Introduction to Whole Organism

The utility of inhibition is demonstrated in cell culture and in whole organisms, demonstrating that this small molecule can be used as a tool for HS inhibition in biological systems.

However, these traditional vaccines that based on large proteins or whole organisms are faced with challenges because of the unnecessary antigenic load.

Studies on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insightful information on neural interconnectivity and the role of the ECM and its PGs in neural development and in tissue morphogenesis in a whole organism environment.

The list provided in the chapter encompasses all the modalities varying by size and organization from small molecules to the cell-based immunotherapies and a consortium of the whole organism like the microbiome-based therapeutics.

Availability of the amino acid methionine shows remarkable effects on the physiology of individual cells and whole organisms.

Rapid and cost-effective in vivo assays to screen potential environmental neurodevelopmental toxicants are necessary to address the limitations of in vitro platforms, such as the inability to fully recapitulate the developmental and physiological processes of whole organisms.

While the complexity of this uncontrolled cascade is difficult to replicate using single molecule agonist, for example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), several whole organism models can stimulate this cytokine storm.

The impairment of muscles, bone or skin due to a genetic abnormality usually has a large impact on the whole organism, and some severe hereditary conditions, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are not particularly rare.

Results: It is known that probiotics have several action mechanisms that beneficially affect the gut microbiota to maintain homoeostasis in the whole organism.

pasquieri whole organism.

System biology is a holistic approach to studying complex interactions at a “system” level that can be at any organizational level, such as cell, organ, or a whole organism.

By taking advantage of the powerful transgenic and in vivo imaging opportunities afforded by the zebrafish model system, we have built a suite of tools to allow lipid droplets to be studied in real-time from the subcellular to the whole organism level.

Hence, we propose that studies of PCD in animals requires functional studies in whole organisms rather than isolated cells.

Vitrification therefore has the potential to enable the superior and convenient cryopreservation of a wide range of biological systems (including molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and even some whole organisms), and it is also increasingly recognized as a successful strategy for surviving harsh environmental conditions in nature.

Due to limitations of cell models in detecting whole organism complex interactions, 90% of the compounds submitted to pre-clinical tests are reproved.

Integrative functional genomics implementing quantitative in vivo models of embryogenesis with subcellular precision in whole organisms contribute to answering these questions.

It is a pleiotropic cytokine whose activity affects psoriatic changes and the state of homeostasis of the whole organism.

Telomeres, through their erosion over time, are one of the cell mechanisms that produce senescence at the cell level and might even have an influence on the rate of aging in whole organisms.

This genome bridges four decades of physiological research in Riftia, whilst simultaneously provides new insights into the development, whole organism functions and evolution in the giant tubeworm.

Hematopoietic system transports all necessary nutrients to the whole organism and provides the immunological protection.

25 mmol/L) on the activity and temperature dependence of casein- and hemoglobin-lytic peptidases functioning in the whole organism of chironomid larvae Chironomus sp.

These novel results provide an in vivo whole organism-based platform to design high-throughput screening and establish a new horizon for drug discovery in cardiac cell death and cardio-oncology therapeutics and treatment.

In the past 40 years, scientific research has shown how Whole Body Vibration concept represents a strong stimulus for the whole organism.

We will review and discuss emerging evidence from inhibitor studies and loss-of-function models for protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), both in cells and whole organisms, that unveil that protein arginine methylation mediated by PRMTs represents an important regulatory mechanism in neuritic arbor formation, as well as in dendritic spine induction, maturation and plasticity.

DNA metabarcoding approaches yielded to determine the whole organisms with available DNA data in the sample and major advances on next-generation sequencing platforms enable to widen the application of metabarcoding approach to various environmental samples.

One of the most intriguing questions facing modern biology concerns how the genome directs the construction of cells, tissues, and whole organisms.

We gathered longitudinal whole organism image data for frogs, zebrafish and planaria worms.

It has been assumed that at the whole organismal level, the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is proportional to the oxygen consumption.

However, recent publications highlight the existence of abundant viral small interference and micro RNAs (VsiRNAs and VmiRNAs) in both cell-line and whole organism based experiments, indicating a contribution of these molecules in host responses and/or viral replication.

