Introduction to Soft Surface

The gross liver findings included a smooth and soft surface, without any cirrhosis.

The present study has implications on the design of polymer brushes, as well as the removal of droplets from soft surfaces using hydrodynamics.

For front, rear and side impacts that occurred against both rigid and soft surfaces, the amount of residual crush varied linearly with impact velocity, peak translational acceleration, and maximum dynamic crush.

The proposed EBG structure consists of a soft surface and a hard surface in parallel with a gap between them, where the ridges/corrugations of the two surfaces are perpendicular to each other or with an angle near 90°.

The comparison of the numerical results with experiments at the scale of the tool in terms of wear rate is very encouraging, allowing us to use that model to predict wear not only in the context of DIT but also to adapt it to other similar tribological situations consisting of the wear of a soft surface caused by a flow of harder particles.

SEM images suggest that the neat PLA displays a smooth and soft surface.

On a stiff surface, cells can adopt robust focal adhesions with an organized cytoskeleton, thereby facilitating a dynamic push and pull, whereas on soft surface, cells fail to develop this contractile network.

Postural balance was assessed by path length of postural sway by using a balance platform on both firm and soft surfaces, with eyes open and closed.

In this review, we focus on the recent progresses that aim at introducing the phenomena, revealing the underlying physics, and promoting the potential applications of water droplet bouncing on various solid and soft surfaces like hydrophobic/hydrophilic/heated solid surfaces and liquid film/bath/droplet.

The triggering of the shock sensor located on the support foot when it touches hard and soft surfaces requires adjusting the sensor's sensitivity while the machine is moving.

Skeletal muscle satellite cells cultured on soft surfaces (12kPa) show improved differentiation than cells cultured on stiff surfaces (approximately 100kPa).

This kind of thing is conducted by observing the movement of output dots kept for its soft surface form.

RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study is to explain a novel method of recording fine-wire EMG of the adductor hallucis muscle of the foot, and secondly, to report phasic AddH-T muscle activity during level walking on hard and soft surfaces.

To handle the dip emerging in the side beam caused by the finite ground of the BFN, several metal fences working as a soft surface are applied to suppress the edge diffractions.

There was a marked reduction in MRSA contamination of soft surfaces (12% post-clean vs 6% post-aHP), and patient room surfaces (8.

In this work, we demonstrated that the renewable bacterial nanocellulosic membrane can be used as a stable liquid-infused system for the development of soft surfaces with superwettability and special adhesion properties and thus address intractable issues normally encountered by solid surfaces.

Soft surfaces impacted by liquid droplets trap more air underneath than their rigid counterparts.

Contact line pinning is therefore a key element of creasing: it inhibits complete unfolding and gives soft surfaces a folding memory.

Other findings with larger magnifications show that all these pictures have soft surfaces.

The present study investigated the effects of plyometric jump training on hard and soft surfaces on running economy (RE), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), running performance and the rate of force development in orienteers.

We examined how the altered somatosensory input from the plantar foot receptors, when standing on a soft surface, affects the subjective estimation of the earth vertical in different sensory contexts.

Participants performed a side-by-side stance, a semi-tandem stance, a tandem stance on hard ground with eyes open, and a semi-tandem assessment on a soft surface with eyes open and closed for 30 s each.

MAIN LIMITATIONS Objective data only based on trot on soft surface, limited number of PPE horses with major vet concerns.

3, as estimated in the actual scenario, can occur with a solid-rock surface, not only with a soft surface, because the geometry of the lander is nonspherical.

Viruses usually remain infectious for a longer time on hard surfaces, as opposed to soft surfaces.

Methods: We propose several different approaches and methods to achieve the following objectives: real-time US probe controlling, soft surface constant force tracking and automatic imaging.

Result: The result of the test done to evaluate static balance; BESS showed that out of 50 participants 19 had superior balance, 18 had above average balance and 13 had broadly normal balance and the errors on the firm surface and soft surface had a mean and standard deviation of 2 ± 1.

Consistent with altered mechano-responsiveness, we find that cyclic stretching of tumor cells from many different tissues reduces growth rate and causes apoptosis on soft surfaces.

Experimental studies demonstrated that the interface can be easily used to generate virtual walking and it is capable to render terrains such as hard and soft surfaces, and multi-layer complex dynamic terrains.

Recently hydrogel coating was proposed to serve as antifouling layer, for it offers the advantages of the ease of incorporating green biocides, and resisting attachment of microorganisms by its soft surface.

