## We establish rigorously the regularization of the p-adic open string amplitudes, with Chan-Paton rules and a constant B-field, introduced by Ghoshal and Kawano.

p-Adic open string amplitudes with Chan-Paton factors coupled to a constant B-field.

## As an application we present the regularization of p-adic open string amplitudes with Chan-Paton factors and constant B-field.

Meromorphic Continuation of Koba-Nielsen String Amplitudes

## We study in detail the evaluation of the gauge invariant overlap for analytic solutions constructed out of elements in the $KBc$ algebra in open string field theory. 우리는 개방 스트링 필드 이론에서 $KBc$ 대수학의 요소로 구성된 해석 솔루션에 대한 게이지 불변 중첩의 평가를 자세히 연구합니다.

KBc algebra and the gauge invariant overlap in open string field theory

## The open string field theory of Witten (SFT) has a close formal similarity with Chern-Simons theory in three dimensions. Witten(SFT)의 개방 스트링 필드 이론은 3차원에서 Chern-Simons 이론과 형식적으로 매우 유사합니다.

Interior product, Lie derivative and Wilson line in the KBc subsector of open string field theory

## We uncover a Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT)-type factorization of closed string amplitudes into open string amplitudes for closed string states carrying winding and momentum in toroidal compactifications. 우리는 토로이드 압축에서 권선과 운동량을 전달하는 폐쇄 스트링 상태에 대해 폐쇄 스트링 진폭을 개방 스트링 진폭으로 KLT(Kawai-Lewellen-Tye) 유형 인수분해를 발견합니다.

KLT factorization of winding string amplitudes

## As an application, we define and study cluster algebra analogues of tree-level open string amplitudes. 응용 프로그램으로서 우리는 트리 수준 개방 스트링 진폭의 클러스터 대수 유사체를 정의하고 연구합니다.

Cluster Configuration Spaces of Finite Type

## We discover a novel phenomenon we call null string complementarity, which gives two distinct observer-dependent pictures of the emergence of open string physics from closed strings in the tensionless limit. 우리는 무장력 한계에서 닫힌 끈으로부터 열린 끈 물리학의 출현에 대한 두 개의 별개의 관찰자 의존적 그림을 제공하는 널 스트링 상보성이라고 부르는 새로운 현상을 발견했습니다.

Rindler Physics on the String Worldsheet.

## We find the range of parameters for which the open string physics on probe Dq-branes in the near-horizon geometry of Dp-branes decouples from gravity, and is well-approximated by a (q+1)-dimensional supersymmetric Yang-Mills-Higgs theory on a rigid curved spacetime. nan

Nonabelian Probes In Holography

## It covers (1) theories with light neutral bosons such as dilaton and moduli, and (2) UV completion where the photon and the graviton are accompanied by different sets of Regge states just like open string theory.

Weak Gravity Conjecture from Unitarity and Causality.

## A graviton is a massless spin-two particle in closed string theory while a symmetric rank-two tensor is a massive particle with spin two in open string theory.

Graviton and Massive Symmetric Rank-Two Tensor in String Theory.

## We obtain the left-right entanglement entropy (LREE) for a Dp-brane with tangential motion in the presence of a U(1) gauge potential, the Kalb-Ramond field and an open string tachyon field. U(1) 게이지 전위, Kalb-Ramond 필드 및 열린 스트링 타키온 필드가 있는 경우 접선 운동이 있는 Dp-brane에 대한 왼쪽-오른쪽 얽힘 엔트로피(LREE)를 얻습니다.

LREE of an unstable dressed-dynamical Dp-brane: superstring calculations

## The brane has a tangential dynamics, and it has been dressed by the antisymmetric tensor field, a U ( 1 ) internal gauge potential and an open string tachyon field. nan

Scattering of the Kalb-Ramond state from a dynamical Dp-brane with background fields

10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09550-6

## We obtain the left-right entanglement entropy (LREE) for a Dp-brane with tangential motion in the presence of a U(1) gauge potential, the Kalb-Ramond field and an open string tachyon field. U(1) 게이지 전위, Kalb-Ramond 필드 및 열린 스트링 타키온 필드가 있는 경우 접선 운동이 있는 Dp-brane에 대한 왼쪽-오른쪽 얽힘 엔트로피(LREE)를 얻습니다.

LREE of an unstable dressed-dynamical Dp-brane: superstring calculations

## U(N) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory naturally appears as the low-energy effective theory of a system of N D-branes and open strings between them. U(N) 초대칭 Yang-Mills 이론은 N D-brane과 그들 사이의 열린 끈 시스템에 대한 저에너지 유효 이론으로 자연스럽게 나타납니다.

