Introduction to Radical Ion

The early events and transient species (such as radicals and radical ions) formed during irradiation were characterised by transient spectroscopy showing the formation of the sulphur radical cation Met>S●+ (stabilized by (S∴N)+) and the tyrosyl radical TyrO● on VrPhBP.

Here, we combined in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and solubility experiments with atomistic and thermodynamic simulations to demonstrate that the trisulfur radical ion S3•− forms very stable and soluble complexes with both PtII and PtIV in sulfur-bearing aqueous solution at elevated temperatures (∼300 °C).

In FLiNaK salt, acid radical ions impurities can cause aggravated corrosion for Ni-based alloys at elevated temperatures, and would result in deleterious effect on the SCC (stress corrosion cracking) resistance of structural alloy in the reactor.

A weak external magnetic field, very close to the hyperfine interactions of the system, can acts as a tool to monitor spin dynamics and assess distance between the components of the spin-correlated transient radical pair or radical ion pair (RIP).

hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and methanesulfonic acid) because the regenerated N+-H group increased the solubility of lenvatinib and promoted the balance between the dissolution or aggregation of LX (X: acid radical ion) molecules in solutions.

Air-stable organic radicals and radical ions have attracted great attention for their far-reaching application ranging from bioimaging to organic electronics.

The reaction mechanism on the surface of the photocatalyst was mainly run by holes and superoxide radical ions.

The former proxy is the ratio of the S1 class DBE 9 group (radical ions; likely sum of alkylated dibenzothiophenes) relative to the HC class DBE 10 group (radical ions; likely sum of alkylated phenanthrenes).

As such, our findings demonstrate that VB theory can lead to productive predictions about the behaviour of distonic radical ions.

Namely, combination of PEC with other reactivity paradigms (hydrogen atom transfer, radical polar crossover, energy transfer sensitization), scalability up to multigram scale, novel selectivities in SET super-oxidations/reductions and the importance of precomplexation to temporally enable excited radical ion catalysis.

The redox reaction of a fluorescent molecule results in the formation of radical ions, which are normally nonemissive.

Charges in the films are accumulated as radical ions by ultraviolet light irradiation and then extracted by near-infrared light irradiation.

Mediated electrochemical oxidation and decolorization assays, based on the reduction of the radical ion of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•-) allow to determine the electron donating capacity (EDC) of HS, but uncertainties remain about the reaction time that should be allowed to obtain environmentally meaningful EDC values.

Structures with unpaired electron are either free radicals or radical ions.

The magnitude of the LFE is linearly increased with the increase of the lifetime of the radical ion pair.

As a function of radical ion loading, different kinds of stacking arrangements can be realized, which modify the intermolecular interactions between the electron spins of the guest species, as probed by electron spin resonance (EPR) and 1H solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

0‰, depending on the elapsed time (1–30 days) and fluid composition (mostly pH, sulfur solubility, and di- and tri-sulfur radical ion concentration).

The apparently contradicting enhancement and the retardation were both successfully explained by the promotive effect of Li ions doping on the hole carrier mobility within NiO to enhance both the charge separation from the radical ion pair and charge recombination with the free hole carrier within NiO.

In alkaline medium, О3 is converted to the O3−•${\text{O}}_{3}^{-{\bullet}}$radical ion, which is the key oxidant for actinides.

A potential missing ligand for Mo may be the recently discovered trisulfur radical ion (S₃^•-), which is predicted to be abundant in sulfate-sulfide rich acidic-to-neutral porphyry-like fluids [10].

The experimental results showed that strong acid radical ions (such as Cl− and SO42−) performs better among the anions, while copper and aluminum perform better among the cations.

Photoinduced electron transfer within the assembly is confirmed through identification of product radical ions in flash photolysis experiments.

Herein, we further explored the reduction reaction of Np(VI) with phenylhydrazine (C6H5N2H3) including the free radical ion mechanism and the free radical mechanism.

MTpyVs showed a fast transition from a dicationic state to a radical ion state, whereas the bleaching was delayed for a long time, unlike the conventional viologen-based ECDs.

The superoxide radical ion is involved in numerous physiological processes, associated with both health and pathology.

In contrast, the replacement of IAr with cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAAC) furnished a cAAC-silanyl radical ion [LSi(H)-cAAC]•+(LiOTf2)- [3•+(LiOTf2)-], which may undergo an abstraction of the H radical from THF.