When exposed to osteogenic culture conditions and grown on soft surfaces, passage zero aortic VICs increased extracellular collagen deposits and obVIC phenotype markers.

This article presents a broadband 120 GHz L-probe differential feed dual-polarized patch antenna with a soft surface.

Typically, two rubber compounds are amalgamated with each other to construct hard and soft surfaces.

The object is treated as a rigid body with a soft surface of the bottom, which can be subjected to significant local deformations when interacting with obstacles.

Postural sway was measured using a force platform in narrow stance with eyes open/closed, on firm/soft surfaces.

Analysis of the interaction rate of the AFM tip with the soft surface reveals the surface and subsurface structure and expands standard analysis of the material behavior.

It is concluded that the model may be used to estimate the maximum soil shear strain for earthquakes with peak ground acceleration greater than 5 cm/s2 and when the soil deposit has a soft surface layer over a rigid layer.

Enrichment was categorized into three categories based on function (soft surfaces for resting, enclosed spaces for security, and vertical surfaces for vantage points).

This results in 52% and 54% reduced energy consumptions during climbing on steeper inclined solid and soft surfaces, respectively, compared to climbing with a fixed body.

Wetting investigation of textured and soft surfaces has gained popularity due to its relative importance in the aforementioned fields.

Soft surfaces impacted by liquid droplets trap more air underneath than their rigid counterpart.

Within a low potential and weak electric field framework, the mathematical equations of the generalized electrokinetic theory for soft surfaces are solved analytically subject to appropriate boundary conditions, and a general electrophoretic mobility expression in an integral form involving the pH-dependent electrostatic potential is derived.

This loss causes a force-generation and proliferation defect that is notably reversed when cells are grown on soft surfaces.

In the current study 12 horses were measured (optical motion capture, 100 Hz) trotting on left and right circles and on the straight without rider (soft surface).

It is a challenge to measure soft surface-based force and contraction ratio consistently; therefore, a novel modular surface is designed to simulate the interaction of skin and bone using 3D printed hard plastic (bone) and a silicone sheet (skin).

Although sample preparation timings will vary, a user with introductory training to AFM will be able to use this protocol to characterize the mechanical properties of two to six soft surfaces or 3D hydrogels in a single day.

It was observed that the horses were inclined to walk more slowly on soft surfaces compared to hard ground.

A facile method for feasible industrial production of long afterglow phosphor nanocomposites, in the form of small beads were developed that continuously emit visible light for >7 h to realize many innovative applications involving hard and soft surfaces.

We find that ion partitioning enhances electrostatic potential in the region between two charged soft surfaces and hence increases the electrostatic interaction between two charged soft surfaces.

This is also the first demonstration of valvular endothelial cells undergoing EndMT without chemical inducers on a soft surface in vitro.

aeruginosa can adapt to surface growth by undergoing swarming motility, a rapid multicellular movement that occurs on viscous soft surfaces with amino acids as a nitrogen source.

In turn, in the open eyes, soft surface test, the lowest score was noted for children with average overall assessment.

Calculations of structural elements of a soft surfaced structure are given.

) which measures cone-specific color contrast sensitivity (red, green, and blue cone CS), BW CS and low contrast (6%) visual acuity (VA) on a calibrated Microsoft Surface display viewed in a dark room at 3 feet.

Athletes, particularly male athletes, in the high versus low contact sport group showed significantly more sway in the eyes open, soft surface and the eyes closed, hard and soft surface stances.

Passive single-station methods, relying on ambient noise recordings to determine site resonance properties, controlled by the contrast between soft surface layers and a stiffer substratum, offer the opportunity of investigating subsoil properties down to larger depths.

The soft surfaces experience fractures that are often difficult to see naked eye during spinning.

In this study, we showed that astrocytic differentiation of embryonic NSCs was increased on soft surfaces (1 kPa and 12 kPa) compared with the NSCs on stiff surfaces (2.

The methodological approach reported in this work is generally applicable to soft surface characterization in situ.

Recently hydrogel coating was proposed to serve as antifouling layer, for it offers the advantages of the ease of incorporating green biocides, and resisting attachment of microorganisms by its soft surface.

A major role of this process is to block unwanted adult cell growth on soft surfaces; but in wound-healing, rigidity sensors are lost to enable adult cell growth.

The square exemplifies a mix of hard/soft surfaces and old/new textual layers.

