Introduction to Refractory Black

What is/are Refractory Black?

Refractory Black - The variability of the mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol (rBC) and the corresponding complicated light absorption capacity impose great uncertainty for its climate forcing assessment. ^[1] 5 mass reached 63 μg m−3 with the highest contribution from inorganic constituents, which was accompanied by a thick coating of refractory black carbon (rBC) that linearly increased with condensation-mode particles. ^[2] We will show how the timescale for the core could be obtained by integrating results from the analyses of the radionuclides ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs with annual layer counting derived from pollen and refractory black carbon concentrations. ^[3] reports the cumulative processes (such as atmospheric, snowpack and meteorological conditions) in governing the refractory Black Carbon (rBC) mass concentrations in the upper snow layers at Svalbard. ^[4] Refractory black carbon aerosols which constituted about 10–12% of the aerosols in the boundary layer were primarily internally mixed with both inorganic and organic coating. ^[5] They apportioned BC sources by using and comparing two methods: (1) the model of Sandradewi et al (2008) based on multiwavelength aethalometer measurements and (2) the PMF applied to organic and refractory black carbon components measured by a SPAMS. ^[6] Compared to the downwind region, ammonium nitrate and refractory black carbon decreased in Seoul because of a slightly decreased traffic volume, dissociation of ammonium nitrate, and increased boundary layer height according to meteorological conditions in the afternoon. ^[7] Here we present a timescale for the core obtained by integrating results from the analyses of the radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs with annual layer counting derived from pollen and refractory black carbon concentrations. ^[8] During an intensive field campaign conducted in Lhasa in summer of 2020, the new developed system was applied together with a SP2 to determine the vertical profile of refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state. ^[9]

single particle soot

In this study, the first observations of the size distribution and mixing state of individual refractory black carbon (rBC) particles in the South Asian outflow to the south-eastern Arabian Sea and the northern and equatorial Indian Ocean regions are presented based on measurements using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) aboard the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases, and Radiation Budget (ICARB-2018) ship during winter 2018 (16 January to 13 February). ^[1] Number concentrations of refractory black carbon (rBC) measured by a single particle soot photometer ranged from 200 to 1200 cm−3 when SAPs were observed. ^[2] Over the last decade, ambient measurements of refractory black carbon (rBC) mass concentrations based on laser-induced incandescence (LII) have become more common, mostly due to the development of the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) instrument. ^[3] In this paper, authors reported the measurement results of refractory black carbon (rBC) measured using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) in relation to the meteorological variabilities in winter season on the North China Plain. ^[4]

soot particle aerosol

The high-resolution soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-SP-AMS) instrument uses a laser vaporiser, which allows the real-time detection and characterisation of refractory black carbon (rBC) and its internally mixed particles such as metals, coating species, and rBC subcomponents in the form of HOA + fullerene. ^[1] The sources of BC were explored by using positive matrix factorization (PMF) for the organic and refractory black carbon (rBC) mass spectra collected with a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS). ^[2]

ice core record

Here, we provide a 211-year ice core record spanning 1781–1992 CE for refractory black carbon (rBC) deposition from the Dasuopu glacier ice core that has to date provided the highest-elevation ice core record (7200 m). ^[1]