Over a period of time plant has evolved its own effective antioxidant pathways producing isoenzyme like peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase with scavenging potential for various radical ions.

These studies exhibit the existence of an easily tunable radical ion pair-based charge-transfer (CT) emission in the synthesized 2,6-dicyanoaniline-based electron donor-acceptor systems.

Electrochemical doping of conducting polymers (CPs) generates polarons (radical ionic species) and bipolarons (ionic species) in their backbone via multi‐electron transfer between an electrode and the CP.

The spin evolution of an ensemble of immobile radical ion pairs, assuming different rate constants of the pair recombination in the singlet (kS) and triplet (kT) spin states, was investigated for an arbitrary initial state in the absence of paramagnetic relaxation.

The results of an examination of the effects of solvents, radical trapping reagents, substituents of sulfonylketones, and a variety of hydroxyaryl- and aryl-benzimidazolines (BIH-ArOH and BIH-Ar) suggest that the oxidation products are produced by dissociation of α-ketoalkyl radicals from the initially formed solvent-caged radical ion pairs followed by reaction with molecular oxygen.

− radical ions were utilized in interfacial electron transfer to O2 or methyl viologen in a subsequent dark reaction.

This study reveals the first example of cooperative interactions between two different organic radical ions leading to magnetic bistability, and these results are central to the future design of multicomponent functional molecular materials.

), ozone radical ion (O3−), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2.

Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs.

Electron transfer leads to the formation of radical ion products, PY•+ and MV•+, which were identified in the nanosecond transient absorption spectra.

Core modification of OPCs could stabilize the radical ions in an oxidative quenching catalytic cycle.

Interestingly, increasing concentration of acid radical ions resulted in AA increase and 5-HMF decrease, which was opposite to the acidification effect of citric acid and acetic acid.

Magnetic field-affected reaction yield (MARY) spectroscopy is a spin chemistry technique for detecting short-lived radical ions.

The ensuing charge separated radical ion paired complex is spectroscopically characterised, with thermodynamic reversibility and kinetic stability also demonstrated.

The mediators from Fenton reaction are unclear (pseudohalogen radical ions?) Both KSCN (which occurs naturally in the human body) and KSeCN may be clinically applicable.

84), contributions from type‐I processes (oxygen radicals and radical ions) are competitive with the type‐II (1O2) process based on effects of added sodium azide and solvent deuteration.

However, the fragment ions produced after UV absorption are B18C6+, DB18C6+, and DB15C5+ radical ions, indicating that they are produced via charge transfer (CT) between the Ag+ ion and benzo-crown ethers.

In this work, the spin-selective electron transfer has been studied in a three-spin system composed of a spin-correlated radical ion pair (RIP) and the nitroxide radical, TEMPONE.

The observed fragment ions could be explained by the RDD of carbonyl-carbon (CCO)-centered hydrogen-excess radical ions [M + HCO + H]·+ and β-carbon (Cβ)-centered hydrogen-deficient radical ions [M – Hβ + H]·+.

Proteins perform their functions by interacting with acid radical ions.

Several kinds of fragment ions were observed in these experiments, including fragment ions that are similar to the ones observed in corresponding collision-activated dissociation (CAD) experiments, fragment ions generated with different protonation sites by only destroying non-covalent bonds, and unique non-covalent cluster radical ions.

Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and magnetic and electronic studies of three ambient stable radical ions (1 a.

By obtaining more negative charge states for the complexes using supercharging agents, and by creating radical ions by electron photodetachment, oligonucleotide bonds become weaker than the DNA-cation or DNA-ligand noncovalent bonds upon collision-induced dissociation of the radicals.

In this study, we present quantitative evidence for a common root cause of light-induced degradation of polymer:nonfullerene and polymer:fullerene organic solar cells in air, namely, a fast photo-oxidation process of the photoactive materials mediated by the formation of superoxide radical ions, whose yield is found to be strongly controlled by the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the electron acceptors used.

Magnetic field effects on a radical ion pair have been studied to investigate the diffusion of the radical ions generated by a photo-induced electron transfer reaction in ionic liquids having short and long alkyl chains.

In addition, it was found from trapping experiments that the reactive species for degradation were superoxide radical ions (O2−) and holes (h+).

Radical or radical ion–based fluorination reactions of organic compounds will be presented.

In this study, four acid radical ion ligands (NO2−,CO32−,SO42−,PO43−) and ten metal ion ligands (Zn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Mn2+,Na+,K+,Co2+) are selected as the research object, and the Sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm based on sequence information was proposed, better prediction results were obtained by 5-fold cross validation.

