Introduction to Whole Saliva

What is/are Whole Saliva?

Whole Saliva - Whole saliva was collected, and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. ^[1] Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) based metabolomic analysis of whole saliva has provided potential diagnostic biomarkers for numerous human diseases contributing to a better understanding of their mechanisms. ^[2] Centrifuged salivary supernatant, whole saliva, and water were independently used to dilute commercial Australian honeys (n=42). ^[3] As a proteomic protocol to analyze the whole saliva proteome is not currently available, the most common aim of the proteomic analysis is to discriminate between physiological and pathological conditions. ^[4] Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva was sampled from patients with T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 OSCC (N = 34) and 33 sex and age matched healthy subjects. ^[5] Whole saliva was collected for 5 min before and after sensory tests. ^[6] Here, we developed a saliva cell-type DNA methylation reference panel to estimate interindividual cell-type heterogeneity in whole saliva studies. ^[7] Therefore, whole saliva proteomes of patients suffering from BMS were compared to those of healthy persons. ^[8] Three novel constructs demonstrated significant multifaceted bio-inhibition compared to either the whole saliva and/or its native proteins/peptides via reducing biomass fouling and inducing biofilm dispersion beside triggering bacterial cell death. ^[9] Ten samples of saliva and tears from female patients diagnosed with pSS and ten samples of saliva and tears from healthy females were included for lipidomic analysis of tears and whole saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ^[10] Whole saliva collected at onset of biopsy-proven oral GVHD was assessed using liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry with identification of 569 proteins, of which 77 significantly changed in abundance. ^[11] Here, by prolonging ultracentrifugation time to 96 h and fractionating EVs both by floating up or spinning down directions, we allowed 111 EV-associated protein markers from the whole saliva of three healthy volunteers to attain equilibrium. ^[12] Protein data was obtained by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique in whole saliva from 24 patients with pSS and 16 patients having symptoms of pSS, but not fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism classification criteria (non-pSS). ^[13] The purpose of this study was evaluation of relationship between Candida colony counts of whole saliva and fasting blood sugar level and determination of candida species in un-controlled and controlled diabetic patients. ^[14] The test utilizes untreated freshly collected saliva, a less invasive specimen, as the sample and possesses a limit of detection (LoD) of 200 copies of virus per microliter of whole saliva with an analytical sensitivity of 97% and analytical specificity of 100%. ^[15] These differences were more pronounced in sEVs than the whole saliva and were more superior in distinguishing periodontitis than gingivitis, in comparison to healthy patients. ^[16] The practicality of integrated specimen processing and detection modalities can be entire using serum and whole saliva specimens. ^[17] 0001) in GCF; and, in whole saliva, with mean PPD (ρ=0. ^[18] Chair-side diagnostic tests based on whole saliva could be routinely used by periodontists for a very early diagnosis of periodontitis, monitoring, prognosis, and management of periodontal patients by biomarker detection, whose diagnostic validity is related to sensitivity and specificity. ^[19] Whole saliva was sampled during the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases (n = 309) of the cycle, and the participants reported questionnaire-based data concerning their life habits and oral or systemic health. ^[20] Besides, the parotid saliva glucose concentration was higher than both the sublingual/submandibular saliva and the whole saliva. ^[21] The degree of subjective oral dryness was evaluated using the summated xerostomia inventory (SXI); the objective secretory function was assessed by whole saliva flow rate measurements. ^[22] Objective: To assess the self-perceived pain perception (PP) and whole salivary cortisol levels (CL) among adolescents with and without temporomandibular disorders (TMD). ^[23] Periodontal recordings, HMV, OLS, WTCI scores were recorded and whole saliva β - galactosidase levels were measured colorimetrically in the samples at baseline and 1 month after the therapy. ^[24] PURPOSE The authors hypothesise that whole saliva soluble-urokinase-type plasminogen-activator receptor (suPAR) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels are higher in patients with poorly-controlled than well-controlled type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-diabetic controls. ^[25] Gram staining was performed to identify Candida using the whole saliva. ^[26] In this pilot study, a SWATH-MS approach was used to monitor extracellular vesicles-enriched saliva (EVs) sub-proteome in pSS patients, to compare it with whole saliva (WS) proteome, and assess differential expressed proteins between pSS and healthy control EVs samples. ^[27] Unstimulated (U-WSFR) and stimulated (S-WSFR) whole saliva flow rates of patients were calculated as ml/min. ^[28] This research aimed at investigating the associations between Candida species in whole saliva and dental and periodontal health indices in a sample of adult patients. ^[29] The whole saliva, which is a mixture of resting and stimulated saliva is composed of inorganic and organic components like proteins, amino acids, amylase, immunoglobulins, urea, uric acid, electrolytes, etc1. ^[30] OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the impact of smoking on the whole salivary flow rate (SFR), IgA levels and clinical oral dryness (COD) among active and passive smokers. ^[31] The use of whole salivary gland homogenate as an antigen to detect these antibodies has several limitations, therefore it is being superseded by the use of specific recombinant salivary proteins. ^[32] Whole saliva is a mixed fluid that is derived predominantly from the major salivary glands but it also contains numerous other constituents. ^[33] Whole saliva (stimulated/unstimulated) from twenty healthy and twenty stage III grade B generalized periodontitis patients was tested for lactoferrin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, density, osmolarity, pH, phosphate, buffer capacity, salivary flow rate and dynamic viscosity. ^[34] Whole saliva, as well as saliva collected using Salivette collection tubes, interfered with the RT‐LAMP analysis. ^[35] The patient was discharged 1 day after the operation, with symptoms relieved significantly, the mean value of whole saliva flow rate (SFR) decreased from 11 ml to 7. ^[36] We showed that salivary TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher, whereas IL-10 content was statistically lower in both non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva of ischemic stroke patients. ^[37] We showed that salivary TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher, whereas IL-10 content was statistically lower in both non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva of ischemic stroke patients. ^[38]

