Introduction to Vaccine Derived Polioviruses

BACKGROUND Detection of poliovirus outbreaks relies on a complex laboratory algorithm of cell-culture, PCR and sequencing to distinguish wild-type and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) from Sabin-like strains.

Among them, six strains of types 1 and 3 PV were identified as pre-vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs).

V-7404, a direct-acting enterovirus (EV) 3C protease inhibitor, is being developed as a treatment option for serious EV infections, including infections in immunodeficient people excreting vaccine-derived polioviruses.

Since May 2019, the Central African Republic has experienced a poliomyelitis outbreak caused by type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV-2s).

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) faces substantial challenges with managing outbreaks of serotype 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV2s) in 2021.

BACKGROUND Outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) pose a threat to the eventual eradication of all polioviruses.

In conclusion, sIPV exhibits good lot-to-lot consistency and safety in large-scale populations; thus, it is qualified to serve as one of the vaccines for use in eradicating all wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses worldwide in the near future.

Highly divergent neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses of all three serotypes are recurrently detected in Finnish sewage.

Theworst-case scenario in the near term? That, in 2019 and beyond, the global south will face double trouble if wild poliovirus type 1 infections in Pakistan and Afghanistan continue to stay flat or rise while circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) also ratchet up and spread.

Vaccine viruses in oral polio vaccine (OPV) cause vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), while paralytic polio is also caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs).

Primary B-cell immunodeficiencies are risk factors for the generation of vaccine-derived polioviruses.

Moreover, circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (PVs) [cVDPVs] isolated during multiple outbreaks in DR Congo from 2004 to 2018 have been characterized so far only by the sequences of their VP1 capsid coding gene.

The oral polio vaccine (OPV) contains live attenuated virus, which can, in rare cases, cause a paralysis known as vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), and also vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) due to acquired neurovirulence after prolonged duration of replication.

The primary means of detecting poliovirus is through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among children aged <15 years with testing of stool specimens for WPV and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in World Health Organization (WHO)-accredited laboratories of the Global Polio Laboratory Network (GPLN) (1,2).

Compound 11 was also very potent against a large panel of wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses.

Polio eradication requires withdrawing live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) because of the potential for vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV).

The primary objective was to monitor for the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) and the importation and transmission of wild polioviruses (WPVs).

ObjectiveTransmission of wild polioviruses (WPVs) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) have been interrupted in Cameroon since July 2014.

In particular, intertypic recombination is implicated in the emergence of most pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, which have caused numerous outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis worldwide.

To address the goals of achieving and maintaining global eradication and minimising the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses, we tested novel monovalent oral type-2 poliovirus (OPV2) vaccine candidates that are genetically more stable than existing OPVs, with a lower risk of reversion to neurovirulence.

Sexual RNA replication shapes picornavirus species groups, contributes to the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses and counteracts error catastrophe.

Outbreaks of serotype-2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses led to ten reported paralytic cases in 2019 (as of May 22), following the 71 reported cases in 2018, which exceeded the 33 cases caused by serotype-1 WPV in 2018.

The emergence of immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPV) from children with primary immunodeficiency disorders poses a threat to the eradication program.

This study aimed to detect the introduction and/or circulation of wild poliovirus or vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) in wastewater, covering a significant population of Armenia, Colombia, before trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) cessation.