Bulk geometry in gauge/gravity duality and color degrees of freedom

## Although there are a variety of important and necessary strategies teachers can use to keep the entire class engaged—instructing them to clap the tempo, perform a drone, perform a rhythm on an open string, place students into sectionals—the focus of instruction may change due to the inherent needs of a piece rather than the needs of the students, which may cause some students to feel left unchallenged while others feel overly challenged. 교사가 전체 학급의 참여를 유지하기 위해 사용할 수 있는 중요하고 필요한 다양한 전략이 있지만(박수 치기, 드론 연주, 열린 현에서 리듬 연주, 학생들을 섹션으로 배치하기) 수업의 초점이 바뀔 수 있습니다. 학생들의 필요가 아니라 작품의 고유한 필요로 인해 일부 학생들은 도전받지 않고 남아 있다고 느끼는 반면 다른 학생들은 지나치게 도전적이라고 느낄 수 있습니다.

Creating Student Rehearsal Guides for String Orchestra

## We discover a novel phenomenon we call null string complementarity, which gives two distinct observer-dependent pictures of the emergence of open string physics from closed strings in the tensionless limit. 우리는 무장력 한계에서 닫힌 끈으로부터 열린 끈 물리학의 출현에 대한 두 개의 별개의 관찰자 의존적 그림을 제공하는 널 스트링 상보성이라고 부르는 새로운 현상을 발견했습니다.

Rindler Physics on the String Worldsheet.

## We investigate the disk partition function for the open string. 열린 문자열에 대한 디스크 파티션 기능을 조사합니다.

The disk partition function in string theory

## Using an explicit string construction in terms of vertex operators, we derive the action for the open strings ending on the D(-1)-branes and exhibit its BRST structure. 꼭짓점 연산자의 관점에서 명시적 문자열 구성을 사용하여 D(-1)-브레인으로 끝나는 열린 문자열에 대한 작업을 파생하고 BRST 구조를 나타냅니다.

On the D(–1)/D7-brane systems

## We study in detail the evaluation of the gauge invariant overlap for analytic solutions constructed out of elements in the $KBc$ algebra in open string field theory. 우리는 개방 스트링 필드 이론에서 $KBc$ 대수학의 요소로 구성된 해석 솔루션에 대한 게이지 불변 중첩의 평가를 자세히 연구합니다.

KBc algebra and the gauge invariant overlap in open string field theory

## We present a method of computing an open string like expansion, which we call the ’t Hooft expansion, of the n-boundary correlator for any n up to any order by directly solving the KdV equation. 우리는 KdV 방정식을 직접 풀어서 임의의 차수까지 임의의 n에 대한 n 경계 상관기의 확장과 같은 개방 문자열을 계산하는 방법을 제시합니다. 이를 ' Hooft 확장이라고 합니다.

’t Hooft expansion of multi-boundary correlators in 2d topological gravity

## Further, the object manifolds are allowed to have boundaries; these are the endpoints of open strings stretched between D-branes. 또한 개체 다양체는 경계를 가질 수 있습니다. 이것은 D-브랜 사이에 뻗어 있는 열린 스트링의 끝점입니다.

Smooth functorial field theories from B-fields and D-branes

## Penelitian ini menggambarkan kegiatan pembelajaran biola meliputi pengenalan instrumen, pengenalan penggesek, pengenalan senar biola persiapan peserta didik dalam mempelajari biola terkait sikap atau posisi tubuh dalam memainkan instrumen biola, penggunaan penggesek memainkan nada dalam posisi open string, penggunaan penjarian dengan teknik gesekan Whole bow, Legato dan Staccato. 본 연구는 바이올린 악기 연주 시 신체의 자세나 자세와 관련된 악기의 도입, 현의 도입, 바이올린 현의 도입, 바이올린 학습 준비를 포함한 바이올린 학습 활동, 열린 현 위치에서 음을 연주하기 위해 활 사용, 마찰 기술과 함께 운지 사용 전체 활, 레가토 및 스타카토.

Pembelajaran Awal Praktek Instrumen Biola di Prodi Pendidikan Musik Jurusan Sendratasik Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Padang

## Owing to the open-closed duality, such an overlap between two different regularized boundary states is exponentially suppressed as 〈ψa|ψb〉 ∼ e−O(h (min) ab , where h (min) ab is the lowest energy of open strings which connect two different boundaries a and b. 개방-폐쇄 이중성으로 인해 두 개의 다른 정규화된 경계 상태 사이의 이러한 중첩은 〈ψa|ψb〉 ∼ e−O(h(min) ab 와 같이 기하급수적으로 억제됩니다. 여기서 h(min) ab는 열린 끈의 가장 낮은 에너지입니다. 두 개의 서로 다른 경계를 연결하고 b.