gingival crevicular fluid

Whole saliva (stimulated and unstimulated), parotid/sublingual glandular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid from pockets and sulci were tested for MMP-8 and Lactoferrin and protein concentrations were quantified using an ELISA assay. ^[1] Whole saliva (stimulated and unstimulated), parotid/sublingual glandular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid from pockets and sulci were tested for MMP-8 and Lactoferrin and protein concentrations were quantified using an ELISA assay. ^[2] Whole saliva also contains non-exocrine components such as gingival crevicular fluid, microorganisms, and host cells. ^[3] Plaque Index (PLI), Gingival Index (GI), whole saliva (WS), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected at weeks 2, 4, and 8. ^[4]

Unstimulated Whole Saliva

Mean unstimulated whole saliva production was 0. ^[1] Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from each individual. ^[2] We constructed a series of tooth-specific linear models to quantify the extent to which patient cohort, age, and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWS-FR), independent of each other, are associated with dental and periodontal disease at each tooth. ^[3] In this experimental study, unstimulated whole saliva (2 mL) was collected from participants in the experimental and control groups, coded (SP1-40 and SH1-40) respectively and assays for salivary TIMP-1as well as clinical measurements such as plaque (PI), probing depths (PD), and CAL were recorded before and 4 weeks after periodontal treatment. ^[4] A diagnostic protocol based on Schirmer’s test, unstimulated whole salivary flow (UWSF) and minimally invasive MSGB was applied. ^[5] A fresh unstimulated whole saliva sample was collected from each patient before the insertion of the space maintainer, after 2 weeks and three months after its insertion. ^[6] Methods Dentin samples stored in deionized water (DIW), buffer solution (BS), basal medium mucin (BMM), and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) were demineralized for 3 days and immersed in the same storage media. ^[7] The unstimulated whole salivary flow rate and salivary pH were measured. ^[8] Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each individual, centrifuged and frozen at − 20°C until analysis. ^[9] Unstimulated whole saliva was collected to extract the genomic DNA. ^[10] Materials and Methods: Five milliliters of unstimulated whole saliva samples was collected from a total of 113 individuals; each of the healthy and chronic gingivitis groups was included 39 participants and 35 patients in the chronic periodontitis group. ^[11] OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in pH and Flow Rate (FR) of the Unstimulated Whole Saliva (UWS) in a sample of pregnant women in different gestational periods. ^[12] In our case-control study, unstimulated whole saliva was collected from individuals aged 3–18 years (n = 177); 14 individuals were excluded. ^[13] Specifically, we compared the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) with the stimulated whole salivary flow rate (SWSFR). ^[14] The median unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) secretion rate was 0. ^[15] To improve treatment options, this study aimed to carefully examine unstimulated whole saliva of patients receiving radiation therapy and compare it with healthy unstimulated whole saliva. ^[16] All participants donated samples of unstimulated whole saliva, oral rinse and GCF. ^[17] Following a xerostomia questionnaire, qualifying patients with an unstimulated whole saliva flow rate of ≤0. ^[18] Unstimulated whole saliva (USWS) was collected through passive drooling; residual mucosal saliva (RMS) was collected using filter paper strips. ^[19] Methods Unstimulated whole saliva samples were obtained from 18 healthy people from 3 age groups (children, adults, and the elderly). ^[20] Medical history was obtained, and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were collected to determine salivary secretion rates. ^[21] Unstimulated whole saliva samples by suction method was collected. ^[22] We tested unstimulated whole saliva from patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC; n = 61) and healthy controls (HC; n = 61), and used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to establish the diagnostic value of potential markers. ^[23] In total, 4 mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected to determine the levels of salivary RANKL and OPG proteins by using ELISA technique. ^[24] The aim of the study was to investigate the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and cellular micronuclei in snuff dippers (Naswar) compared to healthy control subjects. ^[25] Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at baseline. ^[26] The unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in the Sjögren’s group was lower than in controls (healthy and patients with non-Sjögren Sicca syndrome) (MD-0. ^[27] Aim To analyze changes in saliva flow rate and clinical measures from unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) among patients undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). ^[28] Settings and Design: Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected. ^[29] OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without adjunct photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and in the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) of type-2 diabetic and normoglycemic individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP). ^[30] A total of 90 unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and sequenced using full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. ^[31] MBP level was assayed in serum and stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva. ^[32] Methods Unstimulated whole saliva with exfoliated buccal cells were collected from 30 non-tobacco users and 30 smokeless tobacco users without any clinically evident tobacco associated oral lesions from South Indian population. ^[33] Since not all trials have ocular staining score or salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) available, the concise CRESS (cCRESS) was developed simultaneously, leaving Schirmer’s test and unstimulated whole saliva flow for the tear and salivary gland items, respectively. ^[34] Serologic tests and the unstimulated whole saliva flow rate confirmed the SS diagnosis. ^[35] Unstimulated whole saliva flow rates (U-WSFR) of patients were calculated as ml/min. ^[36] After 20 seconds, 5 mL of unstimulated whole saliva was spit into a plastic tube kept on ice. ^[37] Despite the unmet primary endpoints (30% reduction in fatigue or oral dryness, measured by visual analogue scale), RTX treated patients showed an improvement in unstimulated whole salivary flow (Bowman et al. ^[38] Unstimulated whole saliva samples were taken from 31 healthy individuals and 31 GC patients. ^[39] STUDY DESIGN Unstimulated whole saliva and tumor tissue was obtained from clinically suspected patients with OSCC. ^[40] Results RIFA was significantly correlated with unstimulated whole saliva flow rate in SS patients. ^[41] Settings and Design: One mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected, centrifuged immediately at 2000 RPM, and stored at 4°C for analysis. ^[42] Five mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected and evaluated by spectrophotometric assay. ^[43] Total tau protein level was assayed in serum and stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva. ^[44] Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from all subjects. ^[45] Patients were clinically examined, and unstimulated whole saliva was collected. ^[46] Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected to assess the salivary alkaline phosphatase levels. ^[47] Salivary gland dysfunction (SGD) was defined as an unstimulated whole saliva flow of no more than 0. ^[48] Aim and Objectives: To evaluate the association of menopausal status on subjective reports of oral discomfort and on the objective measurement of unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in healthy women. ^[49] Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, genomic DNA was isolated, and high throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA (V3-V4) gene amplicons was performed. ^[50]

