Introduction to Ultrasonic Bath

We discuss factors controlling cavitation under sonochemical irradiation in various reactors such as ultrasonic horn, ultrasonic bath and longitudinal horn.

Each nanoparticle was suspended in the aged oil using magnetic stirrer and ultrasonic bath at 0.

The soil samples were extracted with 1:1 hexaneacetone in an ultrasonic bath, concentrated and cleaned with column chromatography using silica gel and hexane as eluting solvent.

Fish samples in acetone/hexane (2:1v/v) solvent medium were sonicated on ultrasonic bath, shaken electronically, cleaned by solid-phase extraction and analysed by GC/ECD for OCPs and GC/MS for PCBs.

Group 1 surface treated with Er-YAG laser and silane (S), group 2 PDT using MBP + S, group 3 H F + S (Control), Group 4 H F + Ultrasonic Bath (UB) + S, Group 5 sand blasting the glass ceramic surface with 120umAl2O3, Group 6 LDC surface conditioned with SECP and group 7 ECL + S on was irradiated on LDC.

Herein, a novel hybrid polyaniline/ZnO heterojunction were synthesized by coupling sol-gel and oxidative polymerization of aniline in ultrasonic bath of various intensities for removal of fluorescein dye and producing large amount of hydrogen gas under visible light source.

The study of the ultrasound-assisted extraction effect, as well as the frequency and power of ultrasonic vibrations on the anthocyanin pigment extraction intensity has shown that the indirect ultrasound-assisted extraction (ultrasonic bath) with the ultrasound exposure frequency of 35 kHz and the power of 80 W allows allocating the anthocyanin pigment to the fullest extent possible within 30 minutes.

The extraction of micro and macroelements in peels powder was done by using dilute acids in ultrasonic bath.

aureus was achieved from large volumes of blood (typically of the order of 5 ml) using Apolipoprotein H coated magnetic beads followed by ultrasonication, a similar kind of agitation utilized in an ultrasonic bath, to lyse the enriched bacteria.

9% HF for 20s + air-water spray for 30s; (HFN) - HF + neutralizing agent for 5 min (N); (HFU) - HF + ultrasonic bath for 5 min (U); e (HFNU) - HF + N + U.

The ferric ions reduction by borohydride was carried out through mechanical stirring or ultrasound irradiation either in an ultrasonic bath or in a 20 kHz cup-horn reactor.

For this, the peels of bocaiuva were dried and ground in mesh 42, homogenized in 50% ethyl alcohol, obtaining the phenolic extracts from the exposure of the mixture in an ultrasonic bath at different extraction times (15, 30, 45 and 60 min).

The MS/Ag2CO3 nanocomposite was used as an effective catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation under solvent-free conditions at 60 °C in an ultrasonic bath.

The microextraction method was enhanced using an ultrasonic bath as a suitable device and a surfactant as a dispersion agent to disperse a sorbent into a low volume of distilled water before injecting it into the sample solution.

RIPA), (b) protein assays (Lowry, BCA, and Bradford), (c) ultrasonic bath treatment, and (d) protein staining (silver staining vs.

In this study, ruthenium was bonded to the reduced graphene oxide in an ultrasonic bath.

Bioactive compounds were extracted in an ultrasonic bath (25 kHz) at various temperatures (25, 32, 39, 46, 53 °C) and ultrasonic power (0, 360, 900 W).

In the first stage, the sponges were subjected to a wash to remove dust and impurities, being rinsed with acetone in an ultrasonic bath for 30 min.

After determining the optimum conditions, the effects of the ultrasonic bath on the physic-chemical and rheological properties of emulsifier, the oxidation tests were examined.

The optimized condition was obtained as 3 min of microwave pasteurization followed by 30 min of ultrasonication at 60 °C in an ultrasonic bath of 28 ± 2 kHz frequency.

Using compromised sonication and microwave conditions steps 1–3 of the sequential extraction (excluding hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3) could be accomplished with ultrasonic bath between 15 and 30 min, whereas 60–120 s needed for MSE.

After Al solidification, plaster can be easily removed in ultrasonic bath thus obtaining Al foam with the same morphology of the starting PLA model.

The nanofluids were homogenised using an ultrasonic bath at 37 kHz for 4 h at room temperature.

A green synthesis of 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbonitriles has been carried out in one step by reacting 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes or 2-hydroxyacetophenones with ethyl cyanoacetate under dual-frequency ultrasonication (ultrasonic bath of 40 KHz and probe of 20 KHz).

An interesting finding is that synthesized CuS/KTN not only performs well under light irradiation but also can work in an ultrasonic bath, indicating its great potential in photo/piezocatalytic conversion of N2 to NH3.

Then, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the three plants were extracted using an Ultrasonic bath.

Zinc ions were reduced to zinc oxide with Aloe vera leaf extraction and simultaneously coated over plasma-functionalized fabric in an ultrasonic bath.

Ultrasonic bath (E + USB)- and ultrasonic probe (E + USP)-assisted methodologies were implemented to increase the lipid extraction yields using ethanol.