Spectrum of end of the world branes in holographic BCFTs

## Furthermore, we prove the existence of a motivic Laurent expansion whose image under the period map is the open string expansion, and whose image under the single-valued period map is the closed string expansion. 또한, 주기 맵 아래의 이미지가 열린 끈 확장이고 단일 값 주기 맵 아래의 이미지가 닫힌 끈 확장인 동기적인 Laurent 확장의 존재를 증명합니다.

Single-Valued Integration and Superstring Amplitudes in Genus Zero

## We uncover a Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT)-type factorization of closed string amplitudes into open string amplitudes for closed string states carrying winding and momentum in toroidal compactifications. 우리는 토로이드 압축에서 권선과 운동량을 전달하는 폐쇄 스트링 상태에 대해 폐쇄 스트링 진폭을 개방 스트링 진폭으로 KLT(Kawai-Lewellen-Tye) 유형 인수분해를 발견합니다.

KLT factorization of winding string amplitudes

## The positive effect of the low damping of the solid body of the electric guitar made of ash wood was also confirmed in the vibration of the open strings. 물푸레나무로 만든 일렉트릭 기타의 솔리드 바디의 낮은 댐핑의 긍정적인 효과는 열린 현의 진동에서도 확인되었습니다.

Comparison of the Vibration Damping of the Wood Species Used for the Body of an Electric Guitar on the Vibration Response of Open-Strings

## We study two and three-point tree-level amplitudes of open strings. 우리는 열린 스트링의 2점 및 3점 트리 레벨 진폭을 연구합니다.

Reduction of open string amplitudes by mostly BRST exact operators

## The open string field theory of Witten (SFT) has a close formal similarity with Chern-Simons theory in three dimensions. Witten(SFT)의 개방 스트링 필드 이론은 3차원에서 Chern-Simons 이론과 형식적으로 매우 유사합니다.

Interior product, Lie derivative and Wilson line in the KBc subsector of open string field theory

## This is the first of a series of three papers on open string field theories based on Witten star product deformed with a gauge invariant open/closed coupling. 이것은 게이지 불변 개방/폐쇄 커플링으로 변형된 Witten 스타 제품을 기반으로 하는 개방 스트링 필드 이론에 대한 세 편의 논문 시리즈 중 첫 번째입니다.

Closed string deformations in open string field theory. Part I. Bosonic string

## By working with the closed string effective action, obtained after integrating out the open string modes, we prove that the D-instanton amplitudes actually satisfy these cutting rules, provided the effective action is real. 열린 스트링 모드를 통합한 후 얻은 닫힌 스트링 유효 작용으로 작업함으로써 D-인스턴톤 진폭이 실제로 유효 작용이 있는 경우 이러한 절단 규칙을 충족한다는 것을 증명합니다.

Cutkosky rules and unitarity (violation) in D-instanton amplitudes

## free massive scalar field, a polynomial potential, and the tachyon potential in open string field theory. 자유 거대 스칼라 장, 다항식 전위 및 개방 끈 장 이론의 타키온 전위.

Gravitational field of scalar lumps in higher-derivative gravity

## Adding point masses to the open string only increases the mass/spin ratio. 열린 스트링에 점 질량을 추가하면 질량/스핀 비율만 증가합니다.

Mass and spin for classical strings in dS3

## In this case it is possible to explicitly evaluate the mass deformation by localizing the SFT Feynman diagrams to the boundary of world-sheet moduli space, reducing the amplitude to a simple open string two-point function. 이 경우 SFT Feynman 다이어그램을 world-sheet moduli 공간의 경계로 국한하여 질량 변형을 명시적으로 평가하고 진폭을 단순한 열린 스트링 2점 함수로 줄이는 것이 가능합니다.

Closed string deformations in open string field theory. Part III. $$\mathcal{N}$$ = 2 worldsheet localization

## From this perspective, the GV invariants are detected as five-dimensional open string zero modes. 이러한 관점에서 GV 불변량은 5차원 개방 스트링 제로 모드로 감지됩니다.

Genus zero Gopakumar-Vafa invariants from open strings

## Introduction of electric field in the D-brane worldvolume induces a horizon in the open string geometry perceived by the brane fluctuations. D-brane worldvolume에 전기장의 도입은 brane 변동에 의해 감지되는 열린 스트링 기하학에 수평선을 유도합니다.

HEE and HSC for flavors: perturbative structure in open string geometries

## As an application, we define and study cluster algebra analogues of tree-level open string amplitudes. 응용 프로그램으로서 우리는 트리 수준 개방 스트링 진폭의 클러스터 대수 유사체를 정의하고 연구합니다.

Cluster Configuration Spaces of Finite Type

## As an application, we show how to use such lifts to explicitly study open string moduli.

M-Theory and Orientifolds

## We find the range of parameters for which the open string physics on probe Dq-branes in the near-horizon geometry of Dp-branes decouples from gravity, and is well-approximated by a (q+1)-dimensional supersymmetric Yang-Mills-Higgs theory on a rigid curved spacetime.

