAME, potential cancer vaccine targets, as well as major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I), a molecule associated with tumor immune escape and resistance to immunotherapy. ^[2]

Known Cancer Testis

We engineered a non-replicating pseudotyped influenza virus (S-FLU) to deliver the well-known cancer testis antigen, NY-ESO-1 (S-NY-ESO-1 FLU). ^[1] 40/107 EbNeoAgs (37%) are known Cancer Testis Antigens (CTAs), with the remaining 67 representing potentially novel EbNeoAgs. ^[2]

cancer testis antigen

PRAMEF2 (PRAME Family Member 2) is a Cancer Testis Antigen belonging to the PRAME multi-gene family. ^[1] Many cancers, including myeloid leukaemia express the cancer testis antigen (CTA) DDX43 (HAGE) and/or the oncogene Wilms’ tumour (WT1). ^[2] In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the expressions of two cancer testis antigens (CTA), LY6K (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K) and CDCA1 (cell division cycle associated 1), in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumors and the long‐term outcomes of patients with ESCC to clarify the clinical significance of LY6K and CDCA1 expression in ESCC tumors. ^[3] Increased CD8+ cell infiltration, coordinate expression of other cancer testis antigens, and tumor mutational burden were also associated with MAGEC3 expression. ^[4] Cancer testis antigen Melanoma associated antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) has been subject of research for many years. ^[5] Proteins expressed only in germ cells of testis and/or placenta (immunoprivileged organs) and in malignancies are called cancer testis antigens; they are antigenic because of the lack of antigen presentation by those specific cell types (germ cells), which limits the exposure of the proteins to the immune cells. ^[6] Epitopes prediction of the cancer testis antigens (NY-ESO-1), A-Kinase anchor protein (AKAP4), Acrosin binding protein (ACRBP), Piwi-like protein (PIWIL3), and cancer testis antigen 2 (LAGE-1) was done. ^[7] Significance PRAMEF2 belongs to the PRAME multigene family of cancer testis antigens, which serve as biomarkers for several cancers. ^[8] Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are proteins that are expressed early in embryonic development, but generally not expressed in normal tissue. ^[9] A subset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) overexpresses the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC) and is associated with an undifferentiated phenotype marked by overexpression of cancer testis antigens (CTAs) including anti-apoptotic melanoma-A antigens (MAGEAs). ^[10] Cancer testis antigens or genes (CTA, CTG) are predominantly expressed in adult testes while silenced in most or all somatic tissues with sporadic expression in many human cancers. ^[11] In gene expression analysis, a gene for cancer testis antigen, CT45, was generally overexpressed in IK-YBX2 cells. ^[12] Whereas the cancer testis antigen MAGE-A3 is ndeed expressed on human ESCs [10] , I was unable to find such data or NY-ESO-1. ^[13] In silico cytometry, there was a decrease of cancer testis antigen and low tumor infiltrating lymphocyte in patient with high MMP-11 expression: activated dendritic cell, CD8+T cell, CD4+ memory T cell, and memory B cell. ^[14] Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are a group of antigens that are preferentially expressed in tumours and exhibit strong immunogenicity, as such, CTAs hold great promise as potential treatment targets and biomarkers in cancer. ^[15] We also found heterogeneity in the expression of cancer testis antigens (CTA) such as FA133A and CTAG2 between PC clusters across samples. ^[16] We designed peptides from antigens (Ags) including cancer testis antigens (CTAs) that are over expressed in MM. ^[17] Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are detected in cancer cells but not in healthy normal tissues, with the exception of gametogenic tissues. ^[18] Antigen-specific T-cell responses to cancer testis antigens were determined using tetramer staining and sorted BAPCs in FluoroSpot assays for selected patients. ^[19] We engineered a non-replicating pseudotyped influenza virus (S-FLU) to deliver the well-known cancer testis antigen, NY-ESO-1 (S-NY-ESO-1 FLU). ^[20] 9100 Background: Viagenpumatucel-L (HS-110) is an allogeneic cell therapy derived from a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line incorporating multiple cancer testis antigens and transfected with a gp96-Ig fusion protein. ^[21] We used a combination of antigenspecific T cell expansion and measurement of interferon-γ secretion to identify multiple CD4 and CD8 T cell clones specific for neoantigens, lineagespecific antigens and cancer testis antigens in blood and tumor from this patient prior to and after therapy. ^[22] 2 The critical role of lymph nodes in anti-cancer immunotherapy Cancer cells are characterized by the accumulation of a variable number of genetic alterations that result in the production of neoantigens or cancer testis antigens. ^[23] The cancer testis antigen (CTA) lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) is a promising anti-cancer target with tumor-specific expression and immunogenicity. ^[24] Background Cancer testis antigens (CTA) are normally expressed in immune privileged tissues such as the testis. ^[25] The cancer testis antigen (CTA) lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) is a promising anti-cancer target with tumor-specific expression, immunogenicity and a role in metabolic reprogramming. ^[26] 11521 Background: Cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 is expressed in multiple tumor types, including 80‒90% of MRCLS [1,2]. ^[27] A prominent signature of the combination relates to the transcriptional induction of cancer testis antigens