Singlet fission (SF) theoretically enables the performance of the sequential photoenergy conversion process starting from the singlet state and leading to electron transfer (ET) with the radical ion pair quantum yield approaching 200%.

Moreover, the reactive species, ·OH radical and O2·- radical ions play a major role in the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue over composite photocatalyst.

The method of time resolved magnetic field effects in the recombination fluorescence of spin-correlated radical ion pairs is used to detect for the first time the perfluorobenzocyclobutene radical anion.

The differences between the geometries of the neutral species and their radical ions were computed and rationalized.

These findings expand our fundamental understanding of radical ion energetics that underpin the application of distonic ions as models for neutral radical reactivity, and open new avenues for exploiting these interactions as chemical switches.

These analyses enable us to provide the understanding that the radical ions nucleated by the X-ray irradiation in the solution play a significant role in synthesizing and ripening of particles and clusters.

Structural dynamics involving large-scale reorganization of Bz˙+/TCNE˙- radical ion pairs are revealed using TRIR anisotropy measurements.

Succinimide was identified as a proton shuttle that can not only largely accelerate the process of trapping highly unstable radical ion pairs with alkenes but also significantly improve the chemical yields.

It is presently postulated that the signal is mostly derived from CO2− radical ions stabilized in hydroxyapatite or calcite crystalline networks.

My group proposed that the degradation involves exciton-mediated formation of polaron pairs (radical ion pairs) between wide hosts and dopants.

Electron transfer from the sulfide derivative to the photocatalyst singlet exited state takes place, giving rise the corresponding radical ion pairs.

Qualitative analysis of the effects of a magnetic field on the fluorescence decay indicated that, in all polyolefins studied, the main portion of the fluorescence observed arose from the recombination of geminate spin-correlated radical ion pairs (RIPs).

The photoreaction is initiated via a single electron transfer from the electron donor (amines or NPG) to R-SQ excited triplet state, 3R-SQ*, with the formation of a triplet state radical ion pair or a charge transfer exciplex, 3[CRIP/CTE].

Charge resonance is a strong attractive intermolecular force in aromatic dimer radical ions.

Although dimer radical ions of aromatic molecules in the liquid-solution phase have been intensely studied, the understanding of charge-localized dimers, in which the extra charge is localized in a single monomer unit instead of being shared between two monomer units, is still elusive.

Exciting the fluorescent dye in the colloid affords photoinduced electron transfer to spatially proximal amine groups on the adsorbed polymer to form free radical ions.

It is proved that in the synthesis process, the acetate radical ions would adsorb on the positive charged Ce(OH) 3 formed from the reaction of Ce 3+ and ammonia, then partially inhibit the redox between Ce(OH) 3 and NO 3 − and protect the {100} facets during crystal growth.

Free radical-initiated peptide sequencing (FRIPS) has recently been introduced as an analytical strategy to create peptide radical ions in a predictable and effective way by collisional activation of specifically modified peptides ions.

The radical ion excited states of di-, tri- and tetra-cyanoanthracene, were studied using transient absorption spectroscopy.

All the deposition temperature rise of Ge1-xCx films generated from radical ions and neutrals decomposed with different sputtering power are mild ( Ge sp3 hybridization structure decrease, olefinic chains and nc-graphite clusters are transformed to fused aromatic rings, the disorder state and C C sp3 hybridization structure of amorphous carbon phase increase as sputtering power increases from 50 W to 450 W.

The effects of sodium azide, D2O, arginine, and ascorbate were used to discriminate between mechanisms involving energy transfer (forming singlet oxygen) and electron transfer (forming radical ions).

Calculations of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap for the ECL reaction indicated that isoquinoline is more likely to produce an excited state radical ion than quinoline.

The radical ions of tiglic and angelic acids were more unstable than those of benzoic, o-toluic, and p-toluic acids.

It was found that the holes, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide radical ions (O2−) are the main reactive species in the degradation reaction of RhB and 4-CP over the LaFeO3/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst.

By putting more negative charge states on the complexes using supercharging agents, and by creating radical ions by electron photodetachment, oligonucleotide bonds become weaker than the DNA-cation or DNA-ligand noncovalent bonds upon collision-induced dissociation of the radicals.

The required computations are performed on the 2AAQ, 4AAQ, 6AAQ, and 8AAQ oligomers in their ground state and radical ion forms as the potential candidates for the conducting polymers.