Introduction to Refractory Material

Within this work two standardised solid particle erosion test rigs usable for refractories with different working principles will be compared, namely i) the American ASTM C704 standard “Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature”, which in fact is a gas blast solid particle erosion test, and ii) the Russian GOST 23.

In this study, the thermodynamic characteristics of ferronickel slag sintered in the presence of magnesia (additive) for preparing refractory materials were assessed by calculating relevant thermodynamic functions and phase diagrams.

A comparison of the creep rates with other refractory materials reveals favourable properties of the porous Cr2AlC.

It was found that xylenes & amines, phenols and esters were the major species of VOCs for the workshops of foundry, refractory materials and printing, respectively.

; to improve the thermo mechanical properties of refractory materials.

The present study proposes a novel strategy for preparation of refractory materials from potentially hazardous ferronickel slag by microwave sintering of the slag with addition of sintered magnesia in which a series of chemical reactions were involved.

We show that variable admixing of CAI-like refractory material to an average inner solar nebula component can explain the planetary-scale Ti and Sr isotope anomalies and the elemental and isotopic difference between non-carbonaceous (NC) and carbonaceous (CC) nebular reservoirs for these elements.

The corrosion resistance behavior of a highly dispersed MgO-MgAl2O4-ZrO2 composite refractory material is examined by testing with high-basicity and low-basicity RH (Ruhrstahl-Hereaeus) slags.

Kaolin and ball clay samples from four states in Nigeria were examined with the aim of determining their chemical composition as well as testing for their suitability as refractory materials for furnaces lining applications.

This paper aims to compare the environmental performance of two types of refractory bricks for the internal lining of ladles in secondary steelmaking, where the dissolved inclusions coming from the refractory material require fine control to obtain the target steel quality.

In addition, different dielectric and refractory materials are also applied to achieve broadband absorption, which will make the proposed absorber greatly broaden the application field.

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of thermal shock and the composition of refractory materials on impact strength and macrostructure.

Chemically-resistant refractory materials were used instead of quartz in the reactor hot zone.

Overall, with inner pore sizes ranging from 5 μm to 10 μm, the MgO–Al2O3 hollow fibers are a novel low-cost lightweight refractory material.

The study of an ultrasonic technique, based on time-of-flight measurements, using a refractory material waveguide is in progress.

It is shown that the use of a special screen made of refractory material makes it possible to optimize the directions of movement of the burned material, blast air and combustion products.

Future research requires a smooth refractory material to coat the wax mold and further research using investment casting method with high precision that has been developed in the industry.

Experience of using refractory materials based on chrome-oxide in electric glass-melting furnaces for fiberglass production is described.

The prepared MgAl2O4-graphene composites may provide an alternative refractory material to withstand harsh environments.

The ceramic industry, which comprises with wall tiles, bricks and roof tiles, floor tiles, sanitary accessories, refractory materials and ceramic materials for domestic and other uses, is generating a huge amount of ceramic wastes.

Molybdenum is a high-strength refractory material widely used in industry; its behavior at high temperatures causes considerable theoretical and practical interest.

Based on an industrial opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasification plant, a complete review of spent refractory materials inside a gasifier, including a study of the macrostructure and partitioned erosion characteristics, is reported based on systemic industrial data.

A novel lightweight adiabatic refractory material combining alkaline earth silicate (AES) fiber board and SiC particles was fabricated by immersing the AES fiber board into a slurry consisting of SiC particles with a median diameter of 1.

Titanium nitride (TiN) is a metal-like refractory material that can be used as a substitution for metals in many applications.

Until recently, it has been argued that phytoplankton access primarily dissolved iron, while particulate iron was considered a refractory material with little use biologically and limited interaction with the dissolved pool.

5% of the solar phosphorus abundance and implying significant sequestration of phosphorus in refractory material.

The concentrated solar energy based ultrahigh temperature technology provides an innovative approach for processing refractory materials in general.

The explosive compaction technology is used in this problem because ceramic powders such as boron carbide and aluminum oxide is an extremely hard and refractory material.

The paper is an attempt to present and evaluate of the some monolithic refractory materials, originating from our research activity, with potential to be used as the thermoprotective linings for the nonferrous metals and ferrous alloys manufacturing installations in foundries and steelworks.

