Introduction to Salt Bath

Salt bath, gaseous or plasma-based surface treatments are a diffusion process for improving the hardness of the surface layer of stainless steels without significantly affecting their corrosion resistance.

This paper reviews the two thermo chemical surface treatments (salt bath nitriding and gas nitriding followed by the post oxidation) applied to AISI 347material.

The aim of this study is to determine the mechanical properties differences in between the air and tin surfaces of thin soda-lime silicate float glasses that subjected to ion exchange using KNO 3 salt bath.

This work presents a 3D printing technique with silk fibroin to address this challenge, by rationally designing an aqueous salt bath capable of directing the hierarchical assembly of the protein molecules.

Both of them were coated with chromium uniformly using salt bath coating to improve the wettability between the matrix and reinforcement, which were proved by the micro-structural characterization.

An outward-grown Cr-modified aluminide coating was prepared on the nickel-based superalloy GH625 by the neutral salt bath method.

The first set was cooled to 425 °C in a salt bath with the temperature of 200 °C, the second set was cooled to 425 °C in a salt bath heated to the temperature of 400 °C.

In this study, the microstructure obtained in a steel AISI H13 nitrided at different times by salt bath after a heat treatment is analyzed.

A rapid salt bath nitriding technology was primarily developed by conducting salt bath pre-oxidation (SPO) instead of conventional air pre-oxidation (APO).

A rapid salt bath nitrocarburizing process technology is primarily developed by providing infrared heating instead of conventional induction heating.

Glass samples with dimension 120 × 50 × 4 mm were prepared and first immersed in potassium nitrate salt (KNO3) inside a salt bath and subjected to heating at temperatures of 450 °C and 500 °C with immersion time of 4 h and 5 h for each temperature respectively in a muffle furnace to produce CTGs.

After extrusion, static microstructure evolution in the extrudates was studied using salt bath annealing for 5 and 15 s at 490 °C and solutionization treatment for 1 h at 490 °C.

The National Research Council (NRC) of Canada's primary method for emission rate for radionuclide neutron sources utilizes a manganese salt bath which was last calibrated in the 1960s.

5 mg/L 5 hr), and salt baths (5–8 ppt) were administered.

Surface finishing was carried out by mechanical polishing, electropolishing, and subsequent heat treatment in a salt bath furnace.

The austempering heat treatments were applied to the sintered specimens for different periods ranging from 15 to 120 min in a salt bath at 350 °C in order to obtain a bainitic structure after the austenitization process at 850 °C.

An analysis model of the martempering in salt bath technology (MISBT) is established, which incorporates temperature field, phase transformation kinetics, and a strain field.

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the corrosion resistance of Cr-Mn austenitic stainless steel (ASS) via low temperature salt bath nitriding and to replace the convectional Cr-Ni ASS with newly developed enhanced corrosion resistive Cr-Mn ASS.

The duplex treatment combining the salt bath nitrocarburizing with post-oxidation technique provides an excellent technique for achieving improved hardness, wear and corrosion resistance of the surface of various steels.

In conventional treatment, after austenitization, specimens were quenched into salt bath at 400 °C and austempered for 120 min.

The treatments most effective in reducing post-spawning pathology and mortality were salt baths for 144 h at 2.

The carbides were obtained from a salt bath composed of molten borax, ferro-chrome, ferro-vanadium, and aluminum at 1020 °C for 4 h.

A series of chromium carbide coatings were formed on ductile cast iron QT600-3 by thermal reactive diffusion (TRD) processes in fluoride salt bath at 850–980 °C for 10 min ~ 40 h under an argon atmosphere.

The pyrolysis was also performed in a salt bath in the temperature range 350°C–390°C.

Consequently, she consulted an alternative practitioner who recommended remaining off oral zinc, due to ‘copper toxicity’, and instead recommended Epsom salt baths, apple cider vinegar washes and colloidal silver spray.

Salt baths, use of plastic suits, sauna, and other techniques are frequently used before weigh-ins.

The experiments were carried out on the different samples in the standard salt bath for a specific time, and mass loss has been calculated as per the ASTM standards.

These prolonged nitriding time effects have been attributed to the decreased chemical potential of nitrogen in salt bath leading to the outward diffusion of N (from sample to salt bath).

The nitride layers were formed at the surface of an AISI 316L steel by a salt bath nitriding process at a temperature of 580 °C for 1, 3 and 5 h of exposure time, obtaining three different layer thicknesses.

The ion-exchange was performed in a molten NaNO3 salt bath at 380 °C below the glass transition temperature over a wide time range from 3.

In this research, titanium carbide was fabricated onto carburized AISI 1020 steel through thermo-reactive diffusion (TRD) with salt bath processing at 900 °C for 3 h.

Superior compound coatings were prepared on CK45 steel surface by vanadium-nitrocarburizing duplex treatment in low-temperature salt bath.

The ion-exchange temperatures used were 380 °C or 315 °C in a pure molten NaNO3 bath, and 235 °C in a molten mixed salt bath of 50 mol% NaNO3＋50 mol% KNO3.

This paper simulates a harsh environment condition, using a salt bath oven.

In the conventional process, the specimanwas quenched in salt bath held at to 350°C, 400°C, and 450°C and soaked at respective temperatures for 180 min.

In this study, pack, paste and molten salt bath boronizing techniques were compared at constant 5 h soaking period.

Salt bath preoxidation was primarily conducted prior to salt bath nitriding, and the effect on salt bath nitriding was compared with that of conventional air preoxidation.

These exothermic peaks can be interpreted as a sign of ignition interrupted by the heat loss to the surrounding salt bath.

In this paper, a single phase ε-Fe(Si)3N powder was successfully synthesized through the salt bath nitriding reaction method.

In comparison to isothermal annealing in salt bath, recrystallization kinetics of the Al-5Cu alloy is greatly accelerated by the direct current flash heating.

Pack boriding was carried out at 1223 K for 5 h and 8 h, while the double treatment of boronitrocarburising consisted of salt bath nitrocarburising at 853 K for 6 h followed by pack boriding at the same temperature and times as the boriding treatment.

0% salt bath showed higher hematocrit and hemoglobin values (P <0.

These three steel alloys were cast, homogenized, hot-forged and then subjected to intercritical annealing treatment followed by cooling and isothermal treatment in salt bath with subsequent air-cooling.

ABSTRACT Aqueous electrodeposition may represent a more economical and reliable technique to fabricate Mo coatings than the alternatives (electrodeposition from fused-salt baths and other available methods).

In the present contribution, the effects of the salt bath nitrocarburizing and postoxidation heat treatment on the static and fatigue behaviours of 39NiCrMo3 construction steel have been investigated by experimentally testing plain as well as notched specimens.

The previously-validated Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire, with the addition of questions on water loading and hot salt baths, was completed anonymously online by athletes (n = 30; all male, n = 15/15 professional/amateur) from MMA clubs around Dublin, Ireland.