The aim of this work is to develop a simple contact mechanics model tailored for compositionally-graded materials with soft surface layers under high strains and deformations.

Knitting can efficiently fabricate stretchable and durable soft surfaces.

The impact of a hard ball on a soft surface involves deformation of the surface, with consequent changes in the coefficient of restitution (COR) as the angle of incidence is varied.

Experimental results showed that the system works well on a pedestrian walkway with a soft surface compared to a paved road with a rough surface.

Results of a visual targeting task for three levels of softness indicate that high force levels appear more demanding for soft surfaces, but that performance is otherwise similar.

The emulsion can induce damages on the soft surface in the startup mainly due to the presence of water around the contact.

In this theory, he assumed that the vertical displacement on the soft surface could be approximated by the height profile of the substrate surface.

Our data revealed greater organization of L-type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors and increased EC-coupling gain, demonstrating structural and functional maturation in cells grown on soft surfaces.

The friction change can be activated passively, and the CAVS can create a soft surface, thereby maintaining the benefit of soft robotic hands.

In this paper, the main idea contained is how to effectively employ the square components, which aim to imitate the armor and to connect the square components with the ball pairs and soft surface.

Even though the AuNPs are mainly located in the soft surface layer of the nanogels, the PNVCL-AuNPs respond to visible light as well as to radio-frequency (RF) irradiation by shrinking due to the AuNPs acting as nanoheaters.

A millimetre-wave (MMW) 4 × 2-element antenna array integrated with a soft surface structure is presented.

Structural studies by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the entrapment of encapsulant and X-Ray diffraction data and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that microcapsules have amorphous structure with soft surface.

The contact line experiences a transition from "stick-slip" on rigid surfaces to "pinned" motion on soft surfaces, which is favoured by the formation of a large wetting ridge and smaller receding contact angle on the latter.

Manual wheelchair propulsion skills (steep slopes, soft surfaces and thresholds) improved significantly over time as confirmed by the WST.

Although there is little difference between the different tracks for a homogeneous ground, for grounds with a soft surface layer the critical velocity is increased by the slab bending stiffness.

Maximum clinging force significantly declined on all non-acrylic surfaces after claw removal, indicating a substantial contribution to static clinging on rough and soft surfaces.

The results showed that forces acting on the hind-leg were substantially affected when the surface compliance altered from the relatively hard (natural grass) to a relatively soft surface (synthetic rubber).

Each finger of the proposed robotic hand is based on the tendon-driven mechanism combines with the soft surface packed with granular material and preloaded spring.

Atomic force microscopy detected soft surfaces indicative of middle lamella remnants on banana cells, while mango cells had cleaner, smoother surfaces, suggesting absence of middle lamellae and more advanced cell wall disassembly.

It is important to understand the tribological phenomena while fingers slide over soft surfaces such as skin.

This work presents two solutions to extend ITS to deformable surfaces, relying on force-deformation characteristics of the surface under exploration: (i) a closed-form approach that calculates the contact centroid using standard ITS, but on a shrunk geometry approximating the deformed surface; (ii) an iterative procedure that takes into account soft surface deformation, and force/torque equilibrium to minimize a cost function.

The present work reports the syntheses of nano-sized Cu(II) complex of 5-azo-phenol-8-hydroxyquinoline (NS Cu(II)-(5AP-8HQ)) thin films on glass and quartz substrates, using static layer by layer soft surface reaction (LBL) technique.

Oral biofilms form on all hard and soft surfaces of the oral cavity.

Functionalization of hard or soft surfaces with, for example, ligands, enzymes or proteins, is an effective and practical methodology for the development of new applications.

hard surface with vision); – reduced vision; – soft surface; – reduced vision and soft surface; – a dual cognitive task.

To verify the accuracy of the theoretical relationship between the contact angle and mechanical strain, a soft surface with a hierarchically wrinkled structure was prepared by combining wrinkled microstructures and strip ones.

Particularly when unpaved roads are in wet conditions (rain or snow), the muddy and soft surface roads have created a hazardous environment for traffic operations.

Non-stable surfaces were used on Wednesday and consisted foo skiing exercises that will disturb the balance of the sport player including straight slalom track, degrade surface track, skiing on hard surface, skiing on soft surface, skiing on one foot with eyes open, skiing with eyes closed.

A total of 168 lesions were found under colonoscopy, and were single or multiple submucosal hemispherical or spherical cystic eminence of different sizes with soft surface, and some had hyperemia and erosion on the mucosal surface.