In-situ high temperature measurement in a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) environment is an important technique for exploring the microstructure evolution and crack propagation within refractory materials and other advanced alloys.

These pits are separated from each other by fluewalls and headwalls made of dense refractory material.

Development of a method for recovery of plutonium (Pu) from these refractory materials, accumulated over the years, is crucial prior to their disposal.

Water-guided laser processing technology can be used for precision machining of refractory materials such as superalloy and composite materials.

To the countries of the Middle East cindery microspheres from Ukraine are exported in the majority for requirements of the oil and gas industry, and to the European countries – for the construction industry and production of refractory materials.

SiAlON phases have important applications, such as high technology ceramics, for wear parts, cutting tools or special purpose refractory materials.

Refractory materials made from alumina–carbon (Al2O3–C) are integral to the continuous casting process to ensure high-quality steel product.

The search for hard refractory materials has recently been attractive in the field of material science.

Refractory materials are an important part of industrial microwave heating equipment, and their transmission performance has a significant influence on the efficiency and uniformity of microwave heating.

This effect is amplified if the troughs already have a relatively increased abundance of low-albedo refractory materials—possibly mass-wasted from the surrounding steepened slopes eroded by sublimation.

The use of light heat-resistant concrete instead of single-piece refractory materials in kilns of various thermal units will allow decreasing the material consumption by 30-40% and reducing heat losses by 25-35%.

For successfully introducing the new PCM, the selection of proper refractory material in the PCM container is vital.

The data on refractory materials show the importance of surface properties, the effect of surface coatings and ways in which these can be taken into account for more accurate predictions of emissivity.

Reactions between molten iron, molten silicon steel, and ceramic materials are of great importance from the perspective of the corrosion of refractory material in the steelmaking and continuous casting processes.

Part 3 of the review presents Russian producers of alumina ceramics, mainly technical ones, as well as refractory materials and dispersed alumina, data on the composition and properties of products, as well as a short list of the product range.

The developed low-temperature materials can find application in mechanical engineering as high-temperature machine parts and refractory materials.

The slag of low viscosity can more easily penetrate into the refractory materials and it causes the refractory degradation.

The proposed method consists in the fact that after selecting the type of process (basic or acidic), an array of data is automatically generated characterizing the compositions of refractory materials, which allows managing steelmaking processes efficiently and quickly.

The paper presents the experimental results on plasma heating of fired periclase-carbonaceous refractory material.

ZrO 2 fibers are used as refractory materials owing to their excellent thermal resistance and thermal stability.

: The paper describes the characteristics of the situation in the production and use of aluminosilicate raw materials for the production of refractory materials.

In addition to being technically unsuitable for use as refractory material, AlN also possesses another huge issue.

Therefore, thermomechanical and heat resistance of ceramic and refractory materials are important.

Titanium nitride (TiN) has been identified as a promising refractory material, with deposition of TiN thin films through techniques ranging from plasma-enhanced atomic laser deposition to sputter deposition to pulsed laser deposition, on a variety of substrates, including MgO, polymer, SiO2, and sapphire.

3 tuyere, the existence of accretion in the hearth, and the filling of refractory materials in tuyeres before blowing out.

However, the barrier resistance is dependent on the chemistry of transformed phases of refractory material.

In this paper, MgO-C refractory material with sucrose as binder and metal aluminium powder as antioxidant is prepared.

It is shown that the use of domestic fusynitic anthracite instead of scarce petroleum coke as a raw material makes it possible to obtain graphitic refractory material with increased density, resistance to abrasive wear and heat resistance.

However, the reliability of refractory materials is dependent on the possible selective vaporization of their components leading to changes in physicochemical properties of the materials.

These results highlight possibilities for achieving high strength joints when joining refractory materials with intrinsic brittleness in complex joint configurations.

The combination of these two phenomena leads to a progressive degradation of the microstructure on the hot face and an embrittlement of the refractory material (occurrence cracking).

The possible applications include: tile manufacturing, sanitary ware, tableware, kaolinitic proppants, chamotte and refractory materials.

Results are provided for refractory materials developed on basis of both secondary resources (broken chamotte refractory, mullite-containing waste, and aluminum melting slag), fireclay, and phosphoric acid.