and genes involved in the immune response. ^[28] Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are an extensive gene family with a unique expression pattern restricted to germ cells, but aberrantly reactivated in cancer tissues. ^[29] Melanoma antigen gene A3 (MAGE‐A3) is one of the most immunogenic cancer testis antigens and is common in various types of cancers. ^[30] PReferentially expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME) is a cancer testis antigen with restricted expression in somatic tissues and re-expression in poor prognostic solid tumours. ^[31] Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are attractive targets because they are expressed in the testis, which is immune‐privileged, and in the tumor. ^[32] Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are tumor-associated antigens with physiologic expression in the testis and various malignancies, including sarcomas. ^[33] Abbreviations: APC/C: Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome; BAD: BCL2‐Associated agonist of cell Death; BAK1: BCL2 Antagonist Kinase1; BAX: BCL2‐Associated X; BCL2: B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)/Lymphoma 2; BH: BCL2 Homology Domain; BID: BH3‐Interacting domain Death agonist; BIM: BCL2‐Interacting Mediator of cell death; BUB: Budding Uninhibited by Benzimidazoles; CDC: Cell Division Cycle; CDH1: Cadherin-1; CDK1: Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1; CEP55: Centrosomal Protein (55 KDa): CIN: Chromosomal Instability; CTA: Cancer Testis Antigen; EGR1: Early Growth Response protein 1; ERK: Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase; ESCRT: Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; GIN: Genomic Instability; MAD2: Mitotic Arrest Deficient 2; MCL1: Myeloid Cell Leukemia sequence 1; MPS1: Monopolar Spindle 1 Kinase; MYT1: MYelin Transcription factor 1; PLK1: Polo Like Kinase 1; PUMA: p53-Upregulated Mediator of Apoptosis; SAC: Spindle Assembly Checkpoint; TAA: Tumor-Associated Antigen. ^[34] LV305 induces expression of the New York Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1) cancer testis antigen in dendritic cells, promoting immune responses against NY-ESO-1–expressing tumors. ^[35] Induction of a CD8+T-cell response to the MAGE cancer testis antigen by combined treatment with azacitidine and sodium valproate in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia. ^[36] Here, we examined metastasis promoting role of cancer testis antigen SPANXB1 in TNBC and its utility as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker. ^[37] The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the expression pattern of insulin-like growth factor II m-RNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3), a promising cancer testis antigen for peptide vaccine therapy, in ESCC tumors and the outcomes of patients with ESCC. ^[38] The aim of the present study was to explore the expression of the cancer testis antigens New York-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (NY-ESO)-1 and melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)-A4 in high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma and to evaluate their association with the standard clinical-pathological features of surgically treated high-grade sarcoma patients. ^[39] Thus, infusion of autologous multiTAA-targeted T cells directed to PRAME, SSX2, MAGEA4, NY-ESO-1 and Survivin has been safe, and despite concerns that endogenous T cells directed against shared/cancer testis antigens would be of insufficient affinity to produce prolonged benefit our multiTAA-specific T cells were able to induce durable complete responses in patients with lymphomas. ^[40] Moreover, analysis of 2 groups of tumor-restricted antigens, namely neoantigens and cancer testis antigens, revealed heterogeneity in their expression in single cells. ^[41] For DC immunotherapy, bone marrow-derived DC were pulsed with peptides from Sp17, a cancer testis antigen highly expressed in human OC and the ID8 mouse model. ^[42] Background: New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) is a member of the cancer testis antigen family. ^[43] Additionally, there was a significant induction of cancer testis antigens NY-ESO-1 (3. ^[44] ABSTRACT Melanoma-associated antigen A1 (MAGEA1) and BORIS (also known as CTCFL) are members of the cancer testis antigen (CTA) family. ^[45] As a potential cancer testis antigen (CT antigen), cancer testis antigen 55 (CT55) is expressed in different tumors and normal testes. ^[46] IMCnyeso is an ImmTAC against NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1A, which are cancer testis antigens expressed in a variety of solid malignancies, but with very low or absent normal tissue expression. ^[47] Nearly all tumors harbor a translocation between SS18 and SSX1/SSX2 and the vast majority express the cancer testis antigen (CTA) NY-ESO-1. ^[48] used mice with human TCRαβ and HLA gene loci to discover CD4+ TCRs of optimal affinity for cancer testis antigen (CTA) NY-ESO-1. ^[49] In this study, we aimed to correlate the composition of the tumor immune microenvironment with oncologic outcome and the expression of two cancer testis antigens (CTAs), CT10 and PRAME, potential cancer vaccine targets, as well as major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I), a molecule associated with tumor immune escape and resistance to immunotherapy. ^[50]

cancer testis protein

Recently, we found that PIWIL2, a novel cancer testis protein, is highly expressed in ESCC and associated with high T-stage and poor 5-year survival rate in patients. ^[1] Introduction: Calcium-binding tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated protein (CABYR) is expressed in the human germ line but not in adult human tissues, thus, it is considered a cancer testis protein. ^[2]