Introduction to Biological Samples

Derivatization of amino acids by 2 M HCl/CH3OH (60 min, 80 °C) followed by derivatization of the intermediate methyl esters with pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA) in ethyl acetate (30 min, 65 °C) is a useful two-step derivatization procedure (procedure A) for their quantitative measurement in biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as methyl ester pentafluoropropionic (PFP) derivatives, (Me)m-(PFP)n.

Motivation Liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) is the established standard for analyzing the proteome in biological samples by identification and quantification of thousands of proteins.

Experimental techniques, such as cryo-electron microscopy, require biological samples to be recovered at cryogenic temperatures (T ≈ 100 K) with water being in an amorphous ice state.

Cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is a technique that uses the spatiotemporal cues from fluorescence light microscopy (FLM) to investigate the high-resolution ultrastructure of biological samples by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).

Development of high-resolution/accurate mass liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology enables the characterization of covalently modified DNA induced by interaction with genotoxic agents in complex biological samples.

In this work, we evaluate the effect of experimental conditions including acquisition sampling rate and data pretreatment on lipid standards and lipid extracts as examples of complex biological samples analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to drift time ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

This study was conducted to review high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques carried out on MTD and its main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in the biological samples during 2015-June 2021.

Development of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of 4-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (4-FiBF) and its distribution in postmortem biological samples in four fatal intoxication cases, which occurred in September 2018, in Poland.

Real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR), run in biological samples, is the gold standard method for confirmation of infection.

Analytical specificity of the tool was tested on a cohort of pathogenic agents and biological samples with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction as a reference method.

A novel magnetic functionalized material based on graphene oxide and magnetic nanoparticles (MGO) was used to develop a magnetic solid phase extraction method (MSPE) to enrich both, inorganic and organic arsenic species in environmental waters and biological samples.

Various extraction methods are employed for the enrichment of antibiotics from a wide variety of food samples; however, solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques are often used for the extraction of antibiotics from food products and biological samples.

SUMMARY Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) is a computational microscopy technique that enables large field of view and high-resolution microscopic imaging of biological samples.

Intensity Diffraction Tomography (IDT) is a new computational microscopy technique providing quantitative, volumetric phase imaging of biological samples over a large field-of-view.

Here, we present a strategy based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), for the analysis of the NAD+ metabolome in biological samples.

Clinical features were recorded using consistent methodology and biological samples analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry.

In many aspects, the HIM resembles a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), but the use of helium ions rather than electrons provides several advantages, including higher surface sensitivity, larger depth of field, and a straightforward charge-compensating electron flood gun, which enables imaging of non-conductive samples, rendering HIM a promising high-resolution imaging technique for biological samples.

In this context, the structural characterisation and the chemical analysis at the nanometer scale are of particular relevance in a large variety of fields, ranging from the high-resolution imaging of dopant distributions in complex electronic devices to the generation of chemical maps of subcellular structures in biological samples to understand the underlying physiological processes.

Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used preferably with serum and blood plasma.

Prior to the detection of analytes using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, biological samples of therapeutic proteins are conventionally frozen at temperatures ranging from − 20 to − 80 °C to increase the stability of analytes.

The most often used tools for analysis of the elemental composition of biological samples include Flame and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (F-AAS and GF-AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Recently, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been employed to distinguish nanoparticles (NPs) with their dissolved ions in biological samples.

A selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles, and molecularly imprinted poly 2-aminophenol was developed for electrochemical determination of flutamide in environmental and biological samples.

This work is the first demonstration of the fabrication of low dimensional bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) NPs functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the platinum electrode (Pt-E) for the ultra-sensitive and simultaneous detection of acetaminophen (ACT) and L-DOPA (LD) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) in various biological samples and pharmaceuticals.

CONCLUSIONS The proposed approach can be suitable for high-throughput screening of polyprenols in biological samples of different origin due to easy sample preparation and high sensitivity.

Collectively, this review article overviews the practical assays for measuring COMT activities in complex biological samples, which will strongly facilitate the investigations on the relevance of COMT to human diseases and promote the discovery of COMT inhibitors via high-throughput screening.

In this literature review, we will introduce the pharmacological action of this drug in addition to most of up-to-date reported methods that have been developed for determination of chlordiazepoxide in its pure form, combined form with other drugs, combined form with degradation products, and in biological samples.

In this literature review, we will introduce most of up-to-date reported methods that have been developed for determination of lamivudine in its pure form, combined form with other drugs, combined form with degradation products, and in biological samples.

Although untargeted metabolomic approaches hold great promise for global identification of low molecular weight metabolites in biological samples, deep coverage and confident identification of the metabolites remains challenging due to the great diversity and number of chemical structures, especially in plants.

The study of endogenous low-molecular-weight compounds in biological samples is known as metabolomics.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful technique for sensitive label-free analysis of chemical and biological samples.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a well-established technology for real-time highly sensitive label-free detection and measurement of binding kinetics between biological samples.

