Introduction to Radical Initiator

The preformed lattices are exposed to polymerizable residues that electrostatically bind to the charged backbone of the DNA ligands and form a continuous, permeating gel network that stabilizes the colloidal crystals upon introduction of a radical initiator.

Methyl acrylate (MA) and medium-chain-length poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) underwent “grafting through” copolymerization in an inert atmosphere with benzoyl peroxide as sole radical initiator.

In our previous work, we developed a novel cationic azo radical initiator, 2,2′-azobis-[2-(1,3-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)]propane triflate (ADIP) to prepare cationic and hydrophilic polymer particles for incorporation into cells.

Ammonium persulfate was used as a free radical initiator while sodium montmorillonite (clay) was used as a crosslinking agent.

Polymerization of the intercalated acrylates takes place by means of a radical initiator.

Many nanocarriers or hydrogel systems have been developed to load and deliver these radical initiators to lesion sites for theranostics.

We report a detailed mechanistic investigation of the electron transfer activation step of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) involving electronically excited organic PCs and a radical initiator, methyl 2-bromopropionate (MBP).

E2 group had an additional radical initiator.

Colorimetric time temperature indicator (TTI) which changes colour from colourless to brown due to phenol oxidation in the presence of Na2CO3 and ammonium per sulphate (APS; free radical initiator) is developed.

In this regard, using Lewis acid to abstract the fluoride and light/radical initiator to generate the radical intermediate have emerged as powerful tools for activating those inert C-F bonds.

In particular, an NIR II molecule (IR 1061), NO donor (BNN6) and alkyl radical initiator (AIPH) were firstly encapsulated in a natural lecithin stabilized phase change material, and then further functionalized by an amphiphile of DSPE-PEG-RGD with specific tumor targeting ability, finally obtaining biocompatible P(IR/BNN6/AIPH)@Lip-RGD.

25 g) in the presence of ammonium per sulfate (APS) as radical initiator (0.

Copolymers of N,N-diallyl-Nʹ-acetylhydrazine and N,N-diallyl-Nʹ-benzoylhydrazine with acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and acrylamide were synthesized by radical copolymerization in the presence of a radical initiator azobisisobutyronitrile.

3-factor 3-level response surface Box-Behnken design, which requires 15 runs including three replicates of the central run, was used for the synthesis of graft copolymers of mastic gum with acrylamide using ceric ammonium nitrate as the free radical initiator.

In this system, a radical initiator (AIPH) was loaded into porous hollow iron oxide nanoparticles (PHIONs).

For the curing systems of SPE/IA, the crosslinking of unsaturated C = C bonds in the IA units were investigated by the addition of potassium persulfate (KPS) as an aqueous radical initiator.

Direct polymerization through the double bonds of the fatty acid chain in the presence of a free radical initiator leads to the formation of ecofriendly copolymeric additive.

Carbon nanotubes and diethylphosphite reacted in the presence of known radical initiator, such as azobisisobutyronitrile, single electron oxidant—Mn(OAc)3, or under UV radiation.

In this study, novel multifunctional copolymer additives (MCAs) were synthesised from non-edible/waste cooking oil with stearyl methacrylate via addition polymerisation in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator.

We used sodium metabisulfite and potassium persulphate as free radical initiators to prepare hydrogel with methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker.

Here, the role of the radical initiator ammonium persulfate (APS) in hydrogel-based SWNT purification is explored through synthesis and characterization of gels containing varied APS concentration, and thus, varied amounts of covalently embedded charged organosulfate groups (R–SO4-).

The surface of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) film was modified by grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by using diethyl(1,10-phenanthroline N1,N10)zinc (Phen-DEZ) and oxygen molecules as the radical initiator.

The pressure induced polymerization of molecular solids is an appealing route to obtain pure, crystalline polymers without the need for radical initiators.

In this paper, copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with n-butyl acrylate (BA) in a bubble column reactor using benzoyl peroxide as free radical initiator, at a temperature over 85 °C, is presented.

Network polymers have been synthesized by thiol–ene reaction of multi-functional thiol, 1,3,4-tris(3-mercaptobutyloxethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6- (1H,3H,5H)-trione (TEMBIC), pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptobutylate) (PTMB), tris[(3-mercaptopropionyloxy)-ethyl]-isocyanurate (TEMPIC), pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mecaptopropionate) (PEMP), dipentaerythritol hexakis(3-mercaptpropionate) (DPMP), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) in toluene using a photo-radical initiator.

