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Radioisotope Thermoelectric sentence examples within deep space exploration

deep space exploration

Yb14MnSb11 gained prominence as the first p-type thermoelectric material to double the efficiency of SiGe alloy, the heritage material in radioisotope thermoelectric generators used to power NASA’s deep space exploration.

Discovery of multivalley Fermi surface responsible for the high thermoelectric performance in Yb14MnSb11 and Yb14MgSb11

deep space exploration

238Pu can be used as the heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators for deep space exploration, while it is currently in shortage because of the suspension of 238Pu production in the USA and Russia for many years.

Analysis of producing 238Pu as a byproduct in an MSFR

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Radioisotope Thermoelectric sentence examples within Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric

Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric

The Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) is a readily available, long-lived, small scale, versatile power supply that can generate uninterrupted power on the moon during the long lunar nights.

Low Thermal Loading and Operational Voltage Limits as Methods for Enabling MMRTG as a Power Source for Lunar Missions

Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric

Performance predictions for the first multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) flight unit and engineering unit were recently reported.

Empirical Analysis of the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Qualification Unit Operated at a Low Thermal Inventory with Potential for Improved End-of-Life Power

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Radioisotope Thermoelectric sentence examples within Space Radioisotope Thermoelectric

Space Radioisotope Thermoelectric

Since the United States launched the first space radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), the United States has launched a total of 28 spacecraft with 43 RTGs.

Mechanical test of thermoelectric device in RTG prototype

Space Radioisotope Thermoelectric

Energy harvesting from relatively low-temperature heat sources is important in applications where long-term power sources are needed such as deep space radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs).

Infrared Nanoantenna-Coupled Rectenna for Energy Harvesting

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Radioisotope Thermoelectric sentence examples within radioisotope thermoelectric generator

radioisotope thermoelectric generator

Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) has been widely regarded as a promising battery for space missions.

Geometry design and performance optimization of a terrestrial radioisotope thermoelectric generator based on finite element analysis

radioisotope thermoelectric generator

Yb14MnSb11 gained prominence as the first p-type thermoelectric material to double the efficiency of SiGe alloy, the heritage material in radioisotope thermoelectric generators used to power NASA’s deep space exploration.

Discovery of multivalley Fermi surface responsible for the high thermoelectric performance in Yb14MnSb11 and Yb14MgSb11

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10.1088/1742-6596/1865/3/032079

The thermocouple energy converter in the radioisotope thermoelectric genera tor (RTG) requires a long time work under high temperature and large temperature diff erence, and needs to withstand the harsh service conditions of heat, force, electricity an d other external fields during the launch process.

Mechanical simulation optimization of RTG prototype

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10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107883

Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) has been widely regarded as a promising battery for space missions.

Geometry design and performance optimization of a terrestrial radioisotope thermoelectric generator based on finite element analysis

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10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438353

The European radioisotope power systems (RPSs) for space, namely, radioisotope heater units (RHUs), radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and Stirling generators are currently baselined to utilise americium-241 (241Am) as their radioisotope heat source.

Considerations for Utilising Alternative Radioisotopes in Radioisotope Power Systems

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10.1007/S12567-021-00351-X

Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) enable the direct conversion of the heat released by nuclear fuel into the electrical power required to energize the scientific instruments.

Thermoelectric materials for space applications

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10.1016/J.NUCENGDES.2021.111069

The produced 238Pu can be used in the radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG, RITEG) and radioisotope heater units.

Transmutation of americium and neptunium in the single-fluid double-zone thorium-based molten salt reactor

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10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438465

The SNAP-27 (Systems Nuclear Auxiliary Power) was a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) designed and developed to operate in the adverse lunar surface environment for periods of greater than one year, and considered by some to be the pathfinder for what would become the modern RTG program.

Can MMRTG Operate on the Moon? Insights from SNAP-27 for Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package

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10.1017/S1431927621006838

Typical examples for applications in the field of actinide materials are the analysis of fresh or spent nuclear fuel (post irradiation examination – PIE), the quantification of Pu or Am in materials used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for space applications (see latest Mars rover Perseverance), or the analysis of materials formed during severe nuclear accidents like Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima [1-3].