It is shown that the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy in the zone of impinging of the jets may reach 10 7 –10 9 W/kg, which is comparable to the level of dissipation of energy in ultrasonic baths and is several orders of magnitude higher when compared to almost any other type of reactor.

068 min-1 for Rhodamine B solution and maintained >87% degradation efficiency within 30 min under the condition of ultrasonic bath with 40 kHz and 100 W, which was mainly ascribed to piezo-sensitization effect.

Employing the ultrasonic probe is substantially more effective than ultrasonic bath devices.

In this study, experiments were carried out using neat E132 epoxy to investigate the effects of different degassing process (hot water, ultrasonic bath, and vacuum) on its tensile strength.

1 wt % OCB water-based nanofluid with SHMP were formulated by an ultrasonic bath for the examination of rheological behavior, thermal conductivity, and heating rate.

In this work, we developed a process in order to obtain SiO2 nanospheres coated with Galena, as the denominated core–shell system; this process is based on Stöber’s method, where the magnetic stirring was replaced by an ultrasonic bath to achieve well rounded and highly stable silica nanoparticles with diameters average of 70 nm.

The ultrasonic baths of varying amplitude (20–40%) and frequency (25–35 kHz), two different configurations of millichannel i.

The CE were ultrasonicated at different power levels (60–100%) for 10–40 min in an ultrasonic bath with the rise of antioxidant activities (p ≤ 0.

2-Amino-3-cyanopyridine derivatives were synthesized in an ultrasonic bath and one pot four-component reactions with high yields, in a short time, without solvent and catalyst, and anticancer activity studies on MCF7, DU145, and HepG2 cell lines were investigated.

The samples were first homogenized using an ultrasonic bath before they were sent to a bomb-calorimeter.

Nanoemulsion was prepared in an ultrasonic bath.

PMMA solution and PKS suspension were then mixed in ultrasonic bath.

In this research, organoclay was used along with ultrasonic bath for the degradation and decolorization of dyes and comparison of sono-electric reactor (SER) and ultrasonic assisted application of organoclay was done.

Group 1 surface treated with silane (S) only, group 2 surface etched with hydrofluoric acid (HF)+ S, group 3 surface conditioned with HF+ ultrasonic bath (UB)+ S, group 4 sand blasting (SB) of glass ceramic surface with 50 µm Al2O3, group 5 surface conditioned with self-etch ceramic primer (SECP) and in group 6 surface treated with ECL + S.

Using compromised sonication and microwave conditions, steps 1–3 of the sequential extraction (excluding hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3) could be accomplished with ultrasonic bath between 15–30 min, whereas 60–120 s were needed for MSE.

In this present work, process intensification was provided by the means of ultrasonic irradiation via an ultrasonic bath to ascertain the positive effects it imparts on the nitric acid and sulphuric acid leaching of spent silica-supported nickel hydrogenation catalysts.

For this purpose, the precursor was prepared by the ultrasonic bath method and using Cu (CH3COO)2 H2O and Na2WO4 2H2O reactants.

The slides were cleaned with detergent water and ethanol using an ultrasonic bath for 10 minutes.

Kale was then freeze- or oven-dried prior to ethanolic extraction (80%) assisted by an ultrasonic bath followed by purification with chloroform.

This research used two extraction methods, hydrothermal using autoclave and ultrasonification using ultrasonic bath.

Baru nuts were roasted, pulverized, and freeze-dried prior to polyphenolic extractions, which were performed using 80% ethanol and ultrasonic bath.

Additionally, its performance was compared with other strategies (thermostatic and ultrasonic baths) previously described in the literature.

The objective of this study is to investigate the biodiesel production from crude Reutealis trisperma oil using the conventional and the ultrasonic bath stirrer method through the esterification and transesterification process.

In ultrasonic bath of power intensity 150 Watt, BiVO3 nanoparticles were deposited homogeneously on g-C3N4 surface.

Visualization experiments were performed to examine whether acoustic bubbles play a role in ultrasonic water flow cleaning, as in convention cleaning with ultrasonic baths.

The extraction process was carried out using an ultrasonic bath with a frequency of 40 kHz at 40C for 40 minutes.

The efficacy of microwave irradiation (MW), ultraviolet light (UV), or ultrasonic bath (US) was assessed by colony viability and spectrophotometric analyses (n=5) in order to select the most appropriate method for sterilizing the devices.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonic bath and traditional brushing in the hygiene of complete dentures of dependent residents in long-term care institutions (LTCIs).

The number of adhered spores was estimated after being detached from supports in an ultrasonic bath.

In the present work, the sonochemical degradation of an acid dye, acid Violet-7, has been investigated using an ultrasonic bath at an working volume as 1 L.

Various attempts to TNTs dispersion in the polymersolvent (N,N-dimethylformamide) were investigated, based on the application of ultrasonic bath (indirect sonication) or ultrasonic probe (direct sonication).

Group C specimens were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath with a special detergent solution.

