Introduction to Salt Effects

Research on salt effects on in-stream processes has been strongly biased towards chronic salinization at constant levels.

Previous studies showed salt effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts and on bone metabolism by expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells-5 (NFAT-5).

The em–pe relation offers a simple and efficacious method to estimate the deformation of BSM under combined thermal–salt effects.

Furthermore, the possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of W-7G in the presence of KBr and KI was proposed, which could provide a theoretical support for the further study of inorganic salt effects on the photocatalytic degradation of dyes.

We investigated the time-dependent salt effects of the diode with our developed algorithm.

The kinetic solvent isotope effects (KSIEs), salt effects and activation parameters for the solvolyses of 1 were also determined.

Besides analysing salt effects on ionic/osmotic balance, and hydrolytic enzymes, plants were compared for dynamics of light-induced redox changes in photosynthetic electron transport chain (pETC) components, namely plastocyanin (PC), photosystem I (PSI) and ferredoxin (Fd), parallel to traditional chlorophyll a fluorescence-based PSII-related parameters.

This superior resistance to salt effects compared to other zwitterionic polymers is due to the shorter distance between the positively and negatively charged groups, thus a smaller dipole in pTMAO and strong hydration around TMAO zwitterion.

The salt effects depend on the competition between the salt-enhancing effect and the salt-shielding effect.

Considering the salt effects on macrophage and T-cell immunology during MS and the persisting challenge to accurately determine the actual sodium load via salt excretion, the noninvasive determination of sodium by 23Na-MRI analysis of the skin may represent an important method for further investigations on sodium and MS risk.

Salt effects on the solubility of uncharged polymers in aqueous solutions are usually dominated by anions, while the role of the cation with which they are paired is often ignored.

Studies of salt effects on enzyme activity have typically been conducted at standard temperatures and pressures, thus missing effects which only become apparent under non-standard conditions.

We relate the information collected to the issues of risk assessment (considering both geochemical conditions and salt effects) and conservation interventions (highlighting the interest of tests that do not produce damage to susceptible materials) and present some methodological suggestions to avoid a case study culture.

Solutions at physiological pH and osmolarity, and in turn compatible with cell culture, initiate hydrogel formation and analytical and computational methods are used to explore pH and salt effects at the molecular and structural level.

Lastly, while we did not find many interactions between road salt and macrophyte treatments, macrophytes did counteract many of the salt effects on producers, leading to decreased phytoplankton, increased filamentous algae, and altered abiotic responses.

Quantum chemical analysis is presented, motivated by Grée and co-workers’ observation of salt effects [Adv.

Our results show that nonelectrostatic interactions not only enhance polyelectrolyte adsorption but can also result in qualitatively different salt effects with respect to the adsorbed amount.

The salt effects on yield components were also less in the wheat genotypes with low leaf Na+ content than the high Na+ genotypes.

LP-HFY05 showed better anti-artificial gastric acid and bile salt effects than LDSB in in vitro experiments, indicating its potential as a probiotic.

This framework enables the rational prediction of salt effects on multiple steps in organozinc reagent synthesis and reactivity.

The swelling properties of these hydrogels were systematically investigated according to various parameters such as time, temperature, pH and salt effects, and the results show that they are strongly influenced by the content of TBMAC and exhibit strong pH, temperature and salinity sensitivity.

The complex is evidenced to be a calf-thymus DNA groove binder with a large intrinsic binding constant of 106 M−1 order of magnitude as supported by UV–visible absorption spectral titrations, salt effects, DNA competitive binding with ethidium bromide, DNA melting experiment, DNA viscosity measurements and density functional theory calculations.

Salt effects on NSAID diffusion are studied by measuring the ternary mutual diffusion coefficients (Dik) of aqueous NaSal(C1) + NaCl(C2) solutions, including results for the diffusion of NaSal in physiological saline solutions with C2 = 0.

A large number of previous experimental and theoretical investigations have explored the salt effects on the surfaces of either pure water or neat organic liquid.

After applying linear correction factors to account for chemistry-related salt effects, spike recoveries were acceptable for ammonia analyses in samples with salinities in the range of 1.

Salt effects on the formation of the copolymers and FeTSPP complex were also investigated through the addition of KNO 3 , and the results showed that this association can be weakened by the electrostatic shielding effect, and the fluorescence quenching constant could be reduced.

The salt effects in the presence of the IL were evaluated with NaCl, MgCl2, and their mixture.

We aimed to investigate insulin amyloid fibril polymorphism caused by salt effects and heating temperature, and to visualize the structural differences of the polymorphisms in situ using Raman imaging without labeling.

pH, temperature, contact time and salt effects parameters were studied on the swelling and dye removal properties of the synthesized DN hybrid hydrogels.

Salt effects on the hydration of zwitterionic polymers were examined as a function of time, which indicated that the pCBMA surface and the associated interfacial water exhibit a slow restructuring process after salt binding (likely due to the strong binding of pCBMA with water), whereas the surface of pSBMA and the associated water have a fast change after salt binding.

In dissolution studies the pH effects were predominant at higher pH values, while bile salt effects were dominant at lower pH values.

ResultsWe biochemically characterized three new P450 fatty acid decarboxylases including OleTJH, OleTSQ and OleTSA, with respect to their substrate specificity, steady-state kinetics, and salt effects.

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based metabolomic profiling depicted the association of certain metabolites under individualistic and additive salt effects.

This finding was confirmed by the pH and salt effects on the bio-sorption process, including swelling measurements of Chitosan films and by FTIR-ATR analysis.

Reflecting its human health effects, the power of ‘salt effects’ in organometallic chemistry can have drastically different reactivity and selectivity outcomes compared with the analogous salt-free reactions.

The salt effects highly varied with incubation time and the time changes were depended on salt types.

The new method of brine desalination presented in this study overcomes the problem of the isotope salt effects encountered during the application of the routine techniques for the determination of the isotopic composition of high saline waters.

Solution salt effects and incorrect or omitted loop parameters contribute to these observed deviations.

First, the positive and negative salt effects were investigated for weak electrolytes and they were found to be similar to those in a traditional strong acid-base diode.