Here, we prepared the smart rubber from epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) latex, N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) as monomer, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a surfactant and potassium persulfate (KPS) as free radical initiator.

The propensity of the (hydroxo)iron(III) complex to undergo H atom abstraction reactions is the basis for its catalytic function in the aerobic peroxidation of 2,4,6-tri(tert-butyl)phenol and its role as a radical initiator in the reaction of dihydroanthracene with oxygen.

The liquid DMPMA and/or TAMPO were added into FPUF ingredients with radical initiator and polymerized in the heating process after foaming to form FPUF/polyacrylate composites.

tbDADVAT-S4P-21 and tbDBAT-S4P-21 exhibited better thermal and mechanical properties than ptDADVAT-S4P-21 and ptDBAT-S4P-21, respectively, because the thiol–ene reaction of the enone and thiol groups is promoted by the basic catalyst rather than the radical initiators.

The graft copolymers (GMA-g-PET) were synthesized with different grafting yield by a radical polymerization process with using benzoyl peroxide (Bz2O2) as radical initiator.

The oxidative hemolysis induced by water-soluble free-radical initiator 2,2’-azobis-(2-amidine-propane)-dihydrochloride (AAPH) was inhibited by drug candidates named benzaminophen (BZL), salicytamide or 5-acetamide-salicylic acid (ASL), and salibenzamide or 5-benzamide-salicylic acid (BSL) when compared to their parents salicylic acid (SAC) and acetaminophen (ACP).

Glycosyl monomers for the assembly of multivalent ligands are typically synthesized using carbohydrates with biological functions and polymerizable functional groups such as acrylamide or styrene introduced into the carbohydrate aglycon, and monomers polymerized using a radical initiator.

The graft-copolymers were synthesized by employing the use of potassium persulfate as a free radical initiator from pectin (PC), a carbohydrate polymer with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (AMPS) and sodium 4-vinylbenzene sulphonate (SVBS).

Copolymerizing the monomer with methyl methacrylate in the presence of radical initiator gave the copolymers.

In this study, poly(butylene succinate) grafted with maleic anhydride (PBS-g-MAH) was successfully synthetized by a reactive melt-mixing process using poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and maleic anhydride (MAH) that was induced with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a radical initiator and based on the formation of macroradicals derived from the hydrogen abstraction of the biopolymer backbone.

In comparison with previously reported methods, the nano NiFe2O4 catalysts showed high photocatalytic activity and selectivity, under visible light irradiation with a nitroxy radical initiator (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl; TEMPO) at room temperature and aerobic conditions.

Sodium hydrosulfite was used as a low-toxic, cheap, environmentally friendly, and efficient radical initiator.

The adhesive is composed of a multi-acrylate oligomer with a tertiary ester, a photo radical initiator, a photo acid generator, and a phosphate-substituted acrylate as an adhesion promoter.

This was overcome by devising a new synthesis approach, in which MA is first dissolved in scCO2 at high temperature, followed by the addition of 2EHA and a radical initiator in situ via a HPLC pump.

Since the main energy barrier of naphtha cracking is the radical initiation step, this work proposed an approach to induce the cracking of naphtha by adding bibenzyl as a novel radical initiator.

Herein, we report a hybrid FeCuS-lipid nanoparticle (AIBA@FeCuS-FeCO) by amphiphilic lipids-assisted emulsion of a free radical initiator (AIBA), a radical-sensitive CO donor (Fe3(CO)12), and radical-degradable FeCuS nanodisks for US-activated synergistic therapy of deep-located orthotopic gastric tumors in living mice.

RESULTS HPLC-PDA study revealed that significant degradation products were formed in hydrolytic, AIBN (radical initiator at 40 °C), thermal and solid state photolight stress condition, but it was stable to oxidative (H2 O2, Fenton's reagent at roomtemperature and Ferric chloride at 40 °C).

Hypervalent iodine(III) was both an oxidant and a radical initiator for this reaction.

The core of nanobullets is the special zinc (II) phthalocyanine aggregates (ZPA) which could heat the tumor tissues upon 808-nm laser irradiation for photothermal therapy (PTT), along with the alkyl chain-functionalized thermally decomposable radical initiator ACVA-HDA on the side chain of HA for providing oxygen-independent alkyl radicals for ablating hypoxic cancer cells by thermodynamic therapy (TDT).