Stimulated Whole Saliva

Methods Patients with complaints of dry mouth who had documented unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flows (UWS and SWS, respectively) completed a questionnaire to assess dry mouth products used, current symptoms, and response to therapy. ^[1] Unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rates were determined and categorized into “hyposalivation,” “normal salivary flow,” and “hypersalivation. ^[2] Objectives The study aimed to quantify the lubricating properties of chewing stimulated whole saliva from healthy controls (n = 22), from patients suffering from primary Sjögren’s syndrome (n = 37) and from patients undergoing head-and-neck radiotherapy (n = 34). ^[3] Unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rates were measured. ^[4] A non- stimulated whole saliva (5cc) was collected and evaluated for CA- 125 level ELISA. ^[5] The study included 621 community-dwelling adults, mean age 75⋅2 ± 6⋅4 years, 58⋅9 % female, who had participated in the Copenhagen City Heart Study follow-up, and undergone interviews regarding food intake (preceding month), oral and general health (xerostomia, taste alterations, diseases, medication, alcohol consumption and smoking), clinical oral examination and measurements of unstimulated and chewing-stimulated whole saliva flow rates. ^[6] Flow rates of unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva were measured. ^[7] Background To analyse over time changes in stimulated whole saliva regarding total protein, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and mucin type O-glycans (mostly MUC5B and MUC7) in head and neck cancer patients. ^[8] In the presented study, we were the first to compare the antioxidant barrier, protein glycoxidation, and nitrosative/nitrative stress in non-stimulated (non-stimulated whole saliva (NWS)) and stimulated (SWS) saliva of HF patients. ^[9] Included outcome variables were the community periodontal index, probing pocket depth, gingival index, bleeding on probing, decayed-missing-filled-teeth, carious-absent-obturated index, Xerostomia Inventory and the (un)stimulated whole salivary flow rate. ^[10] Stimulated whole salivary flow at Wk 24 was improved for 300 mg (PBO-adjusted CHB 0. ^[11] The three-week samples of stimulated whole saliva showed a statistically insignificant difference in the number of S. ^[12] Methods: Non-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from a total of 84 pregnant women (including 29 during the first trimester, 29 in the second trimester, 26 at the end of pregnancy), 33 postpartum women, who were chosen randomly. ^[13] 25% ZnCl2 solution evoked secretion of unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva in humans. ^[14] The case-control study is conducted to determine the protective role of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in the stimulated whole saliva of dental caries-active and caries-free children. ^[15]

