Introduction to Secondary Spread

It was then shown that primary and secondary spread of ToCV were not efficiently controlled by insecticide applications.

The first draining lymph area is found in the inguinal region and the secondary spread in the pelvic region, main reason for the inguinal part of the treatment of penile cancer under different indications.

Primary infection of the breast may occur through skin abrasions, open wounds or through the lactiferous ducts while secondary spread occurs from an infective focus elsewhere in the body via lymphatic or hematogenous routes.

coli, Citrobacter freundii, Rhizopus/Absidia from pleural and pericardial cavities, concluding that death occurred following a bacterial and fungal pneumonia, with secondary spreading of microorganisms.

PLA result from ascending biliary tract infection, hematogenous spread through portal venous system, septicemia with involvement of liver by way of hepatic arterial circulation and secondary spread from intraperitoneal infection.

We describe the processes and measures implemented at Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak (B-RO) Michigan in collaboration with the Oakland County Health Department (OCHD) to prevent secondary spread during an outbreak.

Importantly, however, modeling of spatially structured viral growth predicted that the need for complementation is met more readily when secondary spread occurs locally.

Secondary spread of the disease is through air borne conidia causing infection, and pathogenesis under congenial environmental conditions.

Secondary spread was documented in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc vineyards in California, but not in a Merlot vineyard in New York.

This project will estimate the amount of secondary spread that occurs in the home and potentially identify asymptomatic infections which might have a role in transmission.

Most commonly the epididymis is involved, and it is believed that epididymitis usually represents a secondary spread from these other involvements of the genital tract.

Background/Aim: Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) represents a wide spectrum of heterogeneous conditions with different secondary spread sites, time to relapse and biology.

Our results reflect a pattern of repeated introductions into the Mediterranean from the northern Red Sea and a secondary spread of this species west to Rhodes and Sicily.

Nonnative species have been widely introduced, and once established, often exhibit secondary spread to new areas.

Methods We assessed the likelihood of importation of drug-resistant malaria into Singapore and the impact on public health of its subsequent secondary spread in Singapore.

Disentangling the contribution of environmental gradients from the process of range expansion in shaping these changes, and identifying the specific traits undergoing selection, are both critical to anticipate the secondary spread and impact of invasive species.

To prevent further secondary spread and mitigate its impact, there was an urgent need for knowledge on the effectiveness of control measures, both at the plant and habitat level.

Pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) with curative intent is a routinely performed surgical procedure in a variety of end-stage malignant diseases with secondary spreading to the lungs.

As a consequence, high flavonoid levels in tomato reduced the primary and secondary spread of TYLCV.

It may be primary SCC of thyroid gland or secondary spread to the gland, owing to direct extension of SCC from neighboring structures or distant metastases.

Results At current levels of gonorrhoea screening in Australian MSM, we predict persistence of secondary spread at 5 years post-importation in just under 20% of simulations.

Ballast water is a leading vector for the introduction of aquatic invasive species worldwide and, once a novel species is established, regional ballast water exchange between ports can accelerate secondary spread.

Child care providers should follow appropriate hygiene practices to prevent secondary spread of enteric illness in child care settings.

BACKGROUND Secondary spread of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occurs often in endemic settings in developing countries.

Although no secondary spread occurred despite the re-emergence of SARS involving laboratory personnel in Singapore and Taiwan, and four communityacquired cases in Guangdong, an outbreak is possible if there is breach of laboratory biosecurity measures, bioterrorism and emergence or mutation of other SARS-like cluster of circulating CoV in bat populations.

Students’ IPC increased significantly after glow powder training, and secondary spread was reduced by 16%.

The authors hypothesized that astrocytes in the spinal cord may be an important target for minocycline action after ischemia and thus in the prevention of secondary spreading damage.

Recreational vessels are important contributors to the spread of marine alien species, particularly in relation to secondary spread within novel regions.

Even though the majority of transoceanic maritime traffic from and to Livorno pertains to the commercial harbour, the touristic harbour hosted the highest number of NIS, possibly because of secondary spread from other Mediterranean ports.

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is an economically significant virus of grapevines, with secondary spread mediated by several species of mealybug and soft scale insects.

It is possible that the primary and secondary spread of the pathogen occurred concurrently during the epidemic progression in both areas, especially late in the season.