The present paper employs supported ruthenium nanoparticles alongside catalytic quantities of the radical initiator, which are proven to be capable of cyclooctene oxidation with green conditions, in the absence of solvent, with air as the main oxidant and without sacrificial reductant.

In this protocol, the per­oxide (TBPB) serves as both the radical initiator and aryl source, realizing arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one in a one-step reaction.

Results In this work, a smart hypoxia-irrelevant free radical nanogenerator (AIPH/PDA@CuS/ZIF-8, denoted as APCZ) was synthesized in situ via coating copper sulphide (CuS)-embedded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) on the free radical initiator 2,2′-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]-dihydrochloride (AIPH)-loaded polydopamine (PDA).

It involves combining the alginate solution with a radical initiator, which is then introduced as droplets into a reservoir containing Ca2+ and monomers.

A versatile method of making block copolymers using conventional radical polymerization of acrylic monomers from a functional radical initiator followed by ‘click’ ligation is described.

The C-S bond formation does not require external oxidants and radical initiators, and hydrogen (H 2 ) is produced as byproduct.

The present radical reactions have great functional group tolerance, catalytic amount of copper and tBuOOtBu as the radical initiator, mild reaction conditions and moderate to good isolated yields.

To solve this problem, we designed a molecular imprinting method using functionalized radical initiator to replace the conventional combination of initiator and functional monomer.

Recently, they have been used extensively as sources of O- and C-functional groups, in contrast to their classical applications as radical initiators.

Regioselectivity of visible-light-induced transformations of a range of (hetero)aryl alkyl-substituted ketones bearing several competitive reactive sites (α-carbonyl, benzyl and aromatic ring) with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was studied under solvent-free reaction conditions (SFRC) and in the absence of inert-gas atmosphere, radical initiators and catalysts.

Advances in understanding how structure determines the excited state pathway solid-state materials undertake will aid in the design of new radical initiators, components of OLEDs, and NMR polarizing agents.

Those monomers interacting with the potassium cations are efficiently polymerized with RAFT agents and radical initiators into cyclopolymers comprising 24-membered hexa(ethylene glycol) rings.

The advantages of the reported radical reactions are excellent functional group tolerance, the use of a catalytic amount of copper and di-tert-butyl peroxide ( t BuOO t Bu) as a radical initiator, and mild reaction conditions.

Nonetheless, the system can be ‘activated’ in solution or thin polymer films by ultraviolet (UVA) light in the presence of a free radical initiator.

The first curing stage is an acrylate free-radical photopolymerization that can also be triggered using a suitable thermal radical initiator.

Compared with hydrochar produced without adding ammonium persulphate, AAHC exhibits larger BET surface, pore volume and carboxylate groups, indicating a small amount of ammonium persulfate plays an important role in HTC in addition to the free radical initiator.

An electrolytic approach of sodium dithiocarbamates based on microfluidic reactor is proposed for the green synthesis of thiuram disulfides, which are versatile free radical initiators.

The photo chemically curable polymer films were prepared by addition of 3 different radical initiators (KTO, TPO, TPO-L) to aliphatic urethane acrylate composition with various pigments (solid and fluorescent).

This photoexcited approach is straightforward, and it aminates a wide variety of amides under mild conditions without the use of photocatalysts, external radical initiators, or oxidants.

Most of the available chemical functionalization approaches require an external radical initiator, such as UV light, heat or chemical reagents.

This protocol, employing readily accessible alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) ester as a radical initiator, allows the efficient construction of a broad array of structural diverse nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds including indolines, oxindoles, isoquinolinones, and isoquinolinediones.

In general, these reactions require stoichiometric amounts of oxidants, and reductants, bases, and radical initiators, leading to uneconomical and complicated processes.

At a constant 50/50 ratio of monomer and polymer the amount of free radical initiator, dicumyl peroxide (DCP) is varied from 1% to 5% w/w PB.

The completely selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde with dioxygen, without the need to use H2O2, halogens, or any radical initiators, is a reaction long desired but never previously successful.

Polymeric monolithic columns are fabricated by in situ polymerization of the corresponding monomer, crosslinkers, porogenic solvents and radical initiators within a mold.

