What is/are Real Interest?
Real Interest - Households reduce their consumer spending at the same time as the real interest rate increases. [1] Methods: Food processing manufacturers operating on a polish market were surveyed in the area of circular economy aspects concerning the use of the product packaging to indicate the level of implementation and real interest in sustainable development and circular economy. [2] A small open economy, two agent New Keynesian model calibrated to match these facts implies a 38% and 26% weaker response of labor income and aggregate consumption, respectively, to real interest rate shocks in a 2010's economy relative to a 1960's economy. [3] It notes that the word interest implies the net and real interest in this book. [4] Because one of the system variables represents the foreign capital inflow, the presence of hidden attractors could be of real interest in economic models. [5] We find that when real interest rates are lower than the rate of growth, credit financed bubbles may be welfare improving because of their role as a buffer in channeling excessive credit supply and inefficient investment at the firms’ level, but their sudden price decrease may cause a systemic crisis. [6] The mean governs the importance of the extensive margin in aggregate investment dynamics, while the variance governs how sensitive the extensive margin is to changes in the real interest rate. [7] We show that reaching for yield—a tendency to take more risk when the real interest rate declines while the risk premium remains constant—results from imposing a sustainable spending constraint on an otherwise standard infinitely lived investor with power utility. [8] In generic models of this kind, there exists a public debt bubble, so that the government is able to borrow at a real interest rate that is perpetually below the economic growth rate. [9] The natural interest rate is the level of the real interest rate compatible with potential output and stable prices. [10] Family expressed a real interest in these types of home-support strategies that CAT offers. [11] Originality/valueThe findings confirm that the index returns in the MENA region stock markets are related to macroeconomic fundamentals such as the exchange rate and the real interest rate. [12] This restriction implies that consumption growth is highly sensitive to movements in real interest rates, which in turn implies an unrealistically steep demand curve and intertemporal trade-off. [13] To conclude, this electrochemical process was applied with success on an effluent coming from a WWTP confirming the real interest of this easy electrochemical process for an efficient separation and purification of wastewaters containing soluble lead. [14] It turns out that this scenario could be totally different if there were any real interest on the part of the Federal Government in the protecting nature and in the sustainable development of the country. [15] The results show that, on the basis of the condition of maintaining real economic growth rate above and beyond the real interest rate on government debt, it will not be possible to sustain a perpetual Ponzi scheme of all four types of National Savings Certificates in Bangladesh. [16] The didactic process carried out showed a real interest of the students mainly with the use of the field practice. [17] The preliminary findings include: firstly, study abroad experience is a premise for Chinese engineering students for being screened during job search both in China and abroad; secondly, study abroad allows students to discover their real interests which decided their career directions; thirdly, students kept learning and self-reflecting which contribute to their capabilities building; fourthly, study abroad trained engineering students with soft skills. [18] It was revealed that the great powers were mainly interested in restoring normal relations with Italy, while the defense of Ethiopia’s independence was only a “moral duty” for them, and in the clash of moral factors and real politics, the real interests of states won undoubtedly. [19] We aimed at identifying if structural innovations to the real interest rate were able to induce unexpected effects on fiscal and inflation dynamics. [20] This paper studies whether the upward trend of real energy prices since the 1990s can account for the decreasing trend of real interest rates in energy importers. [21] This attitude can be interpreted as a real interest in the history of medicine, widening their search throughout all the fields of the discipline. [22] Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the global horizontal irradiation, electricity price, key component cost, and real interest rate will be carried out with the most economical solution by analyzing the impacts and evaluating the economic evaluation indicators. [23] In ageing economies such as Japan and Europe, population ageing will decrease the real interest rate. [24] We explore a variety of objectives and regularization penalties, and we use them in a substan-tive exploration of Eurozone in?ation and real interest rate density forecasts. [25] (2020), common factors in US real housing returns and their volatility, GDP growth and real interest rates. [26] Through these tools, monetary policy affects the evolution of real interests rates, credit, output, and the wealth distribution—both in the long and in the short run. [27] We also use the model to measure inflation predictability and price-level instability from the beginning of the sample and to provide measures of real interest rates since 1695. [28] There is a real interest of local communities to achieve fair access to marine resources by promoting economic development of the country based on the conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity. [29] This will in turn