However, the limitations of current methods to investigate lipid raft biology and GPCR activity in situ have hindered the complete understanding of the molecular underpinnings of GPCR trafficking and signaling, especially in the whole organism.

In this review, we systematically describe the possible roles of cAMP at these intra- and inter-cellular signaling nodes, keeping in mind the relevance for the whole organism and translation to humans.

Proteomics has thus become an essential tool to unravel such sophisticated disease mechanisms at cellular, subcellular, molecular, tissue, and whole organism levels.

Simple Summary Intensive growth and development of the piglet’s small intestine is a process that is faster than growth of the whole organism; moreover, it begins early in the prenatal period, accelerating soon after birth and continuing into the post-weaning phase.

Small molecules can be designed that can be used in any cell line, tissue, or whole organism, allow for temporal control, and can be applied in a reversible dose-dependent fashion.

While IHC is great for visualizing the spatial distribution of proteins in whole organisms, it has limitations in antibody availability and issues related to nonspecific expression.

These nanobody-based POLArIS with options of colors and dipole orientations will enhance the performance of this probe for broader applications of fluorescence polarization imaging in living cells, tissues, and whole organisms.

After metabolization, which occurs mainly in the gut, it is distributed throughout the whole organism and is excreted by feces, urine, and exhalation of carbon dioxide.

Disease can be managed through the use of commercial inactivated or live whole organism-based vaccines, although both have limitations particularly in terms of efficacy, safety and disease-associated outbreaks.

Gene expression profiles are typically described at the level of the tissue or, often in Drosophila, at the level of the whole organism.

In the second part, the different modes of exposure to NPs across models (considering isolated cells or whole organisms) and the main endpoints measured are discussed.

The growing quantity of public and private data sets focused on small molecules screened against biological targets or whole organisms provides a wealth of drug discovery relevant data.

However, in recent years a number of high-throughput mRNA interactome studies on yeast, mammalian cell lines and whole organisms have uncovered a multitude of novel mRNA interacting proteins that lack classical RNA binding domains.

Studies in altered gravity are relevant for both Earth and space biomedicine, but their implementation using whole organisms is often troublesome.

Nano-capsules confer a gradual release to these compounds, as well as longer half-lives and cell and whole organism permanence, reinforcing their effectiveness, as demonstrated in pre-clinical trials, enabling their application as an adjuvant therapy against cardiovascular diseases.

Our approach is based on unsupervised color quantification combined with geometric morphometrics to identify regions of putative spatial homology across samples, from histology sections to whole organisms.

It is thus only truly appreciated in the context of a whole organism.

In vitro models are valuable but lack the physiological context of a whole organism.

The higher levels of reporter expression using this strategy resulted in efficient visualization of rSARS-CoV-2 in infected cultured cells and excised lungs or whole organism of infected K18 human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mice.

verrucosus indicate a strong feedback-regulation of enzymatic activities by whole organism responses.

Mito- and cytoplasmic-roGFP2 -Grx1 and -Orp1 expression can be driven by hundreds of genetic drivers in Drosophila , facilitating fixed or living whole organism or tissue- and cell-specific redox measurements.

The aims of the present study were to (1) test the presumed relationship between the number of shipments and the volume of various traded terms converted to whole organism equivalents (WOEs) and (2) compare the distribution of species in defined trade volume categories based on different calculation methods.

Using transgenics with fluorescent reporter expression in neutrophils, we take advantage of the unique zebrafish larvae clarity to monitor an acute inflammatory response in a whole organism context with a fully functional innate immune system.

It has undergone an evolutionary process from live attenuated pathogen vaccine to killed whole organisms or inactivated toxins (toxoids), each of them having its own advantages and disadvantages.

We cataloged 2102 experimental results on whole organisms for 22 particle classes (mainly on Ag, Zn, Ti, and Cu) to assess biological responses, effective and lethal concentrations, and bioaccumulation of ENMs.

The reactive species interactome (RSI) was recently introduced as a framework to conceptualise how cells and whole organisms sense, integrate and accommodate stress.