Unresolved challenges in the microanalysis of actinides and nuclear materials

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10.15392/BJRS.V9I1A.1312

For 50 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has used this radioisotope as a fuel in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) installed on satellites such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini-Huygens and New Horizons, as well as the various rovers sent to the Moon and to Mars, among others.

Plutonium-238: The Fuel Crisis

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10.1080/00295450.2020.1832417

In particular, a small ETG has been developed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute for the purpose of evaluating the characteristics of the ETG in the space environment prior to the development of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator for lunar missions.

Development of Engineering Qualification Model of a Small ETG for a Launch Environmental Test

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10.3390/thermo1030020

The European Space Agency is funding the research and development of 241Am-bearing oxide-fuelled radioisotope power systems (RPSs) including radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and European Large Heat Sources (ELHSs).

Thermal Properties and Behaviour of Am-Bearing Fuel in European Space Radioisotope Power Systems

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Radioisotope Thermoelectric
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What is/are Radioisotope Thermoelectric?

Radioisotope Thermoelectric - The thermocouple energy converter in the radioisotope thermoelectric genera tor (RTG) requires a long time work under high temperature and large temperature diff erence, and needs to withstand the harsh service conditions of heat, force, electricity an d other external fields during the launch process. [1] Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) has been widely regarded as a promising battery for space missions. [2] The European radioisotope power systems (RPSs) for space, namely, radioisotope heater units (RHUs), radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and Stirling generators are currently baselined to utilise americium-241 (241Am) as their radioisotope heat source. [3] Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) enable the direct conversion of the heat released by nuclear fuel into the electrical power required to energize the scientific instruments. [4] The produced 238Pu can be used in the radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG, RITEG) and radioisotope heater units. [5] The SNAP-27 (Systems Nuclear Auxiliary Power) was a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) designed and developed to operate in the adverse lunar surface environment for periods of greater than one year, and considered by some to be the pathfinder for what would become the modern RTG program. [6] Typical examples for applications in the field of actinide materials are the analysis of fresh or spent nuclear fuel (post irradiation examination – PIE), the quantification of Pu or Am in materials used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for space applications (see latest Mars rover Perseverance), or the analysis of materials formed during severe nuclear accidents like Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima [1-3]. [7] For 50 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has used this radioisotope as a fuel in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) installed on satellites such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini-Huygens and New Horizons, as well as the various rovers sent to the Moon and to Mars, among others. [8] In particular, a small ETG has been developed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute for the purpose of evaluating the characteristics of the ETG in the space environment prior to the development of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator for lunar missions. [9] The European Space Agency is funding the research and development of 241Am-bearing oxide-fuelled radioisotope power systems (RPSs) including radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and European Large Heat Sources (ELHSs). [10]

deep space exploration

Yb14MnSb11 gained prominence as the first p-type thermoelectric material to double the efficiency of SiGe alloy, the heritage material in radioisotope thermoelectric generators used to power NASA’s deep space exploration. [1] 238Pu can be used as the heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators for deep space exploration, while it is currently in shortage because of the suspension of 238Pu production in the USA and Russia for many years. [2] Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) have been used in deep space exploration since 1960s. [3]

Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric

The Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) is a readily available, long-lived, small scale, versatile power supply that can generate uninterrupted power on the moon during the long lunar nights. [1] Performance predictions for the first multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) flight unit and engineering unit were recently reported. [2] The NASA enhanced MMRTG (eMMRTG) project seeks to enhance the performance of the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator by exchanging the heritage thermoelectric couple materials and design with that of more efficient skutterudite (SKD)-based thermoelectric (TE) couples. [3] A multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) powers Curiosity, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mars Science Laboratory rover on Mars. [4] One recent concept study proposed cascading thermoelectrics to convert some of the waste heat from the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) into electrical power. [5]