create downward pressure on real interest rates and complicate the conduct of monetary policy. [30] This trend towards inflexibility of nominal and real interest rates in the Russian economy is confirmed by empirical data in recent years. [31] Using inflation rate levels as a starting point to characterize when these countries began their transitions, it shows that after 1996 both real GDP growth and real interest rates move together to a significant degree both with each other and with the US. [32] In effect, this trend traces the amount of debt that an agent's income is expected to service when purchasing a dwelling, or the real interest rate. [33] Without detracting from the real interest of these versions of Marcela de Juan for their Spanish-language readers, and the influence these versions exerted in the introduction of Classical Chinese literature to Spain on its historical context. [34] The analysis is based on an augmented Blanchard-Perotti model that allows for the dynamic effects of shocks to the central bank balance sheet, real interest rates and debt levels on economic activity. [35] There are two indicators of external debt sustainability, namely: (a) EDS1—in which the growth of the external debt should be lower than the growth of GDP, and (b) EDS2—in which the growth of GDP should be greater than the real interest rate. [36] To combat such accidental pollutions, the exploiting of the low-cost sorbents is of real interest. [37] By the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model and impact response analysis, we observe that firms may adjust their financing decisions between the two when the interest rate drops significantly and suddenly, or when the real interest rate becomes negative. [38] In this environment, the real interest rate earned by savers is less than the net marginal product of capital. [39] AIMS: The COVID-19 pandemic suddenly and significantly increased hospitalizations for pneumonia with systemic inflammatory disease Since its appearance, COVID-19 has affected more than 200 countries, with more than 90 million cases and almost 2 million deaths So far, there is no quality evidence regarding the specific pharmacological therapy for COVID-19;most treatments usually involve off-label use of existing drugs and have unproven efficacy The global effort converges on the development of a vaccine;however, the greatest challenge is to achieve collective immunization in the face of increasing vaccination hesitancy METHODS: This study investigated the impact of vaccine hesitancy movements on the goal of COVID-19 immunization in Brazil An integrative bibliographic review was performed with an electronic search on PubMed and SciELO that yielded 13 535 articles Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied which included 29 interventional and descriptive studies RESULTS: The results of the 29 studies revealed that the most frequent reasons for hesitation is skepticism about the true interests of the industry and politicians, the lack of trust in research, and inaccurate information on social media CONCLUSION: The main factors that lead the population not to believe in vaccines were the real interests of industry and politicians, lack of confidence in research, and the amount of false information that circulates massively on social media and because of that it is possible that Brazil will face some challenges in achieving collective immunity due to the anti-vaccine movement. [40] Economic interpretations of the obtained results and an open problem about the case where the total factor productivity falls into a bounded open interval defined by the growth rate of labor force, the real interest rate, and the exponent of the utility function are also expressed. [41] The collective agreement is the central institution of the collective labour law, the existence or non-existence of it, the content of the agreement being of a real interest for the enforcement of employees’ interest. [42] In symmetrical fashion, if the real interest rate is “too high,” countries with current account deficits have the duty to reduce their public debt period. [43] We estimate different versions of a Euler equation linking consumption growth to the real interest rate and other socioeconomic and demographic variables. [44] In the given article the problems of choice as for the types and forms of debt and share financing on the developing and “frontier markets” with high interest rates have been considered, the definition of what kind of interest rates can be viewed as high and under which circumstances nominal interest rate and in which ones – the real interest rate is important for business. [45] Marx’s prophecy of a Communist revolution assumes that once the proletariat wakes up to their real interest individual workers will revolt and smash the means of production. [46] This would allow actual taxpayers observing the lawmaking process to anticipate their treatment under a proposed law, and in turn demand greater responsiveness to their real interests from their representatives. [47] The dependent variable of this study is the RPPI, while the independent variables include the number of workers, real interest rate, economic growth, and the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER). [48] We explore a variety of objectives and regularization penalties, and we use them in a substantive exploration of Eurozone inflation and real interest rate density forecasts. [49] Our model also predicts that aging causes the real interest rate to fall, though by a small amount. [50]gross domestic product