Nonabelian Probes In Holography

## It covers (1) theories with light neutral bosons such as dilaton and moduli, and (2) UV completion where the photon and the graviton are accompanied by different sets of Regge states just like open string theory.

Weak Gravity Conjecture from Unitarity and Causality.

## The open string sector of the topological B-model model on CY $(m+2)$-folds is described by $m$-graded quivers with superpotentials.

Graded Quivers, Generalized Dimer Models and Toric Geometry

## We give a detailed description of the decoupling limits and explore various physical consequences of the open string non-geometry.

Noncommutative gauge theories on D-branes in non-geometric backgrounds

10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2019.114904

## We establish rigorously the regularization of the p-adic open string amplitudes, with Chan-Paton rules and a constant B-field, introduced by Ghoshal and Kawano.

p-Adic open string amplitudes with Chan-Paton factors coupled to a constant B-field.

## The asymptotic Bethe ansatz equations for ABJM determinant like operator (open string attached on giant graviton) are obtained.

Asymptotic Bethe ansatz of ABJM open spin chain from giant graviton

## We started a program to study the open string integrality invariants (LMOV invariants) for toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds with Aganagic-Vafa brane (AV-brane) several years ago.

On explicit formulae of LMOV invariants

## We start by considering the T-dualization of the open string moving in the constant background.

Effective theories of two T-dual theories are also T-dual

## We describe the family of normalizable solutions in linearized open string field theory, defined by $Q\Psi_0=0$ ($Q$ is BRST charge) understood in the sense $>=0$ for an arbitrary string field $\Phi$.

Solutions for Mixed States in Open Bosonic String Theory.

## Hence, rather remarkably, an open string emerges from closed strings in the tensionless limit.

Tensionless Path from Closed to Open Strings.

## In the final part, we explore how gravity edge modes and its entropy show up in string theory by considering open strings stuck to a Rindler horizon.

Gravity edges modes and Hayward term

## When the light fields we are interested in are charged under an underlying N $$\mathcal{N}$$ = 2 R-charge in the left-moving sector, their quartic effective potential localizes at the boundary of the worldsheet moduli space, in complete analogy to the previously studied open string case.

Localization of effective actions in heterotic string field theory

## Modelling baryon and meson as instanton and open string in the effective QCD string model, the typical pomeron is identified with a massive spin-2 closed string.

Open-string singlet interaction as pomeron in elastic $$pp, p\bar{p}$$pp,pp¯ scattering

10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2020.114943

## After reviewing basic properties of DDF operators and of excited open strings, we present some classical profiles and show how they become more and more compact as the number of harmonics increases at fixed mass.

DDF operators, open string coherent states and their scattering amplitudes

## As a result, a novel light-cone string field theory is obtained from Witten’s open string field theory.

Light-cone reduction of Witten’s open string field theory

## Inspired by this observation, we will find the tree-level S-matrix elements of one Ramond-Ramond and three open strings by imposing this symmetry on the tree-level S-matrix elements of one Kalb-Ramond and three open strings.

S-dual amplitude and D3-brane couplings

## As an application we present the regularization of p-adic open string amplitudes with Chan-Paton factors and constant B-field.

Meromorphic Continuation of Koba-Nielsen String Amplitudes

## Recent studies by one of the present authors along with his collaborators in [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] show that there exist the so-called open string pair production for a possible simplest system of two Dp branes, placed parallel at a separation and with each carrying different electric flux, in Type II superstring theories.

Remark on the open string pair production enhancement

## By identifying the D-brane, open string and black hole with the ant, pheromone and ant trail, the dynamics of two systems closely resemble with each other, and qualitatively the same phase structures are obtained.

Partial Deconfinement

## A graviton is a massless spin-two particle in closed string theory while a symmetric rank-two tensor is a massive particle with spin two in open string theory.

Graviton and Massive Symmetric Rank-Two Tensor in String Theory.

10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2019.03.020

## The brane has a tangential dynamics, and it has been dressed by the antisymmetric tensor field, a U ( 1 ) internal gauge potential and an open string tachyon field.

Scattering of the Kalb-Ramond state from a dynamical Dp-brane with background fields

## The deformation parameter tri-vector $\Omega$ generalizes the non-commutativity bi-vector parameter $\Theta$ of the open string.

Tri-vector deformations in $d=11$ supergravity

## In this chapter we will explore the consequences of having Dirichlet boundary conditions for open strings.

D-Branes and Gauge Fields

## Now we start off by considering T-duality for open strings, and see that it will lead to D-branes.

T-Duality of Open Strings. M-Theory and the Duality Web