refractory black carbon

The variability of the mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol (rBC) and the corresponding complicated light absorption capacity impose great uncertainty for its climate forcing assessment. ^[1] In this study, the first observations of the size distribution and mixing state of individual refractory black carbon (rBC) particles in the South Asian outflow to the south-eastern Arabian Sea and the northern and equatorial Indian Ocean regions are presented based on measurements using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) aboard the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases, and Radiation Budget (ICARB-2018) ship during winter 2018 (16 January to 13 February). ^[2] 5 mass reached 63 μg m−3 with the highest contribution from inorganic constituents, which was accompanied by a thick coating of refractory black carbon (rBC) that linearly increased with condensation-mode particles. ^[3] Number concentrations of refractory black carbon (rBC) measured by a single particle soot photometer ranged from 200 to 1200 cm−3 when SAPs were observed. ^[4] We will show how the timescale for the core could be obtained by integrating results from the analyses of the radionuclides ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs with annual layer counting derived from pollen and refractory black carbon concentrations. ^[5] reports the cumulative processes (such as atmospheric, snowpack and meteorological conditions) in governing the refractory Black Carbon (rBC) mass concentrations in the upper snow layers at Svalbard. ^[6] The high-resolution soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-SP-AMS) instrument uses a laser vaporiser, which allows the real-time detection and characterisation of refractory black carbon (rBC) and its internally mixed particles such as metals, coating species, and rBC subcomponents in the form of HOA + fullerene. ^[7] Over the last decade, ambient measurements of refractory black carbon (rBC) mass concentrations based on laser-induced incandescence (LII) have become more common, mostly due to the development of the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) instrument. ^[8] The sources of BC were explored by using positive matrix factorization (PMF) for the organic and refractory black carbon (rBC) mass spectra collected with a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS). ^[9] Refractory black carbon aerosols which constituted about 10–12% of the aerosols in the boundary layer were primarily internally mixed with both inorganic and organic coating. ^[10] They apportioned BC sources by using and comparing two methods: (1) the model of Sandradewi et al (2008) based on multiwavelength aethalometer measurements and (2) the PMF applied to organic and refractory black carbon components measured by a SPAMS. ^[11] In this paper, authors reported the measurement results of refractory black carbon (rBC) measured using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) in relation to the meteorological variabilities in winter season on the North China Plain. ^[12] Compared to the downwind region, ammonium nitrate and refractory black carbon decreased in Seoul because of a slightly decreased traffic volume, dissociation of ammonium nitrate, and increased boundary layer height according to meteorological conditions in the afternoon. ^[13] Here we present a timescale for the core obtained by integrating results from the analyses of the radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs with annual layer counting derived from pollen and refractory black carbon concentrations. ^[14] During an intensive field campaign conducted in Lhasa in summer of 2020, the new developed system was applied together with a SP2 to determine the vertical profile of refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state. ^[15] Here, we provide a 211-year ice core record spanning 1781–1992 CE for refractory black carbon (rBC) deposition from the Dasuopu glacier ice core that has to date provided the highest-elevation ice core record (7200 m). ^[16] We measured refractory black carbon (rBC) with a singleparticle soot photometer (SP2) on Catalina Island, California (~70 km southwest of downtown Los Angeles) during three different time periods. ^[17] The objective of this study is to characterise urban refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state relative to hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of size selective aerosols to better constrain the aerosol indirect effect. ^[18] The effective density ( ρeff ) of refractory black carbon (rBC) is a key parameter relevant to its mixing state that imposes great uncertainty in evaluating the direct radiation forcing effect. ^[19] The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) is an instrument for quantifying the refractory black carbon (rBC) mass of individual aerosol particles. ^[20] Snow samples were analyzed for refractory black carbon (rBC) with a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). ^[21] Refractory black carbon (rBC) in the atmosphere is known for its significant impacts on climate. ^[22] In contrast, concentrations of refractory black carbon Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. ^[23] In this work, a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was deployed to characterize organic aerosols (OAs), refractory black carbon (rBC), and trace metals in Singapore, a highly urbanized city with multiple local and regional air pollution sources in the tropical region. ^[24] Anthropogenic climate change—combined with increased human-caused ignitions—is leading to increased wildfire frequency, carbon dioxide emissions, and refractory black carbon (rBC) aerosol emissions. ^[25] In general, particulate matter emitted by the diesel engine was dominated by organics (51%) followed by refractory black carbon (rBC; 48%), trace metals and inorganic species (1%). ^[26] Three-wavelength photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy is combined with refractory black carbon (BC) mass analysis to determine the snow mass-specific and BC mass-specific absorption cross sections. ^[27] Threewavelength photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy is combined with refractory black carbon (BC) mass analysis to determine the snow mass-specific and BC mass-specific absorption cross sections. ^[28] The number and mass size distributions of refractory black carbon (rBC) cores in particles emitted from a diesel vehicle were investigated as a function of particle mobility diameter ( dmob) using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). ^[29] Here we present the first refractory black carbon (rBC) ice-core record from the Andes as a proxy for biomass burning emissions in the Amazon Basin, derived from an ice core drilled at 6300 m a. ^[30] SP2s that have been modified to provide greater spectral contrast between their narrow and broad-band incandescent detectors have previously been used to characterize both refractory black carbon (rBC) and light-absorbing metallic aerosols, including iron oxides ( FeOx ). ^[31] In this study, the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing was studied with a single particle soot photometer (SP2), as well as a tandem observation system with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA), in early summer of 2018. ^[32] Refractory black carbon (rBC) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers in the atmosphere. ^[33] SP-AMS refractory black carbon concentrations (based on C ≤ 5 + clusters) were correlated to elemental carbon (r = 0. ^[34] Refractory black carbon (BC) is a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuel, biomass and biofuel, etc. ^[35] 15 Refractory black carbon (rBC) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers in the 16 atmosphere. ^[36] The refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration averaged 0. ^[37] We show evidence for sources of aerosol with higher organic aerosol (OA), ammonium and refractory black carbon (rBC) content in the upper polar dome. ^[38] In contrast, concentrations of refractory black carbon are highest outside the polar dome, indicating remote pollution sources. ^[39] The effective density (ρeff) of refractory black carbon (rBC) is a key parameter relevant to its mixing state that imposes great uncertainty in evaluating the direct radiation forcing effect. ^[40] The highest refractory black carbon (rBC) concentrations were found in the first month of the campaign, averaging 0. ^[41]