The core idea is to empirically evaluate the impact of the main macro indicators, such as gross domestic product, inflation and the real interest rate on bank profitability and their potential relationship. [1] The results of the study also revealed that natural resources and macroeconomic variables such as real interest rate, gross domestic product growth rate are significant determinants of FDI inflows in Ghana. [2] This study aimed to know and analyze some factors affecting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia consisting gross domestic product, the level of real interest, exchange rates, labour produtivity, and exports. [3] The study concludes that Gross domestic product, FDI, Crude oil price, Inflation and Real interest rate have a significant relationship with the NSE stock market for the study period. [4] In this research paper, gross domestic product (GDP), inflation rate (IR), unemployment rate (UR), real interest rate (RIR), gross national product (GNP), standard trade value (STV) are included in macroeconomic indicators and consider as independent. [5] The study found out that foreign direct investment (% of GDP), inflation (consumer prices) and real interest rate had a positive effect on growth in real gross domestic product per capita while real effective exchange rate has a negative effect on per capita growth in gross domestic product. [6] The Vector E rror Correction Model (VECM) is used to check the relationships between the dependent variable (Gross Domestic Product) and independent variables (Real Effective Exchange Rate and Real Interest Rate), both in the short-run and long-run. [7]real exchange rate
This study used time series data with the period 1975-2016 using real money demand, economic growth, real interest rates, and real exchange rates as independent variables, and the unemployment rate as the dependent variable. [1] Finally, the strong forces that influence real exchange rate fluctuations in Nigeria as revealed bythe Granger causility test are: government expenditure, money supply growth, inflation and real interest rates. [2] This study analyze determinant factors exports of Indonesian manufacturing industry such as real FDI inflows, real interest rates, and foreign income, as well as the real exchange rate IDR / USD in the period from the first quarter 2005 Second Quarter 2019. [3] Empirical results suggest that our present-value models are able to capture the dynamic properties of the real exchange rate documented in literature, including high persistence, and excess volatility and co-movement compared with real interest rate differentials. [4] ,This study uses a multivariate framework including real interest rate, real exchange rate and real gross domestic product to avoid the possibility of incorrect inferences caused by omission of relevant mediating variables. [5]Term Real Interest
Financial wealth inequality and long-term real interest rates track each other closely over the post-war period. [1] Eggertsson, Mehrotra, and Summers (2016) show that the drop in long-term real interest rates in the other Group of Seven (G7) countries1 mirrors closely the U. [2] Financial wealth inequality and long-term real interest rates track each other closely over the post-war period. [3] This paper considers a long-term real interest rate as an alternative monetary policy indicator in a structural VAR framework. [4] Using a time series factor model, we estimate two common global factors for the short-term real interest rate for a panel of 17 advanced economies from 1871 to 2013. [5]Low Real Interest
Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. [1] Tendency to maintain ultra-low real interest rates potentially should affect the upward shift in demand on gold because alternative costs of holding it are declining. [2] At low real interest rates, countries with current account surpluses undertake to eliminate them by increasing government net borrowing. [3] Our results indicate that while current high valuations of CRE are in line with a low real interest rate environment, office prices and valuations are vulnerable to mean-reversion in long-term interest rates. [4] The overestimating people tend to expect low real interest rates for an overly long period and invest in overly long production processes. [5]Neutral Real Interest
With close to 30 emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) using inflation targeting to determine monetary policy, and many of them for over 15 years, it is possible to create a meaningful measure of neutral real interest rates in these economies. [1] The article aims to estimate a short-term neutral real interest rate (NRI) in Russia after transition to inflation targeting. [2] These results are robust to policy lags between one and two years, different weights on inflation loss than on unemployment loss, various definitions of high and low deviations periods, fixed and time varying neutral real interest rates, fixed and time-varying inflation targets, and measuring economic slack by either the output gap or the unemployment gap. [3]Safe Real Interest
The current economic debate with regards to the secular trend of ever lower, even negative, safe real interest rates is dominated by Keynesian, neoclassical and Austrian explanations. [1] We study long-run correlations between safe real interest rates in the United States and over 30 variables that have been hypothesized to influence real rates. [2]Domestic Real Interest
A drop in global demand near the ZLB also leads to higher domestic real interest rates as conventional policy cannot sufficiently accommodate ensuing deflation. [1] Our analysis supports the interpretation that, even with the sharp fall in domestic real interest rates, the degree of confidence on expectations to recover investment in productive assets is low. [2]State Real Interest
Inthis setup, a decrease in the steady-state real interest rate, r*, increases the probability of
hitting the lower bound constraint, which entails significant welfare costs and warrants an