In the present work, copolymers derived from sunflower and linseed oils with decyl methacrylate were synthesized by a thermal method using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a radical initiator.

4-Methoxybenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate is a good radical initiator for this transformation.

Here, a cross-dehydrogenative C–O coupling reaction of N-hydroxyphthalimide with unactivated alkanes, nitriles, ethers, and thioethers has been realized by using iodobenzene diacetate as the radical initiator.

Selective synthesis of three different bioactive heterocycles; isoxazolines, 5-hydroxy-2-isoxazolines and isoxazoles from the same starting material using TEMPO (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) as a radical initiator is reported.

Selenophene-containing copolymers with pendant N-vinyl units were obtained via copolymerization of 2VS and VMI, which was successfully employed as a precursor for obtaining a photoinduced crosslinked film via a thiol-ene reaction with 1,6-hexanedithiol in the presence of a photo-radical initiator under ultraviolet irradiation.

The effects of the radical initiator/RAFT molar ratio as well as the nature and amount of the organic solvent were studied to target cross-linked porous polymers that were chemically bonded to the inner wall of a modified silica-fused capillary.

In this issue of Chem Catalysis, Fan and Zhou describe the use of the widely available radical initiator azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as an effective HCN surrogate for the Ni-catalyzed transfer hydrocyanation of unsaturated substrates.

Diacyl peroxides, which can be easily synthesized from corresponding carboxylic acids, are commonly utilized as radical initiators and one electron oxidants.

The dosimeter is composed of polyurethane, a radical initiator, and a leuco dye, which is radiolytically oxidized to a dye absorbing at 633 nm.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was successfully grafted onto cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) at room temperature in an emulsion system using a diethyl(1,10-phenanthroline N1,N10)zinc(II) complex (Phen-DEZ) with oxygen as the radical initiator.

Poly-dialkyl phosphonates were synthesized by reacting methyl linoleate with dimethyl, diethyl, and di-n-butyl phosphites in the presence of free radical initiator and positively identified and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; 1H, 13C, 31P), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).

For this, crosslinked maleic anhydride polymer was synthesized by copolymerization of maleic anydride (MA) with divinyl benzene (DVB) in DMF at 75 °C using a radical initiator AIBN.

The deposited films are crosslinked using a free radical initiator and this crosslinking is confirmed by FTIR and reduced film thickness.

The forced degradation study in solution revealed tacrolimus instability under stress alkaline, thermal, light and photolytic conditions and in the presence of a radical initiator or metal ions.

In this reaction, tBuOOSiMe3 generated in situ from tBuOOH serves as a radical initiator to trigger t-butoxy radical production upon oxidization of L*Cu(I) species via proton-coupled-electron transfer (PCET) pathway, which leads to sequential phosphinoyl radical and benzyl radical formations.

Different from conventional techniques, this process enables for the continuous production of hydrogel microcapsules from water-in-oil emulsion droplets under mild conditions in the absence of radical initiators and external stimuli such as heating and ultraviolet light irradiation.

The reaction of α-(carbonylamino)allylic stannanes and alkyl halides using Et3B as a radical initiator selectively afforded ( E)-enamides.

We report herein that copolymers containing glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with acrylonitrile (AN) units were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization technique using benzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator and 1,4‐dioxane as a solvent at 70°C.

The hydrogels were prepared from methacrylated HA (MeHA) and SF in aqueous solutions in the presence of a radical initiator.

In this way, polymers could be prepared without conventional radical initiators (e.

UV imprinting of the reworkable monomer was carried out in the presence of a photoradical initiator by irradiation at 365 nm to fabricate micrometer-order patterns.

Mechanistic investigations indicated that rongalite could act as a radical initiator and reducing reagent simultaneously in the reaction.

We have found that arylcopper(II) compounds acted as essentially radical species to undergo an efficient three-component reaction with radical initiators 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) or 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (ABVN), and α,β-unsaturated compounds CH2=CHX (X = CO2CH3, CN, CONH2, COCH3, and SO2Ph) to afford polyfunctionalized products.

The aqueous emulsion polymerizations were carried out at 10 wt% solids at 80 °C using ammonium persulfate as a radical initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant.

This C-H functionalization is achieved without the use of a light, heat source, or external radical initiators.