Space Radioisotope Thermoelectric

Since the United States launched the first space radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), the United States has launched a total of 28 spacecraft with 43 RTGs. [1] Energy harvesting from relatively low-temperature heat sources is important in applications where long-term power sources are needed such as deep space radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). [2]

radioisotope thermoelectric generator

Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) has been widely regarded as a promising battery for space missions. [1] Yb14MnSb11 gained prominence as the first p-type thermoelectric material to double the efficiency of SiGe alloy, the heritage material in radioisotope thermoelectric generators used to power NASA’s deep space exploration. [2] The European radioisotope power systems (RPSs) for space, namely, radioisotope heater units (RHUs), radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and Stirling generators are currently baselined to utilise americium-241 (241Am) as their radioisotope heat source. [3] Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) enable the direct conversion of the heat released by nuclear fuel into the electrical power required to energize the scientific instruments. [4] The produced 238Pu can be used in the radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG, RITEG) and radioisotope heater units. [5] 238Pu can be used as the heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators for deep space exploration, while it is currently in shortage because of the suspension of 238Pu production in the USA and Russia for many years. [6] In this paper, a simulation prototype of a high-power radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) simulation prototype based on skutterudite is designed. [7] These results of identifying the undesirable trace elements in plutonium components are critical for applications such as fabricating radioisotope thermoelectric generators or nuclear fuel. [8] The Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) is a readily available, long-lived, small scale, versatile power supply that can generate uninterrupted power on the moon during the long lunar nights. [9] The SNAP-27 (Systems Nuclear Auxiliary Power) was a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) designed and developed to operate in the adverse lunar surface environment for periods of greater than one year, and considered by some to be the pathfinder for what would become the modern RTG program. [10] Predicting radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) performance is such a case where the software development effort can be justified. [11] This paper describes the mission concept design that meets those challenges by leveraging recent technology advances including increased launch vehicle performance capability, further development and use of solar electric propulsion (SEP), and Next-Generation radioisotope thermoelectric generator (NextGen RTG) development. [12] Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) have been used in deep space exploration since 1960s. [13] Performance predictions for the first multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) flight unit and engineering unit were recently reported. [14] Since the United States launched the first space radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), the United States has launched a total of 28 spacecraft with 43 RTGs. [15] Typical examples for applications in the field of actinide materials are the analysis of fresh or spent nuclear fuel (post irradiation examination – PIE), the quantification of Pu or Am in materials used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for space applications (see latest Mars rover Perseverance), or the analysis of materials formed during severe nuclear accidents like Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima [1-3]. [16] For 50 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has used this radioisotope as a fuel in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) installed on satellites such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini-Huygens and New Horizons, as well as the various rovers sent to the Moon and to Mars, among others. [17] In particular, a small ETG has been developed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute for the purpose of evaluating the characteristics of the ETG in the space environment prior to the development of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator for lunar missions. [18] The European Space Agency is funding the research and development of 241Am-bearing oxide-fuelled radioisotope power systems (RPSs) including radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and European Large Heat Sources (ELHSs). [19] From such pioneering endeavors, technology evolved from massive, and sometimes unreliable, thermopiles to very reliable devices for sophisticated niche applications in the XX century, when Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators for space missions and nuclear batteries for cardiac pacemakers were introduced. [20] Energy harvesting from relatively low-temperature heat sources is important in applications where long-term power sources are needed such as deep space radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). [21] Long-lived, robust power systems are a fundamental capability for such missions, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) have proven to be a reliable power for exploration missions in deep space for the past 50 years. [22] This article employs electrochemical deposition to prepare thermoelectric film materials to achieve a miniaturized radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). [23] Three RPS technologies are under development, namely, radioisotope heater units, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, and Stirling generators. [24] Radioisotope heater units (RHU) and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) are currently being developed for the ESA radioisotope power system program. [25] NASA has employed Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs)to power many missions throughout the past