adjustment of the monetary policy strategy. [1] We show that the fundamental anchor for market-based SDRs is the equilibrium or steady-state real interest rate. [2]
Equilibrium Real Interest
The secular decline in the equilibrium real interest rate observed over the past decades has materially limited the room for policy-rate reductions in recessions, and has led to a marked increase in the incidence of episodes where policy rates are likely to be at, or near, the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates. [1] The secular decline in the equilibrium real interest rate observed over the past decades has materially limited the room for policy-rate reductions in recessions, and has led to a marked increase in the incidence of episodes where policy rates are likely to be at, or near, the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates. [2]High Real Interest
This failure resulted in a high real interest rate regime that dealt a blow to the economy staggering under the effects of demonetization. [1] The supposed harmful impacts include high real interest rates, low savings and low rates of economic growth. [2]Lower Real Interest
In a DSGE model calibrated to match the pre-2008 US, we find that CBDC issuance of 30% of GDP, against government bonds, could permanently raise GDP by 3%, due to lower real interest rates, distortionary taxes, and monetary transaction costs. [1] Furthermore, in contrast to Japan’s direct investment, China’s portfolio investment is more sensitive to dollar depreciation, higher inflation rate and lower real interest rate in the USA. [2]Negative Real Interest
The right way to handle the Corona debts is to engage in debt rollover, that is, to essentially inflate them away in times of negative real interest rates. [1] We demonstrate that this does not contradict economic theory given the prolonged periods of negative real interest rates in the US during the sampling period, 1974 to 1985. [2]real interest rate
Households reduce their consumer spending at the same time as the real interest rate increases. [1] A small open economy, two agent New Keynesian model calibrated to match these facts implies a 38% and 26% weaker response of labor income and aggregate consumption, respectively, to real interest rate shocks in a 2010's economy relative to a 1960's economy. [2] It was tested using the Generalized Method of Moments with the dependent and the independent variable of the house price index involving real interest rates, credit, economic, and population growth. [3] The exit from the covid crisis could be accompanied by a rebound, but rising real interest rates are not the most likely scenario. [4] We find that when real interest rates are lower than the rate of growth, credit financed bubbles may be welfare improving because of their role as a buffer in channeling excessive credit supply and inefficient investment at the firms’ level, but their sudden price decrease may cause a systemic crisis. [5] The core idea is to empirically evaluate the impact of the main macro indicators, such as gross domestic product, inflation and the real interest rate on bank profitability and their potential relationship. [6] Financial wealth inequality and long-term real interest rates track each other closely over the post-war period. [7] The mean governs the importance of the extensive margin in aggregate investment dynamics, while the variance governs how sensitive the extensive margin is to changes in the real interest rate. [8] We show that reaching for yield—a tendency to take more risk when the real interest rate declines while the risk premium remains constant—results from imposing a sustainable spending constraint on an otherwise standard infinitely lived investor with power utility. [9] Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. [10] In generic models of this kind, there exists a public debt bubble, so that the government is able to borrow at a real interest rate that is perpetually below the economic growth rate. [11] The natural interest rate is the level of the real interest rate compatible with potential output and stable prices. [12] Originality/valueThe findings confirm that the index returns in the MENA region stock markets are related to macroeconomic fundamentals such as the exchange rate and the real interest rate. [13] This restriction implies that consumption growth is highly sensitive to movements in real interest rates, which in turn implies an unrealistically steep demand curve and intertemporal trade-off. [14] A drop in global demand near the ZLB also leads to higher domestic real interest rates as conventional policy cannot sufficiently accommodate ensuing deflation. [15] The results show that, on the basis of the condition of maintaining real economic growth rate above and beyond the real interest rate on government debt, it will not be possible to sustain a perpetual Ponzi scheme of all four types of National Savings Certificates in Bangladesh. [16] Finally, the strong forces that influence real exchange rate fluctuations in Nigeria as revealed bythe Granger causility test are: government expenditure, money supply growth, inflation and real interest rates. [17] Inthis setup, a decrease in the steady-state real interest rate, r*, increases the probability of
hitting the lower bound constraint, which entails significant welfare costs and warrants an