Application of our newly established apparatus to biological samples accomplished successful imaging mass spectrometry by exhibiting an organ-specific distribution of endogenous ions as well as a localized distribution of exogenously applied ions with an ultra-high spatial resolution image in the size of 18.

We experimentally demonstrate that the beam brightness increase, induced by self-cleaning, enables two and three-photon imaging of biological samples with high spatial resolution.

In this work, we employed chemical labeling-assisted liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (CL-LC-HRMS) to establish a highly sensitive and specific method for screening and annotating epoxy/dihydroxy-oxylipins in biological samples.

In this work, based on the characteristic isotope pattern of boron, we employed a boronic acid reagent as the isotope tag to establish a sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method for the screening and annotation of cis-diol-containing metabolites in biological samples.

A sensitive and straightforward magnetic dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction as a sample preparation procedure coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography was developed to preconcentrate and clean up four antibiotics, including azithromycin (AZI), doxycycline (DOX), amoxicillin (AMO), and tetracycline (TC), from biological samples.

The resultant composite was used as an effective and novel sorbent for pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction (PT-μSPE) of seven opioid analgesics (OAs) in biological samples followed by HPLC-UV analysis.

In the present study copper based metal-organic framework (HKUST-1) was used first time for preconcentration trace amounts of addictive drugs in biological samples.

We successfully synthesized TMU-24 as metal-organic framework (MOF) and employed as an effective sorbent for preconcentration of the letrozole (LTZ) from biological samples.

As a part of cross-sectional study, (n = 12) female breast benign cases were taken as the control group and their biological samples were also collected.

MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was based on an oral examination, panoramic radiograph analysis, and genotype analysis from biological samples.

Expansion microscopy has enabled super resolution imaging of biological samples.

Methods: Here, we present a breakthrough to unlock label-free 3D super-resolution imaging of any object including living biological samples.

Results clearly indicate the feasibility of using Er-GQDs with both up- and down-conversion fluorescence properties as the nanosensing probe for highly selective and sensitive detection of metal ions in various environmental media, which can extend the application of up-conversion application from inorganic materials to carbon based nanomaterials for label-free detection of analysts in environmental and biological samples.

In this study, we developed a recyclable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate by modifying functional boron nitride (M-BN) monolayer nanosheets on silver nanoarrays (Ag NRs/M-BN) for label-free detection of BR in complex biological samples.

DiDP and its major metabolites mono-isodecyl-phthalate (MiDP), mono-hydroxy-isodecyl-phthalate (MHiDP), mono-carboxy-isononyl-phthalate (MCiNP), and mono-oxo-isodecyl-phthalate (MOiDP) were simultaneously quantified from collected biological samples through the application of a newly developed and verified ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method.

Objective and MethodsHere in we demonstrate a multimodal analytical method for resolution, identification and quantitation of MAcDG in biological samples based on thin layer chromatography-flame ionization detection complimentary with C30-reversed phase liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry.

The proposed ionophores and ISEs are highly promising for continuous monitoring of ACh concentrations in complex biological samples.

The results of this research indicate that the ProteoMinerTM strategy improves proteomic identification in complex biological samples.

In this paper we demonstrate their effectiveness over a wide range of different biological samples.

We identify that CataFlower can precisely detect glucose with a detection limit of 10 μM, allowing for measuring glucose levels in different biological samples, such as blood and urine.

To monitor deficient or excessive intakes of biologically available fluoride (F), various biological samples have been tested for use as biomarkers of human exposure to F.

High-throughput sequencing technologies develop rapidly, empowering large-scale screening of various biological samples for the presence of pathogen-associated nucleotide sequences, but many organisms are yet to be attributed specific loci for identification.

The quantification of the neurotransmitter dopamine in human biological samples has gained more importance.

OBJECTIVES This study describes an approach for the aggregation and curation of an annotation database (CECscreen) for the identification of CECs in human biological samples.

The hydrogel could remain excellent lifetime stability for months and the stable, enhanced and glow-type CL emission could improve the reliability and precision of CL detection, which has a promising application in cold light source and H2O2 detection of real biological samples.

By using human tumor cell lines and tissues, it has been verified that the netlike HCR-based method can accurately detect specific circRNA in real biological samples without RNase R enrichment, which provides a simple and useful platform for detecting low-abundance circRNA.

The pretreatment of complicated biological samples to eliminate the interference of nonglycopeptides and improve the efficiency of glycopeptides detection is crucial in glycoproteomics research.

Significantly, it displayed satisfactory performances in the complicated biological samples including cell lysates and human serum.

Background Pooling cells from multiple biological samples prior to library preparation within the same single-cell RNA sequencing experiment provides several advantages, including lower library preparation costs and reduced unwanted technological variation, such as batch effects.

High-throughput sequencing of multiple biological samples have identified heterogeneous species of tRFs with distinct functionalities.

DiDP and its major metabolites mono-isodecyl-phthalate (MiDP), mono-hydroxy-isodecyl-phthalate (MHiDP), mono-carboxy-isononyl-phthalate (MCiNP), and mono-oxo-isodecyl-phthalate (MOiDP) were simultaneously quantified from collected biological samples through the application of a newly developed and verified ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method.