The case study presented scheduling of the production of refractory materials with KbRS software is presented.

Thermodynamic properties of refractory materials, such as standard enthalpy of formation, heat content, and enthalpy of reaction, can be measured by high temperature calorimetry.

The low temperature and solid-state deposition associated with cold spray allows refractory materials such as Ta, Mo, and W to be deposited without high temperature requirements.

0™ confirmed the reaction mechanisms of different refractory materials.

The main feature of this process is to obtain ceramic shells by means of ceramic slurry baths anchored by granular refractory material applied to the surface of wax models in the shape of the final part.

Foundry slag formed during the production of medium carbon steel was milled into powder which was then compacted into blocks to form heat treatment furnace refractory materials.

By results of the intellectual analysis of industrial data the system issues recommendations about ways of decrease in aggression of slag and rationing of temperature conditions of work of refractory materials in the converter for delay of speed of wear and protection of fire-resistant lining against destructions.

Trace elements contained in single-crystal gallium nitride (GaN), which is a refractory material, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with laser ablation in liquid (LAL) sampling.

Cometary dust particles are remnants of the primordial accretion of refractory material that occurred during the initial formation stages of the solar system.

Hence, the major contribution towards organic and residual phosphorus form is from the residual fraction comprising biologically resistant or non-available phosphorus form composed of refractory materials.

A key issue to assess the retrofit of current modern kiln burners to oxyfuel lays on the possibility to reproduce similar flame temperature and heat transfer to material in order to avoid an alteration in the formation of clinker phases and the durability of refractory materials.

Part 3 of the review provides information about Russian manufacturers of alumina ceramics mainly in the densified technical form), refractory materials, and dispersed alumina, as well as contains data related to composition and properties of the products, and a brief list of product lines.

The results of a comprehensive cooperation between BKO JSC, EVRAZ ZSMK JSC and Paul Wurth in the field of design, development and supply of a range of refractory materials intended for use in air heaters under construction are presented.

These results could facilitate application of molybdenum in nuclear power field and also provide a new approach for improving the property of socket joints made of refractory materials.

The efficiency of electrical discharge machining is of great importance, especially when dealing with refractory materials such as tungsten.

In this study, a commonly used refractory material (fused silica ceramics) for microwave heating was studied, according to the law of electromagnetic wave propagation in a single-layer plate, the power transmission coefficient (PTC) of the material at different thickness, temperature and frequency (915 MHz and 2360 MHz) was calculated and analysed, in order to design the refractory structure which has good microwave transmission performance in the whole microwave heating process.

The measures were proposed for its modernization in order to reduce fuel consumption and to increase productivity (use of fibrous refractory materials, regenerative burners, non-water-cooled partitions, etc.

The mode I fracture behavior of ordinary refractory materials is usually tested with the wedge-splitting test.

Porous calcium hexaluminate (CaAl 12 O 19 or CA 6 ) is a promising refractory material for thermal insulation applications because it combines low thermal conductivity (0.

The interface of an industrially-produced block of an alumina-zirconia-silica (AZS) refractory material with the mold is extracted and prepared for analysis.

The steelmaking process of clean steel production requires suitable refractory materials.

As an integral portion of the structure of these refractory materials, fatty acids can be used to determine the source of organic carbon and the physical/chemical characteristics of these materials.

These inclusions may represent an earlier generation of refractory material, perhaps more akin to the previously mentioned PLACs and/or SHIBs.

Nozzle clogging not only restricts the productivity by restraining the casting sequence, intermittent extrication of clogged alumina particles or dislodged refractory materials which are a significant source of non-metallic macro-inclusions in the cast sections of billet casters.

This research studied the physical properties of high alumina refractory materials, which are using as lining material in the primary and secondary reformer for Ammonia production in Kima project of Aswan City, Egypt.

The temporal changes in TZr for the Tarim rhyolites are interpreted to reflect the crustal melting behavior above a mantle plume, such that fusible materials in the crust melt at an earlier stage and refractory materials melt at a later stage.

The utilization of the refractory material (molybdenum) provides further possibility for such a device to operate at temperatures up to 600 °C.

With the consideration of two representative particle size distributions in the modeling, the calculated maximum gas temperature near the refractory was below the allowable temperature of refractory material.