In conclusion, this study demonstrated in the context of whole organism that NiZnCNT did not possess harmful toxic effect to living system, at concentration up to 200 μg/mL.

In biomedical research, zebrafish larvae combine the complexity of a whole organism with the convenience and high-throughput potential of in vitro methods.

The present study examined diazinon (DZN), an OP, to determine the neurobehavioral consequences, in addition to mitochondrial dysfunction on a macroscale (whole organism basal respiration) and on a microscale (whole organ mitochondrial respiration), using zebrafish (ZF) as a model.

This research investigated the adverse effects of neonicotinoids on the Northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile; NWS) after acute and subchronic exposures during early aquatic life stages via whole organism (i.

Carbon management by plants involves the activity of many sugar transporters, which play roles in sugar subcellular partitioning and reallocation at the whole organism scale.

Paracellular permeability of the intestinal epithelium is a feature of the intestinal barrier, which plays an important role in the physiology of gut and the whole organism.

Considering that “wastes” of industrial processing represent up to 75% of the whole organisms, the loss of profit may be coupled with the loss of ecological sustainability, due to the scarce recycling of natural resources.

Eukaryotic mRNAs are modified by several chemical marks which have significant impacts on mRNA biology, gene expression, and cellular metabolism as well as on the survival and development of the whole organism.

Genomic sequencing has provided insight into the genetic characterization of many organisms, and we are now seeing sequencing technologies turned towards phenotypic characterization of cells, tissues, and whole organisms.

Advanced technology has expanded both the availability and quality of ultrastructural study from cells to whole organisms, but the rush for the newest microscope must not ignore the most pivotal steps in the study of ultrastructure: specimen preservation and preparation.

One approach is to use microelectronics to enhance whole organisms, which has previously been achieved to control the locomotion of insects.

Powerlifting classes increase muscle strength, strengthen ligaments and joints, help to develop endurance, flexibility and other physical qualities, cultivate willpower, self-confidence, increase the efficiency of the whole organism.

On the one hand, there are the stem cells that can create a whole organism, the pluripotent stem cells, which are either induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells.

The features of organogenesis and regeneration of the whole organism from cultivated tissues and organs of Drosera L.

To understand the metabolic pathways and their hormonal regulation on the different tissues, it is necessary to stop to the specialized metabolism on the various organs and tissues that integrate the energy metabolism in the whole organism of the animal.

This may be in part, a result of the difficulty of isolating NTE in whole organisms which are essential for good immune response studies.

However, the in vivo effects of ergothioneine and its underlying therapeutic mechanisms in the whole organism are not as clear.

07) (equivalent doses to the whole organism and to the skin) and to check that these values do not exceed the authorized annual dose limit.

As well as acting at the cellular level, stress response pathways can also regulate whole organism responses to stress.

Introduction: Over the last two decades, chemical safety assessment and regulatory toxicology have progressed from empirical science based on direct observation of apical adverse outcomes in whole organisms to a predictive practice that infers outcomes and risks on the basis of accumulated understanding of toxicological mechanisms and modes of action.

New insights into the fate of Se on a whole organism scale contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms and risks associated with Se pollution.

However, in recent years a number of high-throughput mRNA interactome studies on yeast, mammalian cell lines and whole organisms have uncovered a multitude of novel mRNA interacting proteins that lack classical RNA binding domains.

As a result of their immune-mediated mechanism and complex impact on the whole organism other organs than gastrointestinal system may be affected in many ways.

The exploitation of zebrafish as an amenable genetic model combined with in vivo imaging capabilities and gnotobiotic approaches at the whole organism level may reveal novel mechanistic insights into microbiota–gut–brain interactions, especially in the context of neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer’s disease.

These chemical reporter strategies offer unique opportunities to study and manipulate glycan functions in living cells or whole organisms.

Consequently, getting essential information about potentially toxic effects in the living cell or in the whole organism is not possible.

PURPOSE An enriched polyphenolic extract obtained from the hydrodistillation of rose petals was tested for its capacity to activate the proteostasis network modules, and thus modulate health- and/or lifespan at the cellular and whole organism level.