Introduction to Whole Inactivated

Some vaccine candidates of key interest are whole inactivated viruses, adeno‐associated viruses, virus‐like particles, and lipid nanoparticles.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of mucosal sublingual immunotherapy based on whole inactivated bacteria (MV130) in preventing WA in children.

Moreover, the multi-clade VLP showed high productivity (128–256 HAU) both in the laboratory and on a large scale, making it cheaper than whole inactivated vaccines produced in eggs.

Here, we report enhanced local mucosal and systemic immune responses through oral administration of H9N2 influenza whole inactivated virus (H9N2 WIV) plus Bacillus subtilis spores.

The disease can be effectively prevented by whole inactivated virus vaccines.

Oxford-AstraZeneca), expressing the modified spike gene (although whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2/ subunit vaccines have also been used elsewhere).

The development of more effective, accessible and easy to administer COVID-19 vaccines next to the currently marketed mRNA, viral vector and whole inactivated virus vaccines, is essential to curtain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

A 6-plex protein array presenting the whole inactivated virus and five nucleocapsid and spike-derived SARS-CoV-2 antigens was used to generate a serological snapshot of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and seroconversion in Israel in the early months of the pandemic.

In this study, we developed two whole inactivated vaccines, rgHS314 and vac564, against the Y280 and Y439 lineages, respectively, and evaluated their immunogenicity and protective efficacy against homologous or heterologous viral challenge in mice.

Similarly to whole inactivated bacteria used as human vaccines, this response is believed to confer only short-term, serogroup-specific protection.

Vaccines based on whole inactivated virus (WIV) and protein-based platforms, as well as protein particle-based vaccines, are the most produced by LMIC vaccine manufacturing strategies.

This two‐component vaccine could be a platform strategy, wherein HBsAg could be linked to the part of the cellular receptor that any new intractable virus binds to, and is administered together with whole inactivated virus.

For vaccination, this decoy protein is to be administered together with whole inactivated virus.

Female hamsters also had significantly greater IgG antibodies against whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and mutant S-RBDs, as well as virus neutralizing antibodies in plasma.

The whole inactivated TBE vaccine is highly effective, as proven by high seroconversion rates and near eradication of the disease in countries where vaccination programs have been implemented.

Vaccinated mice showed T cell response upon restimulation with whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or peptide pool.

Currently used whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines can induce vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) in pigs when the vaccine strains mismatch with the infected viruses.

Most vaccines contain whole inactivated bacteria which results in decreased efficacy due to the limited ability of the vaccine to evoke a cellular mediated immune response that can eliminate the pathogen or infected cells.

A swine influenza A pandemic 2009 H1N1 (pH1N1) virus was used in a pig challenge model to investigate the efficacy of whole inactivated vaccines homologous or heterologous to the challenge virus as well as a commercial vaccine.

In this study, we used a swine pH1N1 challenge virus to investigate the efficacy of whole inactivated virus vaccines homologous or heterologous to the challenge virus as well as a commercial vaccine.

Summary The efficacy, safety, speed, scalability and cost‐effectiveness of producing hemagglutinin‐based virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccines in plants are well‐established for human influenza, but untested for the massive poultry influenza vaccine market that remains dominated by traditional egg‐grown oil‐emulsion whole inactivated virus vaccines.

Adjuvanted whole inactivated virus (WIV) influenza vaccines show promise as broadly protective influenza vaccine candidates.

s) plus whole inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV WIV), followed by booster oral immunization.

The current study studied the role of gut microbiota in cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses to vaccination with a whole inactivated avian influenza virus, subtype H9N2.

One group was vaccinated (booster after 28 days) with a whole inactivated viral strain and the second group with a live recombinant canarypox virus expressing the genes coding for the WNV preM/E viral proteins.

Here, we evaluate the potential of whole inactivated vaccines, based on chemical and physical methods, as well as new approaches to generate cross‐protective immune responses.

We observed that different types of influenza vaccines (whole inactivated virus (WIV), split, and peptide vaccines) were all able to stimulate CD4 and CD8 T cell responses but to different extents in line with their reported in vivo properties.

Oropharyngeal swabs and tracheal lavage were collected daily and every other day, respectively, to evaluate virus shedding (qPCR) and blood was drawn on days 1, 14, 21, 28, and 49 for antibody titers (PRNT50), and PBMC activation (IFNγ ELISPOT with whole inactivated virus).

Although intranasal administration of whole inactivated virus vaccine can induce efficient protective immunity, formalin and β-propiolactone are the currently used and harmful inactivating agents.

The approach should aid in future screening of the virus and assist in the development of immunogenic peptide constructs as alternative treatments to vaccination over the whole inactivated virus.