Human Whole Saliva

Methods EVs from human whole saliva were separated via size-exclusion chromatography. ^[1] The salivary pellicle was prepared by the adsorption of human whole saliva on the enamel substrate. ^[2] Human whole saliva is a bodily fluid that can be obtained easily by noninvasive techniques. ^[3] Objective The antimicrobial peptide hCAP18/LL-37 is detected in desquamated epithelial cells of human whole saliva, but the functional importance of this pool of hCAP18/LL-37 is not understood. ^[4] The acquired bracket pellicle was characterized after brackets were immersed in human whole saliva supernatant for 2 hours at 37°C. ^[5] Human whole saliva was collected from healthy donors. ^[6]

whole saliva sample

Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from each individual. ^[1] A fresh unstimulated whole saliva sample was collected from each patient before the insertion of the space maintainer, after 2 weeks and three months after its insertion. ^[2] Materials and Methods: Five milliliters of unstimulated whole saliva samples was collected from a total of 113 individuals; each of the healthy and chronic gingivitis groups was included 39 participants and 35 patients in the chronic periodontitis group. ^[3] Methods Unstimulated whole saliva samples were obtained from 18 healthy people from 3 age groups (children, adults, and the elderly). ^[4] Unstimulated whole saliva samples by suction method was collected. ^[5] We collected three whole saliva samples (unstimulated, paraffin-stimulated, and post-chlorhexidine mouthwash stimulated saliva) and blood from 75 healthy volunteers. ^[6] A total of 90 unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and sequenced using full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. ^[7] Unstimulated whole saliva samples were taken from 31 healthy individuals and 31 GC patients. ^[8] Methods: Non-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from a total of 84 pregnant women (including 29 during the first trimester, 29 in the second trimester, 26 at the end of pregnancy), 33 postpartum women, who were chosen randomly. ^[9] The purpose of this study is to compare the major species present in whole saliva samples from caries‐free and caries‐active children using the IBIS Universal Biosensor. ^[10] Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected to assess the salivary alkaline phosphatase levels. ^[11] They obtained whole saliva samples to evaluate the daily rhythm of salivary cortisol (SAF) at 8. ^[12] Moreover, assess cytokines protein levels and oral microbiota composition in whole saliva samples. ^[13] ELISAs were used to determine the levels of calprotectin and IL-8 in whole saliva samples. ^[14] The gingival and plaque indices (baseline) in both groups were recorded following which unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected by spit method and sent for microbial count. ^[15]

whole saliva flow

Following a xerostomia questionnaire, qualifying patients with an unstimulated whole saliva flow rate of ≤0. ^[1] The degree of subjective oral dryness was evaluated using the summated xerostomia inventory (SXI); the objective secretory function was assessed by whole saliva flow rate measurements. ^[2] The study included 621 community-dwelling adults, mean age 75⋅2 ± 6⋅4 years, 58⋅9 % female, who had participated in the Copenhagen City Heart Study follow-up, and undergone interviews regarding food intake (preceding month), oral and general health (xerostomia, taste alterations, diseases, medication, alcohol consumption and smoking), clinical oral examination and measurements of unstimulated and chewing-stimulated whole saliva flow rates. ^[3] Unstimulated (U-WSFR) and stimulated (S-WSFR) whole saliva flow rates of patients were calculated as ml/min. ^[4] Since not all trials have ocular staining score or salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) available, the concise CRESS (cCRESS) was developed simultaneously, leaving Schirmer’s test and unstimulated whole saliva flow for the tear and salivary gland items, respectively. ^[5] Serologic tests and the unstimulated whole saliva flow rate confirmed the SS diagnosis. ^[6] Unstimulated whole saliva flow rates (U-WSFR) of patients were calculated as ml/min. ^[7] The patient was discharged 1 day after the operation, with symptoms relieved significantly, the mean value of whole saliva flow rate (SFR) decreased from 11 ml to 7. ^[8] Xerostomia severity were determined by measuring whole saliva flow rate which then categorized based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). ^[9] Results RIFA was significantly correlated with unstimulated whole saliva flow rate in SS patients. ^[10] Salivary gland dysfunction (SGD) was defined as an unstimulated whole saliva flow of no more than 0. ^[11]

whole saliva proteome

As a proteomic protocol to analyze the whole saliva proteome is not currently available, the most common aim of the proteomic analysis is to discriminate between physiological and pathological conditions. ^[1] Therefore, whole saliva proteomes of patients suffering from BMS were compared to those of healthy persons. ^[2]