Experiments were performed using the ultrasonic horn and ultrasonic bath for comparing the efficacy of the type of ultrasonic reactor for intensification.

Silica nanoparticles were synthesised from Rice Husk Ash (RHA) using the chemical synthesis method, and developed nanoparticles were dispersed into deionised water by means of sonification using an ultrasonic bath in varying concentrations of 0.

The organic fraction was recovered from substrate through solvent extraction in an ultrasonic bath, separated and purified by column chromatography, then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

The pretreatment was carried out in an ultrasonic bath at 30 °C for 10 min, and it was evaluated in terms of water loss and solid gain.

Since replacement is very expensive due to material costs and downtime, this paper investigates the possibilities of regeneration of industrially used cloths with different acids, bases, and ultrasonic bath cleaning procedures.

Tests were performed in a reactor (with a volume of 316 mL) located in an ultrasonic bath to intensify reactions.

Then samples S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 were prepared using ultrasonic bather.

All experiments were done using an ultrasonic bath, and the biomass to solvent ratio was kept at 1:5.

Here, we show that a combination of AOT with ultrasonic bath and rehydration in a vacuum desiccator is a good method to distend fungal cells like basidiospores and pleuro- and cheilocystidia for SEM analysis.

Validation of the model and its comparison with the results obtained from the ultrasonic bath extraction method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that MWM can be used to mill the peel into micro-scale particles making the extraction of pomegranate peel phenolics easier.

Membranes were successfully produced through solvent casting assisted by an ultrasonic bath.

Herein, we have synthesized flower-like ZnO superstructures on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite using an ultrasonic bath (100 W at 50 kHz).

5 h and thawing (25 ± 1 °C) for 30 min in an ultrasonic bath, obtaining the highest PC concentrations of 32.

Here we describe our in-house method of DNA shearing by sonication with small (100-600 µm) glass beads and an ultrasonic bath.

It was comparable to that value obtained in the ultrasonic bath (42.

Challenges in collecting and segmenting chips have been successfully overcome through several steps using ultrasonic bath cleaning and powder cold embedding methods.

Two kinds of sewage sludge(SS) were used, SS the sewage sludge was not treated, while SS-U90KHz the ultrasonic bath pre-treated sewage sludge with a frequency of 90KHz was not treated.

The sonophotocatalytic activity of the ZnCr LDH, ZnCr LDH/GO, and ZnCr LDH/rGO was investigated via the degradation of rifampicin (RIF) in the ultrasonic bath under visible light irradiation.

RESEARCH AIMS To evaluate (1) the performance of six homogenizers (mixing processor, piston valve, ultrasonic bath, ultraturrax, stirring mixer, and ultrasound probe) for the fat retention reduction in gastric tubes; (2) the influence of the best homogenization conditions on the fatty acid and protein profiles of human milk; and (3) the cost/benefit ratio for the inclusion of homogenization as a new step in human milk processing.

We present an EDTA decalcification method using an ultrasonic bath and microscopic removal of tissue along defined anatomical landmarks.

Experiments were carried out with pear slabs subjected to microwaves (2450 MHz, 539 W, 4 min, microwave oven) and ultrasounds (35 kHz, 10 min, in an ultrasonic bath) as well as control samples.

AgNO3 was added to the ligand solution with two different rates in two conditions of bulk and ultrasonic bath which yielded to [Ag2(μ2-py-4-c)2]n (1) on stirrer and a different coordination polymer in ultrasonic bath, {[Ag(py-4-c)(Hpy-4-c)]1/2.

In this work, a monomolecular octadecanethiol layer was applied on the surface of silver coins by ultrasonic bathing.

The process was carried out in a tank reactor placed in an ultrasonic bath to increase the turbulence intensity (PUS = 150 W, f = 40 kHz).

Finally, all zirconia specimens were sintered in the furnace (IMES-Wieland Zeno® Fire) at a temperature range of 1500 − 1550 °C and subsequently submitted to an ultrasonic bath (VGT-2120QTD 20 L) [3].

After treatment in an ultrasonic bath (Bandelin, Berlin, Germany), sonicate fluid was incubated into blood culture bottles, and conventional culturing was eventually performed.

The state of the surface layer of polished silicon substrates and the effect of surface-cleaning procedures, such as washing in an ultrasonic bath, etching, and vacuum annealing, is studied.

This was tested in three experiments: (1) direct activation in test tubes in an ultrasonic bath and then the activation by an ultrasonically oscillating tip (IrriSafe) in (2) an epoxy resin model containing a simulated isthmus filled with gelatin, and (3) extracted teeth with simulated resorption cavities filled with soft tissue.

indirect sonication – using ultrasonic bath) in the polymer solvent on the membrane properties was determined.

Design/methodology/approach The optimized process achieved in this study to provide PDMS/CNT nanocomposite includes the appropriate use of ultrasonic bath, magnetic stirrer, molding and curing in certain circumstances that results in obtaining high-quality nanocomposite with uniform properties.