several decades. [26] Such systems provide stable power supply and offer some advantages both over the traditional hydrocarbon-fueled diesel generators and over the radioisotope thermoelectric generators. [27] For most locations on the lunar surface, darkness lasts for periods of about 350 hours, so it is a great challenge for the solar photovoltaic cells and radioisotope thermoelectric generators to launch too much material from Earth. [28] Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) based alloys are the promising and an attractive thermoelectric candidate for radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) at high temperature (>1000 °C) application. [29] This paper describes the state of the art in European radioisotope thermoelectric generators and radioisotope heater units. [30] In the present article, the operational characteristics of radioisotope thermoelectric generators with direct conversion of heat into electricity, which are being decommissioned, are analyzed. [31] This work aims at addressing whether a catastrophic failure of an entry, descent, and landing event of a Multimission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator-based lander could embed the heat sources into the martian subsurface and create a local environment that (1) would temporarily satisfy the conditions for a martian Special Region and (2) could establish a transport mechanism through which introduced terrestrial organisms could be mobilized to naturally occurring Special Regions elsewhere on Mars. [32] This article considers the most significant sources of large-scale radioactive contamination in the Arctic from the middle of the last century: radioactive fallout from nuclear weapon tests, discharges of waste from the Sellafield (the United Kingdom) and Cap de la Hague (France) radiochemical plants, radioactivity carry-over by the northern rivers of Russia, nuclear Navy operation, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, and submerged and sunken radioactive objects. [33] This article discusses the most significant sources of large-scale radioactive contamination to which the Arctic has been exposed since the middle of the last century, which are identified as 1) radioactive fallout and deposition from nuclear weapon testing; 2) plum waste from the Sellafield radiochemical plant (United Kingdom) and Cap de la Ag (France) nuclear fleet operation; 3) radioisotope thermoelectric generators; and 4) submerged and sunken radioactive objects. [34] The performance of thermoelectric modules following exposure to neutron radiation is of significant interest due to the likely application of radioisotope thermoelectric generators in deep space exploration or planetary landers requiring prolonged periods of operation. [35] Silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloy is a potential and an attractive high temperature (>1000 °C) thermoelectric material used in space applications as radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). [36] Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) and heater units (RHU) systems are being developed in Europe as part of a European Space Agency (ESA) funded program. [37] A micro-radioisotope thermoelectric generator can be used as a sustainable long-life power supply for low-power-device applications. [38] On the other hand, thermoelectrics, a solid-state technology that directly converts between heat and electricity attracted decades of investigations and has been matured for applications in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and Peltier coolers. [39] The NASA enhanced MMRTG (eMMRTG) project seeks to enhance the performance of the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator by exchanging the heritage thermoelectric couple materials and design with that of more efficient skutterudite (SKD)-based thermoelectric (TE) couples. [40] However, the efficiency of the most widely used radioisotope thermoelectric generators is only about 6-8%, which means that a significant amount of energy is dissipated as waste heat via radiators such as metallic fins. [41] This paper (1) investigates the degree to which, if any, this process may threaten potential La3Te4thermoelectric technologies, (2) presents calculations of the amount of iodine generated over the operational life of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator design, and (3) discusses the potential effects of the resulting material's chemical reactions in a segmented couple-level architecture containing La3Te4. [42] Thermoelectric energy convertors in the form of solid state modules are utilised in space nuclear power systems such as a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). [43] Heat sources have been used for Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG) for the Cassini mission and recent missions to Mars [1]. [44] The questions the workshop participants addressed were: (1) What is a safe stand-off distance, or formula to derive a safe distance, to a purported special region? (2) Questions about RTGs (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator), other heat sources, and their ability to induce special regions. [45] A multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) powers Curiosity, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mars Science Laboratory rover on Mars. [46] One spacecraft design, powered by the radioisotope thermoelectric generator, can serve missions requiring up to 450 watts. [47] Within the framework of the ESA radioisotope power system (RPS) program, the University of Leicester is currently developing radioisotope heater unit (RHU) and radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) systems for future space missions, with americium-241 as radioactive fuel. [48] Thermoelectric materials exhibit a voltage under an applied thermal gradient and are the heart of radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which are the main power system for space missions such as Voyager I, Voyager II, and the Mars Curiosity rover. [49] One recent concept study proposed cascading thermoelectrics to convert some of the waste heat from the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) into electrical power. [50]