We collected biological samples at baseline (all participants) and follow-up time points after risperidone treatment (SCH patients).

Raman spectroscopy has the ability to retrieve molecular information from live biological samples non-invasively through optical means.

Raman spectroscopy has the ability to retrieve molecular information from live biological samples non-invasively through optical means.

With the silver staining method optimized here, it should be possible in the future to analyze biological samples that may be available in limited quantity.

Liquid biopsy is a non-invasive approach that detects and analyzes biological samples released from the tumor into the bloodstream.

We tested the ChemProp workflow on a ground truth data set of defined mixture and highlighted the utility of the tool to prioritize specific molecules within biological samples, including bacterial transformations of bile acids, human drug metabolism and bacterial natural products biosynthesis.

Single-molecule and single-cell analysis techniques have opened new opportunities for characterizing and analyzing heterogeneity within biological samples.

Block face imaging is widely used in three-dimensional large biological samples imaging.

Scanning fluorescence microscopes are now able to image large biological samples at high spatial and temporal resolution.

These selective single-use thin film extraction devices are promising for efficient and fast procedures for analyzing biological samples.

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a technique that has high potential for analyzing biological samples and has been successfully applied to the study of cells and cell lines providing information about important parameters such as refractive index, morphology, and dry mass, among others; it has also found applicability to study the effects of therapeutic treatments.

Here we leverage the sparsity of the 3D Green’s function solution to the Helmholtz equation in k-space to reduce the problem’s dimensionality to rapidly compute a partially coherent forward model, allowing for a gradient descent-type iterative solver to reconstruct 3D thick biological samples in a variety of illuminations, including broadband light.

Among the available techniques for 3D cell imaging, cryo–soft X-ray tomography stands out for its large depth of view (allowing for 10 µm thick biological samples to be imaged without further thinning), its resolution (about 50 nm for tomographies, sufficient to detect viral particles), the minimal requirements for sample manipulation (can be used on frozen, unfixed and unstained whole cells) and the potential to be combined with other techniques (i.

The results showed that a total of 65 components were detected in rat biological samples, including 10 prototype components and 55 metabolites.

CSA metabolites were identified in rat biological samples and quantified to explore their excretion routes.

Swab sample collection and recovery are vital for reducing false negative diagnostic tests, early detection of pathogens, and harvesting DNA from limited biological samples.

Carrier RNA is reported to exhibit DNA retrieval effects and commonly employed in various limited biological samples, but there are no reports regarding its benefit on embryo media.

Here, I compare the performance with other superresolution methods focussing particularly on spatial resolution claims, atypical image rendering, visualisation enhancement, subjective filtering of localizations, detection vs labelling efficiency and the possible limitations when imaging biological samples containing densely labelled structures.

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a technique for imaging biological samples that plays a central role in structural biology, with high impact on research fields such as cell and developmental biology, bioinformatics, cell physics and applied mathematics.

Nonlinear microscopy is widely used to characterize thick, optically heterogeneous biological samples.

We have developed a simple protocol allows preparing heterogeneous biological samples suitable for 3D-EM in a laboratory that has a standard supply of equipment and reagents for electron microscopy.

In addition, 37 endogenous glycopeptides are captured from human saliva with mCOF@PEI@B(OH)2, providing effective proofs for its capability to capture low-abundance glycopeptides from actual biological samples.

It was proved that the established colorimetric sensing system could be successfully applied to detect GSH in actual biological samples.

In the course of large carnivore monitoring in the Czech Republic, several biological samples of Eurasian lynx were collected outside the permanent occurrence of this species.

High resolution images were acquired and reconstructed by using the resolution target and several biological samples.

Jakub Kuda and coworkers2 discuss cryo-FIB-SEM tomography of unstained biological samples, a technique first introduced by Andreas Schertel in 2013.

Phase microscopy is widely used to image unstained biological samples.

Our results showed that these complementary spectroscopic and microscopic techniques used in this work are very effective in cancer and stem cell characterization and have the potential to gather more detailed information on relevant biological samples.

Thus, gamma post-irradiation results of DNA profiling from relevant biological samples are presented and discussed providing threshold values of radiation that, depending on the matrix, degrade DNA evidence.

Three biological samples were collected from the mothers: blood, cord blood, and amniotic fluid.

To gain a deeper insight into genetic factors, we performed a transcriptome analysis of each three biological samples from different independent trees of sweet and European silver birch (B.

The described implementation of the method is suitable for EV isolation from small biological samples in diagnostic and treatment guidance applications.

Through advanced bioinformatics, large datasets of molecular information from small biological samples can be analyzed in detail and provide valuable knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms, to include in prognostic modeling when connected to clinically relevant data.

Transcriptomes are known to organize themselves into gene co-expression clusters or modules where groups of genes display distinct patterns of coordinated or synchronous expression across independent biological samples.

DNA hydroxymethylation can be used to classify independent biological samples by tissue type.