Versus Punishment in a Sentence

As a consequence of such timing-dependent valence reversal, memories of opposite valence can result from associating stimulus A with, for example, the occurrence of punishment (A−) versus punishment termination (−A): A− training results in aversive memory, but −A training in appetitive memory (corresponding effects exist for reward occurrence and termination).

She demonstrates the need for greater consideration of how racial disparities, barriers to helpful treatment (versus punishment), and exclusion may impact a child’s.