Introduction to Russell Syndrome

What is/are Russell Syndrome?

Russell Syndrome - CONTEXT There is little information on cognitive function in Silver Russell Syndrome (SRS) and no neuroimaging studies are available so far. ^[1] As three families have been reported with CDKN1C mutations who have fetal growth restriction (FGR)/Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) without adrenal insufficiency, we investigated whether pathogenic variants in CDKN1C could be associated with isolated growth restriction or recurrent loss of pregnancy. ^[2] Introduction: Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is an imprinting disorder primarily caused by genetic and epigenetic aberrations on chromosomes 11 and 7. ^[3] Temple or Silver-Russell syndrome? We reveal the molecular reasons for the clinical resemblance between these two syndromes. ^[4] Background Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterized by growth retardation and variable features including macrocephaly, body asymmetry, and genital manifestations such as cryptorchidism in 46,XY patients. ^[5] Epimutation at the H19-DMR in humans results in congenital growth disorders, Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes, when erroneously its maternal allele becomes methylated and its paternal allele becomes unmethylated, respectively. ^[6] It has been suggested that distal deletions of the paternal allele are associated with a normal IC1 methylation and phenotype, whereas proximal alterations cause a loss of methylation (LOM) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) features. ^[7] Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and typical dysmorphic features including body asymmetry, relative macrocephaly, protruding forehead, and feeding difficulties. ^[8] 2) reported in 1993 as the second observation of Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) (MIM#180860) following the report by Ramírez-Dueñas et al. ^[9] We also briefly discuss the disruption of growth and intellect associated with the Mendelian disorders of the epigenetic machinery and the classical imprinting disorders (such as Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Silver–Russell syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, and Angelman syndrome), as well as suggesting some diagnostic considerations for the clinicians taking care of these patients. ^[10] Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare genetic disorder (estimated incidence 1/30,000 to 100,000 live births). ^[11] Silver-Russell syndrome is a rare genetic imprinting disorder. ^[12] Two children had clinical features of Silver-Russell syndrome and their diagnosis was confirmed (11p15 LOM) by MLPA. ^[13] No data are available for Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), another ID that shares clinical features with PWS, although many patients describe excessive daytime sleepiness, disturbed sleep, and snoring. ^[14] Clinical assessment revealed Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) phenotype with Netchine-Harbison scores of ≥ 5/6 in all the apparently non-mosaic 14 patients with IGF2 mutations (cases 1-4 described in this study and 10 patients reported in the literature). ^[15] Background: We have previously shown that adult height (AH) in males with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) correlated negatively with prepubertal estradiol concentrations. ^[16] The growth factor binding protein 10 (GRB10) has been suggested as a candidate gene for Silver-Russell syndrome because of its localization in 7p12, its imprinting status, data from mice models and its putative role in growth. ^[17] Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) are two imprinting disorders associated with opposite molecular alterations in the 11p15. ^[18] As two families have been reported with CDKN1C mutations who have fetal growth restriction (FGR)/Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) without adrenal insufficiency, we investigated whether pathogenic variants in CDKN1C could be associated with isolated growth restriction or recurrent loss of pregnancy. ^[19] At the same time, many studies have suggested the correlation between ART and increased incidences of normally rare imprinting disorders such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Angelman syndrome (AS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). ^[20] Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare, well-recognized disorder characterized by growth restriction, including intrauterine and postnatal growth. ^[21] Twenty-seven (31%) of them had Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), 15 (17%) had Angelman syndrome (AS), 15 (17%) had Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS), 12 (14%) had Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), 10 (11%) had pseudo- or pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, four had central precocious puberty, two had Temple syndrome, one had transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, and one had myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. ^[22]