adjustment of the monetary policy strategy. [18] Then from macroeconomic and global economic these are domestic inflation and USA real interest rate was positive influence for banking crisis. [19] With close to 30 emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) using inflation targeting to determine monetary policy, and many of them for over 15 years, it is possible to create a meaningful measure of neutral real interest rates in these economies. [20] We aimed at identifying if structural innovations to the real interest rate were able to induce unexpected effects on fiscal and inflation dynamics. [21] This paper studies whether the upward trend of real energy prices since the 1990s can account for the decreasing trend of real interest rates in energy importers. [22] Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the global horizontal irradiation, electricity price, key component cost, and real interest rate will be carried out with the most economical solution by analyzing the impacts and evaluating the economic evaluation indicators. [23] In ageing economies such as Japan and Europe, population ageing will decrease the real interest rate. [24] We explore a variety of objectives and regularization penalties, and we use them in a substan-tive exploration of Eurozone in?ation and real interest rate density forecasts. [25] The secular decline in the equilibrium real interest rate observed over the past decades has materially limited the room for policy-rate reductions in recessions, and has led to a marked increase in the incidence of episodes where policy rates are likely to be at, or near, the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates. [26] (2020), common factors in US real housing returns and their volatility, GDP growth and real interest rates. [27] This study analyze determinant factors exports of Indonesian manufacturing industry such as real FDI inflows, real interest rates, and foreign income, as well as the real exchange rate IDR / USD in the period from the first quarter 2005 Second Quarter 2019. [28] We also use the model to measure inflation predictability and price-level instability from the beginning of the sample and to provide measures of real interest rates since 1695. [29] The results of the study also revealed that natural resources and macroeconomic variables such as real interest rate, gross domestic product growth rate are significant determinants of FDI inflows in Ghana. [30] This will in turn create downward pressure on real interest rates and complicate the conduct of monetary policy. [31] This trend towards inflexibility of nominal and real interest rates in the Russian economy is confirmed by empirical data in recent years. [32] Using inflation rate levels as a starting point to characterize when these countries began their transitions, it shows that after 1996 both real GDP growth and real interest rates move together to a significant degree both with each other and with the US. [33] In effect, this trend traces the amount of debt that an agent's income is expected to service when purchasing a dwelling, or the real interest rate. [34] The study concludes that Gross domestic product, FDI, Crude oil price, Inflation and Real interest rate have a significant relationship with the NSE stock market for the study period. [35] The analysis is based on an augmented Blanchard-Perotti model that allows for the dynamic effects of shocks to the central bank balance sheet, real interest rates and debt levels on economic activity. [36] There are two indicators of external debt sustainability, namely: (a) EDS1—in which the growth of the external debt should be lower than the growth of GDP, and (b) EDS2—in which the growth of GDP should be greater than the real interest rate. [37] We show that the fundamental anchor for market-based SDRs is the equilibrium or steady-state real interest rate. [38] Higher inflation expectations reduce real interest rates, mitigating the effects of recessionary shocks. [39] By the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model and impact response analysis, we observe that firms may adjust their financing decisions between the two when the interest rate drops significantly and suddenly, or when the real interest rate becomes negative. [40] In this environment, the real interest rate earned by savers is less than the net marginal product of capital. [41] Economic interpretations of the obtained results and an open problem about the case where the total factor productivity falls into a bounded open interval defined by the growth rate of labor force, the real interest rate, and the exponent of the utility function are also expressed. [42] In symmetrical fashion, if the real interest rate is “too high,” countries with current account deficits have the duty to reduce their public debt period. [43] We estimate different versions of a Euler equation linking consumption growth to the real interest rate and other socioeconomic and demographic variables. [44] The secular decline in the equilibrium real interest rate observed over the past decades has materially limited the room for policy-rate reductions in recessions, and has led to a marked increase in the incidence of episodes where policy rates are likely to be at, or near, the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates. [45] In the given article the problems of choice as for the types and forms of debt and share financing on the developing and “frontier markets” with high interest rates have been considered, the definition of what kind of interest rates can be viewed as high and under which circumstances nominal interest rate and in which ones – the real interest rate is important for business. [46] This failure resulted in a high real interest rate regime that dealt a blow to the economy staggering under the effects of demonetization. [47] The dependent variable of this study is the RPPI, while the independent variables include the number of workers, real interest rate, economic growth, and the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER). [48] We explore a variety of objectives and regularization penalties, and we use them in a substantive exploration of Eurozone inflation and real interest rate density forecasts. [49] Our model also predicts that aging causes the real interest rate to fall, though by a small amount. [50]