Introduction to Cancer Antigens

What is/are Cancer Antigens?

Cancer Antigens - Actually, the KOC1, FOXM1, and KIF20A might be capable of being an ideal target of anticancer immunotherapy against pediatric solid tumors that highly had expression of these cancer antigens. ^[1] Glycoproteomics that use mass spectrometry for identification of cancer antigens and structural analysis of glycans play a key role in the investigation of changes of glycosylation during malignant transformation and tumor development and metastasis. ^[2] Biomaterials synthesized from diverse components such as polymers and peptides can be combined with any immunotherapy in the modern toolbox, from checkpoint inhibitors and stimulatory adjuvants, to cancer antigens and adoptive T cells, resulting in unique synergies and improved therapeutic efficacy. ^[3] There is preclinical evidence that the effect of immunotherapy may be augmented by epigenetic therapy through mechanisms including enhanced expression of HLA class I and cancer antigens, and suppression of myeloid suppressor cells. ^[4] Purpose: Cancer antigen–specific T cells are key components in antitumor immune response, yet their identification in the tumor microenvironment remains challenging, as most cancer antigens are unknown. ^[5] BACKGROUND Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are a class of cancer antigens with extensive expression in human cancers. ^[6] However, due to the complex nature of cancer antigens, and the limited experimental approaches for collecting antigen-specific T cells, it remains a difficult task in cancer immunology to detect cancer-associated T cells. ^[7] Identification of human T-cell receptors with optimal affinity to cancer antigens using antigen-negative humanized mice. ^[8] During this process, cancer cell phagocytosis can be prevented by inhibitory signals, and the signaling cascades that elicit immune responses against cancer antigens can be inhibited by immunosuppressive myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment. ^[9] Proposed mechanisms include enhanced expression of HLA class I and cancer antigens on cancer cells, as well as suppression of myeloid suppressor cells. ^[10] KOC1, FOXM1, and KIF20A are cancer antigens that could be ideal targets for anticancer immunotherapy against pediatric refractory solid tumors with positive expression for these antigens. ^[11] However, due to the complex nature of cancer antigens, and the limited experimental approaches for collecting antigen-specific T cells, it remains a difficult task in cancer immunology to detect cancer-associated T cells. ^[12] Thus, TCRs such as RD1, generated de novo against cancer antigens, can serve as an alternative to TCRs generated from T-cell clones. ^[13] In the era of immunotherapy, interest in radiation‐induced inflammation and cell death has considerably risen, since these mechanisms lead to profound changes in the systemic immune response against cancer antigens. ^[14] We herein report a facile approach for developing an enzyme-free colorimetric immunosensor based on a magnetic iron oxide (IO)-coated gold nanorod (MGNR) nanocomposite with high electron transfer ability to accelerate the color bleaching reaction of methyl orange (MO) in the presence of NaBH4 for ultrasensitive detection of cancer antigens. ^[15] These sensing systems are able to detect a wide variety of clinically relevant molecules, like nucleic acids, viruses, bacteria, cancer antigens, pharmaceuticals and narcotic drugs, toxins, contaminants, as well as entire cells in various sensing media, ranging from buffers to more complex environments such as urine, blood or sputum. ^[16]

Related Cancer Antigens

Earlier research studies have demonstrated considerable efficiency for PARP inhibitors in patients with germ line breast-related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA-1/BRCA-2) mutations. ^[1] Early studies have shown significant efficacy for PARP inhibitors in patients with germline breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations. ^[2] Furthermore, additional mechanisms apart from breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations can also result in HR pathway alterations and consequently lead to a clinical benefit from PARP inhibitors. ^[3]

Deliver Cancer Antigens

To induce cancer-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cancer antigen carriers must have multiple functions to deliver cancer antigens to antigen presenting cells, release antigens into cytosol, and promote the maturation of these cells. ^[1] To induce anticancer immunity, we focused on a plant viral particle (PVP) that contains-single strand RNA (ssRNA) as a flexible and economical platform to deliver cancer antigens. ^[2]

Novel Cancer Antigens

It holds great promise for the discovery of novel cancer antigens for cancer immunotherapy. ^[1] The 4th Cancer Genomics conference hosted by the European Association for Cancer Research covered breakthroughs in this field such as the search for novel cancer antigens and single‐cell mapping of tumour evolution. ^[2]

cancer antigens 1

Earlier research studies have demonstrated considerable efficiency for PARP inhibitors in patients with germ line breast-related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA-1/BRCA-2) mutations. ^[1] Early studies have shown significant efficacy for PARP inhibitors in patients with germline breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations. ^[2] Furthermore, additional mechanisms apart from breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations can also result in HR pathway alterations and consequently lead to a clinical benefit from PARP inhibitors. ^[3]